Marine biology and George Emil Palade: Difference between pages

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{{Recent death|Palade, George Emil|date=October 2008}}
[[organism]]s in
{{Infobox Scientist
== Headline text ==U R A LOSER!!!!!!!
|name = George Emil Palade
the [[ocean]] or other [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] or [[brackish]] bodies of water. Given that in [[biology]] many [[scientific classification|phyla]], families and genera have some species that live in the [[sea]] and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]] rather than on [[taxonomy]]. Marine biology differs from [[marine ecology]] as marine [[ecology]] is focused on how organisms interact with each other and environment and [[biology]] is the study of the animal it self.
|box_width =
|image =George Emil Palade.jpg
|image_size =150px
|caption =Dr. Palade won the Nobel Prize in 1974.
|birth_date = [[November 19]], [[1912]]
|birth_place = [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2008|10|7|1912|11|19}}
|death_place =
|residence = |citizenship = [[United States]]
|nationality = [[Romanian]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[cell biology|cell biologist]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy|Carol Davila School of Medicine]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Rough ER]]
|author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes = 1974 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
|religion = |footnotes = |signature =
}}'''George Emil Palade''' ([[November 19]], [[1912]] – [[October 7]], [[2008]]) was a highly regarded Romanian [[cell biology|cell biologist]]. In 1974, he shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[Albert Claude]] and [[Christian de Duve]], for his discoveries concerning the structure and function of [[organelle]]s in [[Cell (biology)|biological cells]]. Dr. George E. Palade also received the U.S. [[National Medal of Science]] in Biological Sciences for " ''pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells...'' " in 1986.


== Biography ==
Marine life is a vast resource, providing [[food]], [[medicine]], and raw materials, in addition to helping to support [[recreation]] and [[tourism]] all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute significantly to the [[oxygen]] cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the earth's [[climate]].<ref name = DMS>{{cite journal
George Palade received a [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in 1940 from the [[Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy|Carol Davila School of Medicine]] of the [[University of Bucharest]], [[Romania]]. He was a member of the faculty of that famous school until 1945 when he went to the United States for postdoctoral studies. There, he joined Prof. [[Albert Claude]] at the [[Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]].
| tournal = Climatic Change
| title = Planktonic dimethylsulfide and cloud albedo: An estimate of the feedback response
| volume = 18
| year = 1991
| issue= 1
| pages = 1–15
| author = Jonathan A. Foley
| coauthors = Karl E. Taylor, Steven J. Ghan
| doi = 10.1007/BF00142502
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/hm3h1q666x206h46
| journal = Climatic Change
}}</ref> [[Shoreline]]s are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.<ref name=Sousa>{{cite book
| last = Sousa
| first = Wayne P
| others = eds. Steward T. A. Pickett & P. S. White
| title = The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics
| origyear = 1985
| publisher = Academic Press
| isbn = 0125545215
| chapter = 7, Disturbance and Patch Dynamics on Rocky Intertidal Shores
| chapterurl = http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jIj-qAflWxQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA101&dq=patch+dynamics+shoreline&ots=A3N1dTGrzY&sig=pYTEgphmnY3leFv_KU-_yAYSOy8
}}</ref>


Palade was married to [[Marilyn Farquhar]], a cell biologist at the [[University of California, San Diego]].
Marine biology covers a great deal, from the microscopic, including most [[zooplankton]] and [[phytoplankton]], where zooplankton can be as small as 0.02 [[micrometre|micrometers]] or as big as 2 [[meters|meters]] in the case of the [[Ocean sunfish|sunfish]] to the huge [[cetaceans]] (whales) which reach up to a reported 48 [[meters]] (125 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]) in length.


In 1952, Palade became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States. He was a Professor at the Rockefeller Institute (1958-1973), [[Yale University]] Medical School (1973-1990), and [[University of California, San Diego]] (1990-2008).
The habitats studied by marine biology include everything from the tiny layers of surface water in which organisms and abiotic items may be trapped in [[surface tension]] between the ocean and atmosphere, to the depths of the [[Ocean trench|abyssal trenches]], sometimes 10,000 meters or more beneath the surface of the ocean. It studies habitats such as [[coral reef]]s, [[kelp forest]]s, [[tidepools]], muddy, sandy and rocky bottoms, and the open ocean (pelagic) zone, where solid objects are rare and the surface of the water is the only visible boundary.


