Crvenka
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Црвенка Crvenka |
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| Basic data | |||||
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| State : | Serbia | ||||
| Province : | Vojvodina | ||||
| Okrug : | Zapadna Backa | ||||
| Opština : | Kula | ||||
| Coordinates : | 45 ° 39 ′ N , 19 ° 27 ′ E | ||||
| Residents : | 9,001 (2011) | ||||
| Telephone code : | (+381) 025 | ||||
| Postal code : | 25220 | ||||
| License plate : | SO | ||||
| Structure and administration | |||||
| Community type: | Opština | ||||
| Website : | |||||
Crvenka ( Serbian - Cyrillic Црвенка , German Tscherwenka / Rotweil, Hungarian Cservenka) is a small Serbian town in the Opština Kula in the Zapadna Bačka district in the Vojvodina province . The place was made a city in 1978 and had about 9,000 inhabitants in 2011. The city lies on the Great Batschka Canal .
Surname
The origin of the name is not clear, so there are several assumptions about the origin of the name , but de facto a Slavic origin is recognized. One assumption is the derivation of the word crven , crvena or crveno , which in pre-Slavic for the color red is that the rich existing red earth is due to Crvenka. Another relates to the abundance of red poppies at the time in the Crvenka valley , the Crveni mak . Another assumption is derived Crvenka of cer or Hrast cer from the South Slavic name for the Turkey oak , and from the Slavic word venac that for Kranz is, because in the area there were several coronary running groves that from this genus of oaks existed. Crvenka was named after the medieval Slavic tribe of Bajšani , whose cattle grazed there, which confirms the Slavic origin thesis of the name. As part of the Kingdom of Hungary , the small town was referred to in Hungarian as Cservenka and during the German colonization from the 18th to the middle of the 20th century as Tscherwenka or Rotweil .
Geographical location and climate
The city is located on the large Bačka Canal in the Okrug Zapadna Bačka and belongs to the Kula municipality. It is located 148 km north of the capital Belgrade , 63 km from Novi Sad and 33 km east of Sombor in the northern Serbian Batschka Lowland in the Pannonian Plain . The region is largely flat .
It is located in the temperate climate zone and has a typical Pannonian climate , with little rainfall, hot summers and cold winters.
history
Prehistory and Antiquity
The region around Crvenka was covered by water for a long time during its prehistoric era . In the area between the Danube and the Telečka plateau , also located in the Okrug Zapadna Bačka , there was a large lake , which Roman historians referred to as the “Sweet Lake”. At that time it was possible to travel by boat as far as the Fruška Gora mountain range and the Srem countryside . Around the small town there are still numerous bays and valleys as remnants of earlier springs and streams that ran through the Telečka plateau. The plateau was also covered by dense forests that were rich in various wildlife. In the Kupinovoj dolina , a valley near the small Crvenka train station on the railway line to Subotica , remains of prehistoric animals were found, e. B. from a mammoth .
The region was most likely already inhabited several centuries before Christ, because during the early Neolithic the region belonged to the Starčevo culture . There is evidence that the Celts later settled in the area around Crvenka. After archaeological excavations, objects from the Celtic and Roman times were found in the immediate vicinity in the neighboring Kula , including necklaces , urns , clay vessels as well as Celtic and Roman coins, the latter being known as follis , on which Constantine the Great is depicted. Others come from the Republic of Venice . From the middle of the 1st to the 4th century, the region belonged to the rule of the Jazygen . From the 5th century onwards , Slavic tribes and from the 9th century Finno-Ugric tribes advanced en masse into the region they colonized. In the 11th century, the village was annexed to the Kingdom of Hungary within the newly created Bács-Bodrog County . (Until the end of the First World War with a predominantly German and Hungarian population).
Middle Ages until today
Coins produced during the reign of the Hungarian King Andrew II (1205–1235) were found near Crvenka . With the aggressive expansion of the Ottomans approaching south-east Europe, a gradual emigration began from the 13th century through the flight and expulsion of the Serbian population from the southern areas of the Serbian Empire or from old Serbia to the north and thus also to the region around Crvenka the time was on the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary . Especially after the Battle of Marica in 1371 between a Serbian force and the Ottoman army , which the Ottomans won, more and more Serbs came to the region via the Sava and Danube . This Ottoman expansion took place particularly from 1381, but was initially stopped by heavy defeats in the battles at Dubravnica in 1381 and a few years later in the battle at Pločnik . After the Battle of Amselfeld in 1389, which ended without a clear winner, but which ultimately weakened the Serbs' resistance to the Ottomans in the following years, the mass exodus of the Serbs to the north intensified. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire could not be stopped in the long run, so that in 1459 all of Serbia and southern Hungary were incorporated into the empire after the defeat of the Hungarian army in the Battle of Mohács in 1526.
Crvenka was first mentioned in the 16th century when it belonged to the Ottoman Empire. In the decades that followed, the Hungarians were only concerned with preventing the Ottomans from advancing further towards Central Europe . The Hungarian King Leopold I (1658–1705) therefore advocated with numerous promises to the Serbs their first organized settlement in the region from the middle of the 17th century, in order to secure the southern areas of the Hungarian kingdom recaptured by the Habsburgs from the Ottomans that invaded the region sporadically. At the end of the 17th century, the mass expulsions of the Serb population from Kosovo and Metohija increased, which led to the great Serbian emigration to the north in 1690. The Serbian population lived under difficult conditions even under the Habsburgs, because the imperial government did not fulfill its promise to the Serbs, so that they remained mostly simple farmers .
