Till Eulenspiegel

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The young Eulenspiegel presents his backside (illustration from the Grüninger edition of 1515)
Book page from 1515

Till Eulenspiegel , also Dil Ulenspiegel and Dyl Ulenspegel ( Low German spelling: Dyl Ulenspegel [ dɪl ˈʔuːlnˌspɛɪgl̩ ], influenced in High German : Til Ulenspiegel ), is the protagonist of a Middle Low German folk book . According to this collection of swans , Eulenspiegel was a roaming rascal of the 14th century who played stupid, but was actually cunning and always played new tricks on his fellow men. The folk book was first published around 1510 under the title Ein kurtzweilig read by Dil Ulenspiegel, born in the country of Brunßwick, as he made his life [...] by the Strasbourg publisher and printer Johannes Grüninger . The book, whose author remained unknown, became a bestseller as early as the 16th century.

The figure Till Eulenspiegel

Origin and life according to the people's book

Eulenspiegel fountain in Braunschweig

According to tradition, Till Eulenspiegel was born in Kneitlingen am Elm in 1300 and was baptized in the castle chapel of his godfather Till von Uetze in the neighboring village of Ampleben . The baptism is said to have been carried out by Abbot Arnold Pfaffenmeyer (or Arnold Papenmeyer) of the Aegidienkloster . According to Götzinger , the folk book said about his origins: "In the forest called Melme, in the state of Saxony, in the village of Knetlingen, Ulnspiegel was born, and his father's name was Claus Ulnspiegel and his mother Ann Witcken."

Eulenspiegel is often depicted in later illustrations with attributes such as a fool's cap . However, he is not simply to be seen as a proven fool . Rather, in the stories he seems to be superior to his fellow human beings in terms of intellectual strength, perspective and wit. Eulenspiegel's pranks often result from taking a figurative expression literally. The interpretation most commonly used today is that he used this literal method as a means to expose the inadequacies of his fellow men and to vent his anger at the grievances of his time. However, this is by no means always clearly visible. In addition, sheer malice is to be noted, which has nothing to do with educational criticism, but rather characterizes Eulenspiegel as a person of anarchic maladjustment.

According to the rhyming Middle Low German inscription on a memorial stone from the mid-16th century, Till Eulenspiegel died in Mölln in 1350 .

Notes on the historicity of the figure

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

In the past 200 years, evidence of the actual existence of the historical person Till Eulenspiegel has been sought again and again. The Eulenspiegel researcher Bernd Ulrich Hucker found evidence in a Braunschweig document book that a Thile van Cletlinge (Kneitlingen) was imprisoned in 1339 with four other members of the lower nobility from the Harz foreland for road robbery. Around 1350 there were three impoverished lines of this noble family in Kneitlingen.

Hucker also provided circumstantial evidence that there was a historical crystallization figure called “Tilo dictus Ulenspegel” in Mölln, who died there in 1350.

The Möllner kept his army equipment and celebrated his anniversary at the end of the 16th century. There was also a burial site and a forerunner of today's Eulenspiegel “tombstone”. This forerunner and a painting in the Möllner town hall that have been handed down through a sign date from the 15th century, just as the Möllner Eulenspiegel tradition is older than the oldest Eulenspiegel prints and regardless of the design of the material found there. The evidence of the Mölln tradition including the rubble of the army was presented in full for the first time during the international traveling exhibition UnFASSbar , which was on view in 2011 and 2012 in Schöppenstedt , Damme (Belgium) , Mölln and Bernburg Castle .

Naming

The first name Till is a short form of Dietrich or Egidius .

The Low German words ule and spegel mean owl and mirror . Till's surname is therefore often seen as a simple combination of the words owl and mirror, and hence the translation of the name into High German as "Eulenspiegel".

An illustration in one of the first surviving editions of Eulenspiegel (1515) shows him already with a mirror and an owl in his hands, later versions of his stories let him sign his pranks with these symbols or put them on his tombstone. Owl and mirror each have an ancient tradition and have been interpreted accordingly. The literary-didactic tradition of the mirror ( Laienspiegel , Schwabenspiegel and others) has existed since ancient Greece for the purpose of self-knowledge and for comparing the target and actual situation. Eulenspiegel's behavior in taking expressions literally takes up this idea. Furthermore, the mirror is also a fool's attribute .