In 1970, he was awarded<ref>http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/</ref> the [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] from [[Columbia University]] together with [[Renato Dulbecco]] co-winner of 1974 [[Nobel Prize]] in Physiology or Medicine "''for discoveries concerning the functional organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology''.",<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/</ref>, related to his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research<ref>http://www.rockefeller.edu/nobel.html</ref>. His Nobel lecture, delivered on December 12th, 1974, was on the subject of " ''Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion,'' "<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.html</ref>, that was published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.pdf The Nobel Prize Lecture of George E. Palade is in Text Format
A large amount of all [[life on Earth]] exists in the oceans. Exactly how large the proportion is still unknown. While the oceans comprise about 71% of the Earth's surface, due to their depth they encompass about 300 times the habitable volume of the terrestrial habitats on Earth.
Pdf 3.78 MB, Copyright©1974 by The Nobel Foundation, ISBN 981-02-0791-3 ,</ref>
<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/WSC/physio-71-80.html .</ref>
===Alongside the Nobel Award===
Dr.George E. Palade received the [[National Medal of Science]] in Biological Sciences for "''pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells through studies combining electron microscopy and biochemistry. These contributions stimulated the growth of the field of cell biology, which he continues to inspire through his own research and leadership, active collaboration, and the training of new investigators''." (Presented by President Reagan at a White House Ceremony on March 12, 1986).
<ref>http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=266</ref>


At the Rockefeller Institute, Palade used [[electron microscopy]] to study the internal organization of such cell structures as [[mitochondria]], [[chloroplast]]s, the Golgi apparatus, and others. His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a [[pulse-chase analysis]]. In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists and that the [[Rough ER]] and the [[Golgi apparatus]] function together.<ref>[[Biological Science]]</ref>
Many species are economically important to humans, including [[fishery|food fish]]. It is also becoming understood that the well-being of marine organisms and other organisms are linked in very fundamental ways. The human body of knowledge regarding the relationship between life in the sea and important cycles is rapidly growing. These cycles include those of matter (such as the [[carbon cycle]]) and of air (such as [[Global climate model|Earth's respiration]], and movement of energy through ecosystems). Large areas beneath the ocean surface still remain effectively unexplored.


His name has become [[eponym|attached to]] the [[Weibel-Palade bodies]] (a storage organelle unique to the [[endothelium]], containing [[von Willebrand factor]] and various proteins) which he described together with the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] anatomist [[Ewald R. Weibel]] (Weibel ER, Palade GE. New cytoplasmic components in arterial endothelia. ''J. Cell. Biol.'' 1964, '''23''': 101-112).<ref>http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/1/101</ref>
== Subfields ==
The [[marine ecosystem]] is large, and thus there are many subfields of marine biology. Most involve studying specializations of particular species (i.e. [[phycology]], [[invertebrate zoology]] and [[ichthyology]]).


===Dr.Palade's collaborative research in the 60's===
Other subfields study the physical effects of continual immersion in [[sea water]] and the ocean in general, adaptation to a salty environment, and the effects of changing various oceanic properties on marine life. A subfield of marine biology studies the relationships between oceans and ocean life, and global warming and environmental issues (such as [[carbon dioxide]] displacement).
The following is a concise excerpt from Dr. George E. Palade's Atuobiography
appearing in the Nobel Award documents:<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-autobio.html</ref>


"''In the 1960's, I continued the work on the secretory process using in parallel or in succession two different approaches. The first relied exclusively on cell fractionation, and was developed in collaboration with Philip Siekevitz, Lewis Greene, Colvin Redman, David Sabatini and Yutaka Tashiro; it led to the characterization of the zymogen granules and to the discovery of the segregation of secretory products in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum. The second approach relied primarly on radioautography, and involved experiments on intact animals or pancreatic slices which were carried out in collaboration with Lucien Caro and especially James Jamieson. This series of investigations produced a good part of our current ideas on the synthesis and intracellular processing of proteins for export. A critical review of this line of research is presented in the Nobel Lecture''."<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.html</ref>
Recent marine [[biotechnology]] has focused largely on [[marine biomolecule]]s, especially [[protein]]s, that may have uses in medicine or engineering. Marine environments are the home to many exotic biological materials that may inspire [[Bionics|biomimetic material]]s.

=== Related fields ===
Marine biology is a branch of [[oceanography]] and is closely linked to [[biology]]. It also encompasses many ideas from [[ecology]]. [[Fisheries science]] and [[marine conservation]] can be considered partial offshoots of marine biology.

== Lifeforms ==
=== Microscopic life ===
[[Image:Copepodkils.jpg|thumb|right|A [[copepod]].]]
Microscopic life undersea is incredibly diverse and still poorly understood. For example, the role of [[virus]]es in marine ecosystems is barely being explored even in the beginning of the 21st century.