During this period, the settlement of the Germans , who began during the reign of Joseph I, began under Charles VI. and Maria Theresa continued and ended during the reign of Joseph II when it was at its height. Maria Theresa was the first to settle Germans in the region on a large scale, especially in the Bačka , to which Crvenka belonged. The Bačka was largely deserted due to the constant clashes with the Ottomans or the places and settlements were insufficiently populated. Joseph II therefore decided to settle this living space with Germans who were loyal to the absolutist imperial leadership and who cultivated the newly settled areas as qualified farmers. The settlement of the Germans took place in accordance with the Germanization promoted by the Reich policy . Joseph II recognized that the population from the Upper Rhine , more precisely from Baden , Württemberg , Alsace-Lorraine , Hesse and the Palatinate, was most suitable for settling the region , because the peasant class was most pronounced there. An imperial proclamation about the colonization of the region, which was published on September 21, 1782, was well received by the population of the Upper Rhine.
The announcement promised each family a house with a kitchen garden , the farmers sufficient agricultural land , livestock and a large part of the agricultural equipment required for this, and the craftsmen's tools in full and 50 forints . Each family was provided with travel expenses and guaranteed exemption from taxes, duties and burdens for ten years. Despite the fact that the rulers of the regions belonging to the Holy Roman Empire tried to prevent emigration , numerous families managed to emigrate in the hope of a better life. The emigration began in the spring of 1783. The first collection point was Regensburg . There the travelers either received new passports or the previous ones were found to be valid. The ten-day trip to Vienna was continued on the Danube with small ships. There, each person received two forints and a kind of settler pass, on which the place was noted where the families were to be settled. The colonists, who were assigned to the Backa County , were immediately sent to a kind of settlement registration office in Sombor . There, everyone received an additional two forints per month, plus each family member over ten years old a cruiser , as well as flour , firewood , hay and vinegar until the house was completed. So in June 1783 the first colonists from Sombor came to Crvenka. Before the settlement of today's small town, Crvenka was a feudal being between Sivac and Kula from 1655 . The settlers met local Serb families there, who disappeared over time, but the then Ratzsgasse was named after them. "Ratzen", "Raizen", or "Rasizer" were the earlier German and Hungarian names for the Serbs, the inhabitants of Raszien , an independent Serbian principality that existed in the Middle Ages .
In 1785 another 610 families were settled. 150 of them came from Alsace , 200 from the Palatinate , 70 from Hesse and 30 from Saarland . Other families came from Baden, Württemberg and other German countries. The settlement of Crvenka took place as part of the so-called “ Third Swabian Train ” under Emperor Joseph II. It was the largest community of the Josephine settlement phase and in 1944 with approx. 8000 German residents after Apatin the largest community of this ethnic group in the Bačka. For the colonists, Ulm was mainly the collection point, from there the journey on the Danube began with small ships, the " Ulmer Schachteln ". During a stay in Vienna, the resettlement formalities were processed (recorded), then the journey continued down the Danube to Apatin. From there the settlers were distributed to the newly created villages. The Crvenka, laid out according to a development plan, consisted of five almost two kilometers long longitudinal streets, later a sixth was added, and six cross streets (cross streets). The place is an example of a chessboard-like layout with a spacious street layout. The settlers belonged to the Danube Swabian group .
At the end of the Second World War, the majority of the inhabitants of German origin (90%) fled Crvenka in 1944. Of the inhabitants who remained in Crvenka, 312 perished in camps. Of the approximately 7,000 residents who fled in October 1944, many found a new home in and around Munich , in Baden-Württemberg , in Rhineland-Palatinate , in Austria , in Canada and in the USA . The Yugoslav authorities settled other strata of the population in the place, the existing houses were given to settlers from Bosnia and Montenegro . The ethnic structure of the place changed and the gaps in the settlement created by the exodus of the Danube Swabians were closed again.
Sports
The flagship of the city is the handball club RK Crvenka .
population
Upon settlement, 610 families with around 2500 people moved into 453 completed houses. Diseases and epidemics (dysentery) led to a population decline, and it was not until 1808 that the original number could be reached again. By 1869 the population rose to about 6900 and by 1900 it was about 7600. In the 1931 census, almost 10,000 people were registered, of which about 7000 were of German ethnicity.
Today in Crvenka there are mostly Serbs , Montenegrins and Hungarians .
Economic structure
The economic structure of the community was mainly on agriculture , the viticulture , the sugar mill , the distillery , the livestock and food production determines their products were mainly exported.
A special feature of the place were the 630 wine cellars, which were lined up with the typical round porch along the slope of the Telečka. The cellar penetrated far into the loess slope. Each winemaker had his own wine cellar as a personal wine store.
Personalities
Born here
- Wilhelm Rátz (* 1882; † 1952), preacher of the German Ev. Parish in Pressburg
- Dušan Salatić (* 1929), former Serbian professor and writer
- Siegfried Lamnek (* 1943), German sociologist
- Ratko Svilar (* 1950), former Serbian football player
- Marin Trenk (* 1953), German ethnologist
- Zorica Vojinović (* 1958), former Serbian handball player
- Sara Savatović (* 1993), Serbian hammer thrower
literature
- Karl Beel, Peter Bieber, Christian Bischert: Tscherwenka table in the house of the Danube Swabians in Munich; ( Online version ; PDF; 4.6 MB)
- Roland Vetter, Hans Keiper: Our Tscherwenka , 672 pages, 1980, publishing house JF Bofinger KG Tuttlingen
- Tscherwenka families , 461 pages, 2002, by Angela Hefner, Karlsruhe; ( Online version ; PDF; 2.6 MB)
- Tscherwenkaer Heimatzeitung , Munich