In ancient Greece, the owl was considered a bird of wisdom , but in the Middle Ages it was considered a bird of the devil. Both meanings of the symbol of the owl were used when interpreting names, since Till demonstrates wisdom and spiritual superiority in his exposing pranks, but also has diabolical and destructive ideas.

In addition to the symbolism of the owl and mirror, there are also one or more word games . The saying “ick bin ulen spegel” attributed to Till Eulenspiegel should mean something like “I am your mirror”, ie “I hold the mirror up to you”. An association that is no longer common is much more coarse: the Middle Low German word ulen also means "wipe", and the word spegel also means buttocks (even today, the light fur on the rear of deer and stag is called "mirror" in the hunter language ) . The exclamation Ul'n spegel means “wipe my butt”, vulgo “ kiss my ass” ( Swabian greeting , quote from idol ).

Literary meaning

Book title of one of the first editions of Grüninger (1515)

The book about Till Eulenspiegel is considered one of the most important literary works in the Lower Saxony area. The edition published by Johannes Grüninger (also Johannes Grieninger) around 1510 quickly became a world bestseller and was translated into many European languages ​​as early as the 16th century, including Latin, French, Dutch, English and Polish. In the following centuries and up to the present day, the stories were modified more and more, so that the originally coarse character became an increasingly likeable buffoon . A total of "Eulenspiegel" versions have been published in 280 languages ​​to date.

The material also inspired many literary works that were detached from the original, for example the Eulenspiegel Carnival Games by Hans Sachs . The historical novel by the Belgian author Charles De Coster, The Legend and the heroic, happy and glorious adventures of Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak takes the plot to Flanders at the end of the 16th century. For its part, the work is considered a piece of Flemish national literature. It depicts Till as a popular hero of the Netherlands' freedom struggle against Spain .

Possible authors

Because of its importance, some efforts have been made to track down the anonymous author of the first Eulenspiegel book:

In 1854 the historian Johann Martin Lappenberg assigned the story to the Alsatian Franciscan and “poeta laureatus” Thomas Murner . His satirical inclinations speak for this, but rather his lack of contact with the region of origin of the tradition.

The Brunswick customs clerk and bailiff Hermann Bote was also shortlisted , which is due to the fact that the acrostic < Erman B > was discovered in the initials of chapters 90 to 95 in an early version of the text . However, this evidence is not sufficient for valid evidence, although Bote's origin speaks for him.

The German scholar Jürgen Schulz-Grobert tried to carry out the proof in his 1996 habilitation dissertation concluded that the "Eulenspiegel" its profile in the Offizin received the Strasbourg book printer Johannes Grüninger / Grieninger with the participation of various humanists. In addition to Murner and Johannes Adelphus called Muling, whom Edward Schröder had already brought into play, he named the poets Tilemann Conradi and Hermann von dem Busche (Buschius) who published New Latin as co-authors and editors. Especially since the acrostic ERMANB was better suited to the wandering humanist Hermannus Buschius, who had come around in Lower Saxony, than to Bote, who consistently wrote "Hermen Bote" himself, thus preferred the Low German spelling of the name Hermann.

However, another obvious candidate was ignored: Grüninger maintained intensive contact with Hieronymus Brunschwig in the crucial period between 1497 and 1512 , from whom he published a number of works. Like Grüninger, Brunschwig had a name of origin which - presumably not entirely by chance - can be found in the title of the book ("vß dem land zu Brunßwick") and allows a more precise knowledge of the Ulenspiegel tradition. Said acrostic could also be ascribed to him.

The objections presented to Bote as an author have led to a kind of camp formation within Bote / Eulenspiegel research since 1996. Bernd Ulrich Hucker, for example, who was one of the first and strong supporters of Bote's thesis as an author, turned away completely. Herbert Blume , who works on Bote's entire work in terms of the history of language, holds on to the thesis. In a summary of the discussion in 2009, he speaks of weighty evidence that speaks in favor of messengers, he describes the objections presented as either unfounded or refuted. For Blume and with him most of the researchers involved in the discussion, Bote's authorship is “a probability bordering on certainty”, but there is no clear evidence.