The role of [[phytoplankton]] is better understood due to their critical position as the most numerous [[primary production|primary producers]] on Earth. Phytoplankton are categorized into [[cyanobacteria]] (also called blue-green algae/bacteria), various types of [[algae]] (red, green, brown, and yellow-green), [[diatom]]s, [[dinoflagellate]]s, [[Euglenid|euglenoids]], [[coccolithophorid]]s, [[cryptomonad]]s, [[chrysophyte]]s, [[chlorophyte]]s, [[prasinophyte]]s, and [[silicoflagellate]]s.

[[Zooplankton]] tend to be somewhat larger, and not all are microscopic. Many [[Protozoa]] are zooplankton, including dinoflagellates, [[zooflagellate]]s, [[foraminifera]]ns, and [[radiolarian]]s. Some of these (such as dinoflaggelates) are also phytoplankton; the [[plant/animal distinction]] often breaks down in very small organisms. Other zooplankton include [[cnidarian]]s, [[ctenophore]]s, [[chaetognatha|chaetognaths]], [[mollusc]]s, [[arthropod]]s, [[Tunicate|urochordates]], and [[annelid]]s such as [[polychaete]]s. Many larger animals begin their life as zooplankton before they become large enough to take their familiar forms. Two examples are fish [[larva]]e and sea stars (also called [[starfish]]).

[[Image:Giantkelp2 300.jpg|thumb|right|Giant [[kelp]].]]
=== Plants and algae ===
Plant life is relatively rare undersea. Most of the [[ecological niche|niche]] occupied by sub plants on land is actually occupied by macroscopic [[algae]] in the ocean, such as ''[[Sargassum]]'' and [[kelp]], which are commonly known as [[seaweed]]s that create [[kelp forest]]s. The non algae plants that do survive in the sea are often found in shallow waters, such as the [[seagrass]]es (examples of which are eelgrass, ''[[Zostera]]'', and turtle grass, ''Thalassia''). These plants have adapted to the high salinity of the ocean environment. The [[foreshore|intertidal zone]] is also a good place to find plant life in the sea, where [[mangroves]] or [[cordgrass]] or [[Ammophila (Poaceae)|beach grass]] might grow. Sea [[kelp]] is very important to small sea creatures because the creatures can hide from predators. Eel grass is the most important. It is where hairing and other small fish live to escape from preditors.

[[Image:Crown of Thorns-jonhanson.jpg|thumb|right|A [[crown-of-thorns starfish]].'']]

===Marine invertebrates ===
{{Main|Marine invertebrates}}
As on land, [[invertebrates]] make up a huge portion of all life in the sea. Invertebrate sea life includes [[Cnidaria]] such as [[jellyfish]] and [[sea anemone]]s; [[Ctenophora]]; [[sea worm]]s including the [[phylum (biology)|phyla]] [[Platyhelminthes]], [[Nemertea]], [[Annelida]], [[Sipuncula]], [[Echiura]], [[Chaetognatha]], and the [[Phoronida]]; [[Mollusca]] including [[shellfish]], [[squid]], [[octopus]]; [[Crustacea]]; [[Porifera]]; [[Bryozoa]]; [[Echinodermata]] including starfish; and [[Urochordete]] - [[sea squirt]]s or [[tunicate]]s.

[[Image:Carcharhinus longimanus 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oceanic whitetip shark|Whitetip shark]] with [[pilot fish]].]]

=== Fish ===
{{main | Fish}}
Fish have [[evolution|evolved]] very different biological functions from other large organisms. Fish anatomy includes a two-chambered heart, [[Operculum (Fish)|operculum]], secretory [[cell (biology)|cells]] that produce [[mucous]], [[swim bladder]], [[scale (zoology)|scales]], [[fin]]s, [[lip]]s and [[eye]]s. Fish breathe by extracting oxygen from water through their gills. Fins propel and stabilize the fish in the water.

Well known fish include: [[sardine]]s, [[anchovy]], [[ling cod]], [[clownfish]] (also known as anemonefish), and [[Bottom feeder|bottom fish]] which include [[halibut]] or [[ling cod]]. [[Predator]]s include [[shark]]s and [[barracuda]].

[[Image:Sea turtle small.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sea turtle]].]]

=== Reptiles ===
{{main|Marine reptile}}
[[Reptile]]s which inhabit or frequent the sea include [[sea turtle]]s, [[Marine Iguana]], [[sea snake]]s, and [[Saltwater Crocodile]]s. Most [[extant taxon|extant]] marine reptiles, except for some sea snakes are [[oviparity|oviparous]] and need to return to land to lay their eggs. Thus most species, excepting sea turtles, live on or near land rather than in the ocean. Some [[extinction|extinct]] marine reptiles, such as [[ichthyosaur]]s, evolved to be [[viviparity|viviparous]] and had no requirement to return to land.

[[Image:Penguinu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chinstrap penguin]].]]

=== Seabirds ===
[[Seabird]]s are species of [[bird]]s adapted to living in the marine environment, examples including [[albatross]], [[penguin]]s, [[gannet]]s, and [[auk]]s. Although they spend most of their lives in the ocean, species such as [[gull]]s can often be found thousands of miles inland.

[[Image:Sea otters holding hands.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sea otter]]s.]]
=== Marine mammals ===
{{main | Marine mammal}}
There are five main types of marine mammals.
* [[Cetacea]]ns include [[toothed whale]]s (Suborder [[Odontoceti]]), such as the [[Sperm Whale]], [[dolphin]]s, and [[porpoise]]s such as the [[Dall's porpoise]]. Cetaceans also include [[baleen whale]]s (Suborder [[Mysticeti]]), such as the [[Gray Whale]], [[Humpback Whale]], and [[Blue Whale]].
* [[Sirenian]]s include [[manatee]]s, the [[Dugong]], and the extinct [[Steller's Sea Cow]].
* [[Pinniped|Seal]]s (Family [[Phocidae]]), [[sea lion]]s (Family [[Otariidae]] - which also include the fur seals), and the [[Walrus]] (Family [[Odobenidae]]) are all considered [[pinniped]]s.
* The [[Sea Otter]] is a member of the Family [[Mustelidae]], which includes [[weasel]]s and [[badger]]s.
* Finally, the [[Polar Bear]] (Family [[Ursidae]]) is sometimes considered a marine mammal because of its dependence on the sea.

==Oceanic habitats==
{{ocean habitat topics}}
=== Reefs ===
{{main | Coral reef}}
[[Image:Coral reefs in papua new guinea.JPG|thumb|200px|left|[[Coral]]s reefs in [[Papua New Guinea]].]]
[[Reef]]s comprise some of the densest and most diverse habitats in the world. The best-known types of reefs are [[tropical]] [[coral reef]]s which exist in most tropical waters; however, reefs can also exist in cold water. Reefs are built up by [[coral]]s and other [[calcium]]-depositing animals, usually on top of a rocky outcrop on the ocean floor. Reefs can also grow on other surfaces, which has made it possible to create [[artificial reef]]s. Coral reefs also support a huge community of life, including the corals themselves, their symbiotic [[zooxanthellae]], tropical fish and many other organisms.

Much attention in marine biology is focused on coral reefs and the [[El Niño]] weather phenomenon. In 1998, coral reefs experienced a "once in a thousand years" bleaching event, in which vast expanses of reefs across the Earth died because sea surface temperatures rose well above normal. Some reefs are recovering, but scientists say that 58[[%]] of the world's coral reefs are now endangered and predict that [[global warming]] could exacerbate this trend.

=== Deep sea and trenches ===
The deepest recorded [[oceanic trench]]es measure to date is the [[Mariana Trench]], near the [[Philippines]], in the [[Pacific Ocean]] at 10924 m (35838 ft). At such depths, [[water pressure]] is extreme and there is no sunlight, but some life still exists. Small flounder (family [[Soleidae]]) fish and shrimp were seen by the American crew of the [[bathyscaphe]] ''[[Bathyscaphe Trieste|Trieste]]'' when it dove to the bottom in 1960.

Other notable oceanic trenches include [[Monterey Canyon]], in the eastern Pacific, the [[Tonga Trench]] in the southwest at 10,882 m (35,702 ft), the [[Philippine Trench]], the [[Puerto Rico Trench]] at 8605 m (28232 ft), the [[Romanche Trench]] at 7760 m (24450 ft), [[Fram Basin]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]] at 4665 m (15305 ft), the [[Java Trench]] at 7450 m (24442 ft), and the [[South Sandwich Trench]] at 7235 m (23737 ft).

In general, the deep sea is considered to start at the [[aphotic zone]], the point where sunlight loses its power of transference through the water. Many life forms that live at these depths have the ability to create their own light.

Much life centers on [[seamount]]s that rise from the deeps, where fish and other sea life congregate to spawn and feed. [[Hydrothermal vent]]s along the [[mid-ocean ridge]] spreading centers act as [[oasis|oases]], as do their opposites, [[cold seeps]]. Such places support unique [[biome]]s and many new [[microbe]]s and other lifeforms have been discovered at these locations.