First edition around 1510/12

In 1971 Peter Honegger from Zurich discovered 16 non-consecutive sheets in the cover of a Latin Reineke-Fuchs edition. The bookbinder had made cardboard for himself from scrap sheets glued together. Contrary to Honegger's assumption, these sheets were, according to today's research, not the remains of a first edition, but test prints, so-called brush prints. Honegger dated it to 1510/11 using the types of printing used by the Strasbourg printer Hans and Johannes Grüninger . This dating has been questioned in recent studies.

There is only one copy of the oldest edition of "Thyl Vlenspiegel" (as the running headline) from 1515 known worldwide. The book was exhibited on the occasion of the international traveling exhibition “UnFASSbar” from March 26, 2011 to June 17, 2013 in Schöppenstedt, Damme, Mölln and Bernburg. It has not survived the centuries undamaged because a total of 30 sheets are missing, including the title page and the colophon . A publication date of around 1512 or soon after is assumed. The missing pages were replaced by a previous owner from the time of the Enlightenment with pages from a so-called fair print from around 1700. The original 100 sheets with 66 woodcuts by artists such as Hans Baldung Grien and Urs Balthasar have been preserved. Their excellent quality proves that the printing blocks for this first edition were newly manufactured. Some representations can no longer be found in later editions, such as B. Eulenspiegel on the way to the Lübeck gallows. The text of the Strasbourg 1519 edition (a copy in the Gotha Research Library) comes closest to the text, but is even more precise and reliable than that. The previous owners of this oldest Eulenspiegel print were the poet Karl Wolfskehl and the merchant and publisher Salman Schocken in the 20th century . Wolfskehl probably got the book from his friend, the poet Stefan George .

Structure and content of the edition of 1515

A total of 95 short and shorter chapters represent the life of Ulenspiegel. The count goes up to the 96th history , although there is no 42nd history . Overall, it is uncertain how many of the chapters were present in the original edition that has not survived; What is certain, however, is that some of the stories were added later.

The first chapters relate to the character's origin and childhood. In the ninth story, Ulenspiegel leaves his mother to go on his lifelong wanderings. He has a wide variety of jobs, but only to move on at the end of each story; so he travels almost the entire European continent. Longer stays are the exception, for example with a pastor with whom Ulenspiegel works on his initial travels, or the stay with the King of Denmark. Ulenspiegel stayed here until the king's death (although this is only mentioned in a single story , one can assume a longer stay). In the last histories (from Hist . 90) Ulenspiegel's dying and his death are told.

presentation

Till Eulenspiegel was not a court jester and was not initially portrayed with fool attributes . In later illustrations, the fool's cap became his most important attribute and distinguishing mark, often with "dog-ears" and / or bells .

Similar figures in other cultures

The Islamic region between North Africa, Turkey and Inner Asia knows a figure corresponding to Eulenspiegel in the form of the wise fool, who is popular as Nasreddin and Juha . In East Africa these stories are told under the name of Abu Nuwas . An equivalent in Yiddish culture can be found in the figure of the Hersch Ostropoler ( Yiddish Hershele Ostropolier ), who lived in today's Ukraine at the beginning of the 19th century. In Sri Lanka the stories of the court jester Andare are told. In Mongolia one comes across the clever wandering monk, the Badarchin , while in Thailand and neighboring countries the figure of the Sri Thanonchai is known. On the Malay Peninsula , Pak Pandir , who lives with his wife in the forest, is sometimes terrifyingly stupid. On the other hand, the figure Kabayan in the west of the island of Java shows a shrewdness corresponding to Nasreddin. The Tibetan vernacular knows the figure of Uncle Tompa , who apart from sexual lewdness also bears great resemblance to Nasreddin. The Buddhist Lama Drugpa Künleg The Holy Fool also lived in Tibet and Bhutan .

reception

Music and film

Numerous musical works have made use of the Eulenspiegel material. One of the most important arrangements is the symphonic poem Till Eulenspiegel's funny pranks by Richard Strauss from 1895.

In the GDR the stories were filmed under the title Till Eulenspiegel 1973/74. The film, published in 1975, shows the legendary figure holding up a mirror to those in power even before the peasant wars and opening the eyes of the common people in many ways.

For a Soviet film adaptation of Legenda o Tile from 1976 , 5000 extras, 300 horsemen and twelve replica cogs were called up.