===Open ocean===
The great expanse of open ocean habitat is huge, and many species can be found passing through it and living in it. The term "open ocean" usually is meant to refer to the vast stretches of water between points of land, or between undersea mounts. Contrary to popular notions the open ocean is often not the place where marine animals spend the majority of their lives. Most species simply pass through the open ocean on their ways to other places. Larger species are the main ongoing inhabitants.

===Intertidal and shore===
[[Image:Tide pools in santa cruz.jpg|200px|thumb|Tide pools with sea stars and [[sea anemone]] in Santa Cruz,[[California]]]][[Intertidal zone]]s, those areas close to shore, are constantly being exposed and covered by the ocean's [[tides]]. A huge array of life lives within this zone.

Shore habitats span from the upper intertidal zones to the area where land vegetation takes prominence. It can be underwater anywhere from daily to very infrequently. Many species here are scavengers, living off of sea life that is washed up on the shore. Many land animals also make much use of the shore and intertidal habitats. A subgroup of organisms in this habitat bores and grinds exposed rock through the process of [[bioerosion]].

==Distribution factors==
An active research topic in marine biology is to discover and map the [[biological life cycle|life cycle]]s of various species and where they spend their time. Marine biologists study how the [[ocean current]]s, [[tide]]s and many other oceanic factors affect ocean lifeforms, including their growth, distribution and well-being. This has only recently become technically feasible with advances in [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] and newer underwater visual devices.

Most ocean life breeds in specific places, nests or not in others, spends time as juveniles in still others, and in maturity in yet others. Scientists know little about where many species spent different parts of their life cycles. For example, it is still largely unknown where [[sea turtle]]s travel. Tracking devices do not work for some life forms, and the ocean is not friendly to [[technology]].

== Famous marine biologists ==
[[Image:Jacques-Yves Cousteau.jpg|right|thumb|Jacques-Yves Cousteau, co-inventor of the [[aqua-lung]], is well known for popularizing marine biology.]]
* [[Ali Abdelghany]] (born 1944), [[Egypt]]ian marine biologist
* [[Adolf Appellöf|Jakob Johan Adolf Appellöf]] (1857-1921), [[Sweden|Swedish]] marine zoologist.
* [[Samuel Stillman Berry]] (1887-1984), U.S. marine zoologist.
* [[Henry Bryant Bigelow]] (1879–1967), U.S. marine biologist.
* [[Rachel Carson]] (1907-1964), American Marine Biologist and Author.
* [[Carl Chun]] (1852-1914), [[Germany|German]] marine biologist
* [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] (1910-1997), [[France|French]] marine biologist and explorer
* [[Charles Darwin]] (1809-1882), wrote ''Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs'' (1842) while aboard the [[HMS Beagle]]
*[[ Paul K. Dayton]] (born 1941), American benthic marine ecologist noted for work in [[kelp forest]] [[ecology]]
* [[Anton Dohrn]] (1840-1909), German marine biologist
* [[Sylvia Earle]] (born 1935), American oceanographer
* [[Ernst Haeckel]] (1834–1919), German physician, zoologist, marine biologist and evolutionist
* [[Hans Hass]] (born 1919), Austrian marine biologist and diving pioneer
* [[Gotthilf Hempel]] (born 1929), German marine biologist
* [[Johan Hjort]] (1869-1948), Norwegian marine zoologist and one of the founders of [[ICES]]
* [[Bruno Hofer]] (1861-1916), German fisheries scientist
* [[Hirohito|Emperor Showa of Japan]] (1901-1989), [[jellyfish]] [[taxonomy|taxonomist]]
* [[Uwe Kils]] (born 1951), German marine biologist
* [[August David Krohn]] (1803–1891), Russian/German zoologist
* [[William Elford Leach]] (1790-1836), [[England|English]] zoologist and marine biologist
* [[Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai]] (1846-1888), [[Russia]]n marine biologist and anthropologist
* [[John Murray (oceanographer)|Sir John Murray]] (1841-1914), [[Scotland|Scots]]-[[Canada|Canadian]] marine biologist
* [[Ed Ricketts]] (1897-1948), American marine biologist noted for a pioneering study of intertidal ecology
* [[Harald Rosenthal]] (born 1937), German hydrobiologist known for his work in fish farming and ecology
* [[Michael Sars]] (1809–1869), [[Norway|Norwegian]] theologian and biologist
* [[Georg Sars]] (1837-1927), Norwegian marine biologist
* [[Gunnar Thorson]] (1906-1971), Danish marine biologist
* [[Ruth Turner]] (1915-2000), marine biologist
* [[Charles Wyville Thompson]] (1832-1882), Scottish marine biologist

Source: [[List of biologists]].

== See also ==
[[Image:Georgia Aquarium - Giant Grouper edit.jpg|right|thumb|A [[giant grouper]].]]
* [[Algae]]
* ''[[Aliens of the Deep]]'' (documentary)
* [[Bioerosion]]
* [[Census of Marine Life]] (CoML)
* [[Fish]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[List of publications in biology#Marine biology|Important publications in marine biology]]
* [[Institute for Marine Mammal Studies]]
* [[The Marine Mammal Center]]
* [[Marine vertebrates]]
* [[Marine debris]]
* [[Ocean]]
* [[Ocean Biogeographic Information System]] (OBIS)
* [[Phycology]]
* [[Public aquarium]]
* [[Sea]]
* [[Wembury Marine Centre]]
* [[White Sea Biological Station]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
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|publisher= |location = [[Romania]]| issn = 1582-1838| pmid = 17367496
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}}
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|year=2003|month=
|title=Legacy of a distinguished scientist: George E. Palade
|journal=[[Pancreatology]]
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|publisher= |location = [[Switzerland]]| issn = 1424-3903| pmid = 14730177
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|title=[Professor doctor George Emil Palade at 90 years of age]
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*{{cite journal
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|title=Glomerular permeability I. Ferritin transfer across the normal glomerular capillary wall. 1961
|journal=[[J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.]]
|volume=10
|issue=12
|pages=2645-62
|publisher= |location = [[UNITED STATES]]| issn = 1046-6673| pmid = 10589706
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Raju
|first=T N
|authorlink=
|year=1999|month=Oct.
|title=The Nobel chronicles. 1974: Albert Claude (1899-1983), George Emil Palade (b 1912), and Christian Réne de Duve (b 1917)
|journal=[[The Lancet|Lancet]]
|volume=354
|issue=9185
|pages=1219
|publisher= |location = [[ENGLAND]]| issn = 0140-6736| pmid = 10513750
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Sabatini
|first=D D
|authorlink=
|year=1999|month=Oct.
|title=George E. Palade: charting the secretory pathway
|journal=[[Trends Cell Biol.]]
|volume=9
|issue=10
|pages=413-7
|publisher= |location = [[ENGLAND]]| issn = 0962-8924| pmid = 10481180
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Motta
|first=P M
|authorlink=
|year=|month=
|title=George Emil Palade and Don Wayne Fawcett and the development of modern anatomy, histology and contemporary cell biology
|journal=[[Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia]]
|volume=103
|issue=2
|pages=65-81
|publisher= |location = [[ITALY]]| issn = 1122-6714| pmid = 9719773
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Porter
|first=K R
|authorlink=
|year=1983|month=Jul.
|title=An informal tribute to George E. Palade
|journal=[[J. Cell Biol.]]
|volume=97
|issue=1
|pages=D3-7
|publisher= |location = [[UNITED STATES]]| issn = 0021-9525| pmid = 6345553
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Tashiro
|first=Y
|authorlink=
|year=1975|month=Jan.
|title=[Accomplishment of Drs. Albert Calude and George E. Palade and the birth of cell biology]
|journal=[[Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso]]
|volume=20
|issue=1
|pages=74-6
|publisher= |location = [[JAPAN]]| issn = 0039-9450| pmid = 1094498
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Magner
|first=J W
|authorlink=
|coauthors=Ritchie E H, Cahill S C
|year=1975|month=Jan.
|title=Current medical literature
|journal=[[Journal of the Indian Medical Association]]
|volume=64
|issue=1
|pages=20-2
|publisher= |location = [[INDIA]]| issn = 0019-5847| pmid = 1094070
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|year=1970|month=
|title=George E. Palade
|journal=[[Triangle; the Sandoz journal of medical science]]
|volume=9
|issue=6
|pages=229-30
|publisher= |location = [[SWITZERLAND]]| issn = 0041-2597| pmid = 4927031
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-autobio.html Autobiography written in 1974 for the Nobel Prize]
{{Too many links|date=March 2008}}
* Professor Palade's [http://cmm.ucsd.edu/palade/ current webpage] at University of California, San Diego
<!-- This section is linked from [[James Lovelock]] -->
* George Palade biography and images, [http://cellimages.ascb.org/u?/p4041coll1,110 Image & Video Library] of [http://www.ascb.org The American Society for Cell Biology]
* [http://www.imarest.org/scientist/ The Marine Scientist - the quarterly international magazine for marine scientists]
* [http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/ The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]
* [http://www.ec.gc.ca/WATER/en/info/facts/e_quantity.htm Global Water Facts, from Environment Canada]
* [http://www.animal-job.co.uk/marine-careers.html#other Marine Biologist Career Description]
* [http://www.whoi.edu/imageOfDay.do Oceanography Image of the Day], from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
* [http://marinebio.org/ MarineBio: an evolving online tribute to Marine Biology and all Ocean life.]
* [http://www.mcsuk.org/ Marine Conservation Society: UK charity for seas and wildlife.]
* [http://www.seaturtle.org/tracking/?tag_id=49818 SeaTurtle.org: Tracking a sea turtle.]
* [http://www.marinebiology.co.uk/ Marinebiology.co.uk a marine biology resource.]
* [http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/ Marine Ecology Progress Series (MEPS).]
* [http://www.mba.ac.uk/ Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.]
* [http://www.marlin.ac.uk/ Marine Life Information Network for Britain and Ireland - ''MarLIN''.]
* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/fishweb/index.html University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Freshwater and Marine Image Bank] An ongoing digital collection of images related to freshwater and marine topics.
* [http://www.thedeepbook.org/ "Creatures of the Deep," a photo gallery and Flash video of creatures from the deep ocean.]
* [http://www.usp.br/cbm/oceano Photo exhibit "'''Oceano: vida escondida'''" (Ocean: hidden life) revealing the aesthetics of marine lifeforms], from the Marine Biology Center (CEBIMar) of São Paulo University.
* [http://www.piscoweb.org/ PISCO - Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans]
* [http://www.meriresearch.org/ The Marine Environmental Research Institute]
* [http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/ The National Ocean Service]
* [http://www.getmarinebiologyjobs.com/ Get Marine Biology Jobs, Career portal dedicated exclusively to the field of Marine Biology]
* [http://www.edsoup.com/blog/ready-to-go-to-marine-biology-college-and-become-the-next-jacques-cousteau/ Find Marine Biology Colleges]
* [http://www.wooster.edu/geology/Bioerosion/Bioerosion.html Bioerosion website at The College of Wooster]


{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{Biology-footer}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|biological}}
{{fisheries and fishing}}


{{Lifetime|1912|2008|Palade, George Emil}}
[[Category:Marine biology|* ]]
[[Category:Biological oceanography|*]]
[[Category:American biologists]]
[[Category:Fisheries|*]]
[[Category:American physicians]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:People from Iaşi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Star of Romania Order]]
[[Category:Romanian academics]]
[[Category:Romanian biologists]]
[[Category:Romanian physicians]]
[[Category:Romanian-Americans]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]


[[ca:George Emil Palade]]
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Revision as of 15:35, 10 October 2008

George Emil Palade
File:George Emil Palade.jpg
Dr. Palade won the Nobel Prize in 1974.
BornNovember 19, 1912
Iaşi, Romania
DiedOctober 7, 2008(2008-10-07) (aged 95)
NationalityRomanian
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma materCarol Davila School of Medicine
Known forRough ER
Awards1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Scientific career
Fieldscell biologist

George Emil Palade (November 19, 1912 – October 7, 2008) was a highly regarded Romanian cell biologist. In 1974, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve, for his discoveries concerning the structure and function of organelles in biological cells. Dr. George E. Palade also received the U.S. National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for " pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells... " in 1986.

Biography

George Palade received a M.D. in 1940 from the Carol Davila School of Medicine of the University of Bucharest, Romania. He was a member of the faculty of that famous school until 1945 when he went to the United States for postdoctoral studies. There, he joined Prof. Albert Claude at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

Palade was married to Marilyn Farquhar, a cell biologist at the University of California, San Diego.

In 1952, Palade became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He was a Professor at the Rockefeller Institute (1958-1973), Yale University Medical School (1973-1990), and University of California, San Diego (1990-2008).

In 1970, he was awarded[1] the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Renato Dulbecco co-winner of 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries concerning the functional organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology.",[2], related to his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research[3]. His Nobel lecture, delivered on December 12th, 1974, was on the subject of " Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion, "[4], that was published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation[5] [6]

Alongside the Nobel Award

Dr.George E. Palade received the National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for "pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells through studies combining electron microscopy and biochemistry. These contributions stimulated the growth of the field of cell biology, which he continues to inspire through his own research and leadership, active collaboration, and the training of new investigators." (Presented by President Reagan at a White House Ceremony on March 12, 1986). [7]

At the Rockefeller Institute, Palade used electron microscopy to study the internal organization of such cell structures as mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, and others. His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a pulse-chase analysis. In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists and that the Rough ER and the Golgi apparatus function together.[8]

His name has become attached to the Weibel-Palade bodies (a storage organelle unique to the endothelium, containing von Willebrand factor and various proteins) which he described together with the Swiss anatomist Ewald R. Weibel (Weibel ER, Palade GE. New cytoplasmic components in arterial endothelia. J. Cell. Biol. 1964, 23: 101-112).[9]

Dr.Palade's collaborative research in the 60's

The following is a concise excerpt from Dr. George E. Palade's Atuobiography appearing in the Nobel Award documents:[10]

"In the 1960's, I continued the work on the secretory process using in parallel or in succession two different approaches. The first relied exclusively on cell fractionation, and was developed in collaboration with Philip Siekevitz, Lewis Greene, Colvin Redman, David Sabatini and Yutaka Tashiro; it led to the characterization of the zymogen granules and to the discovery of the segregation of secretory products in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum. The second approach relied primarly on radioautography, and involved experiments on intact animals or pancreatic slices which were carried out in collaboration with Lucien Caro and especially James Jamieson. This series of investigations produced a good part of our current ideas on the synthesis and intracellular processing of proteins for export. A critical review of this line of research is presented in the Nobel Lecture."[11]

References

  1. ^ http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/
  2. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/
  3. ^ http://www.rockefeller.edu/nobel.html
  4. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.html
  5. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.pdf The Nobel Prize Lecture of George E. Palade is in Text Format Pdf 3.78 MB, Copyright©1974 by The Nobel Foundation, ISBN 981-02-0791-3 ,
  6. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/WSC/physio-71-80.html .
  7. ^ http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=266
  8. ^ Biological Science
  9. ^ http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/1/101
  10. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-autobio.html
  11. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.html

Sources

  • "Tribute to Professor George E. Palade". J. Cell. Mol. Med. 11 (1). Romania: 2–3. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00018.x. ISSN 1582-1838. PMID 17367496. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |month=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Singer, Manfred V (2003). "Legacy of a distinguished scientist: George E. Palade". Pancreatology. 3 (6). Switzerland: 518–9. doi:10.1159/000076328. ISSN 1424-3903. PMID 14730177. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, |laysummary=, and |month= (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Haulică, I. "[Professor doctor George Emil Palade at 90 years of age]". Revista medico-chirurgicală a Societăţii de Medici şi Naturalişti din Iaşi. 107 (2). Romania: 223–5. ISSN 0300-8738. PMID 12638263. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, |laysummary=, and |month= (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Tartakoff, Alan M (2002). "George Emil Palade: charismatic virtuoso of cell biology". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 (11). England: 871–6. doi:10.1038/nrm953. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 12415304. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Motta, P M (2001). "George Emil Palade and Don Wayne Fawcett and the development of modern anatomy, histology and contemporary cell biology". Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia. 106 (2 Suppl 1). Italy: XXI–XXXVIII. ISSN 1122-6714. PMID 11730003. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, |laysummary=, and |month= (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Farquhar, M G (1999). "Glomerular permeability I. Ferritin transfer across the normal glomerular capillary wall. 1961". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 (12). UNITED STATES: 2645–62. ISSN 1046-6673. PMID 10589706. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Raju, T N (1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1974: Albert Claude (1899-1983), George Emil Palade (b 1912), and Christian Réne de Duve (b 1917)". Lancet. 354 (9185). ENGLAND: 1219. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 10513750. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Sabatini, D D (1999). "George E. Palade: charting the secretory pathway". Trends Cell Biol. 9 (10). ENGLAND: 413–7. ISSN 0962-8924. PMID 10481180. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Motta, P M. "George Emil Palade and Don Wayne Fawcett and the development of modern anatomy, histology and contemporary cell biology". Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia. 103 (2). ITALY: 65–81. ISSN 1122-6714. PMID 9719773. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, |laysummary=, and |month= (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Porter, K R (1983). "An informal tribute to George E. Palade". J. Cell Biol. 97 (1). UNITED STATES: D3-7. ISSN 0021-9525. PMID 6345553. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Tashiro, Y (1975). "[Accomplishment of Drs. Albert Calude and George E. Palade and the birth of cell biology]". Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 20 (1). JAPAN: 74–6. ISSN 0039-9450. PMID 1094498. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Magner, J W (1975). "Current medical literature". Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 64 (1). INDIA: 20–2. ISSN 0019-5847. PMID 1094070. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • "George E. Palade". Triangle; the Sandoz journal of medical science. 9 (6). SWITZERLAND: 229–30. 1970. ISSN 0041-2597. PMID 4927031. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |month=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)

External links

{{subst:#if:Palade, George Emil|}} [[Category:{{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:1912}} 

|| UNKNOWN | MISSING = Year of birth missing {{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:2008}}||LIVING=(living people)}}
| #default = 1912 births

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|| LIVING  = 
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| #default =

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