Idioms

1867, Félicien Rops , The hanged man at the bell , illustration for The story of Tyll Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak

The name Eulenspiegel found its way into several sayings and proverbs due to its popularity , including:

  • Do Eulenspiegelei or Eulenspiegel antics : play jokes or nonsense, especially through the all too literal execution of an order.
  • He does it like Eulenspiegel, he spoils the peasant woman's puree in order to eat it alone : This saying refers directly to one of the best-known Eulenspiegel stories with the title “How Ulenspiegel ate a white man alone, because he had a lump and a wet daryn dropped ” ( How Eulenspiegel ate a white porridge by himself by dropping a nasal popula into it ).
  • He plays Eulenspiegel's piece : he thinks that it will be different again one day, based on the violin piece “ All things a while ”, the only one that Eulenspiegel mastered.

The saying “ washing someone's fur” is also directly related to Eulenspiegel and a story in which Eulenspiegel wants to wash women's furs. This expression was already known and was only implemented in literary form in the Eulenspiegel story.

The French word espiègle for mischievous or roguish derives from the German word mirror from.

Carnival and Mardi Gras

The fools of numerous carnival groups refer to Eulenspiegel or use his supposed costume.

Museums

Till Eulenspiegel Museum in Schöppenstedt

Appreciations

Detail of the Eulenspiegel memorial stone in Mölln
  • Awarding of the Till Prize to popular German cabaret artists .
  • The city of Einbeck in Lower Saxony has the Eulenspiegel fountain on the market square . In addition, the Owl Festival takes place every year , which is also intended to commemorate Till Eulenspiegel. The city guide shows tourists in Eulenspiegel costume the historic old town. In Einbeck, Eulenspiegel is said to have played his jokes with a brewer. He was supposed to boil the "hops" and took this as an opportunity to cook the brewer's dog named Hopf until the meat fell off his bones.
  • There is an Eulenspiegelweg in the Hanseatic city of Lübeck .
  • On the southwest corner turret of the old town hall in Eisleben , which was built at the beginning of the 16th century, there is a fool's mask , which, in relation to the Eulenspiegel story, How Eulenspiegel frightened a host with a wolf in Eisleben .
  • The main belt asteroid (55749) Eulenspiegel is named after Till Eulenspiegel.
  • Hans Clauert (* around 1506; † 1566) is called the Märkische Eulenspiegel .

Memorial stones, plaques and sculptures

  • At the west portal of the Möllner Nicolaikirche there is a memorial stone, which reminds of the fact that Till Eulenspiegel was buried vertically according to tradition. The reason given is that the coffin fell at the burial. The memorial stone was probably erected around 1530 and shows Eulenspiegel with a helmet-like hat adorned with two feathers. At the foot of the Kirchberg is the Eulenspiegelbrunnen with an Eulenspiegel sculpture, the thumbs and tips of which are worn away from being touched. Supposedly this is supposed to bring luck.
  • Till Eulenspiegel represents one of the more than 200 bronze figures and allegories at the Carnival Fountain on Schillerplatz in Mainz .
  • There is a monument to Eulenspiegel in Kneitlingen . From Ampleben to Kneitlingen there is a 1.5 km long "baptism path", on which Till was carried home by a maid after his baptism. However, the maid was drunk after the baptism ceremony. On the outskirts of Kneitlingen she wanted to cross a muddy stream on a footbridge, but fell with the little Till into the stream that still flows today on the western edge of the village. This was Till's second baptism. Because it got so dirty in the stream, it had to be bathed at home. This bath is considered his third baptism. This event is explained on an information board on Triftweg on the edge of Kneitlingen.
  • In Braunschweig standing Eulenspiegel Fountain .
  • In Bernburg an der Saale : Till Eulenspiegel in the museum in the castle (the Eulenspiegel Tower is considered the largest Eulenspiegel monument), Till sculpture, Till drinking fountain figure and Till figure in “Paradise”.
  • In Calbe (Saale) on “Tillweg” next to the Saale bridge there is an Eulenspiegel monument created by Calbensern under the direction of Oskar-Heinz Werner with a steel cut by the artist Otto Plönnies.
  • There is a monument to Eulenspiegel in Erfurt .
  • The city of Magdeburg has named a street ( Till-Eulenspiegel-Ring ) after him. You can also find the well-known Eulenspiegel fountain on the Old Market. Representations by Till Eulenspiegel can be found on the town hall door and on the back of the Magdeburg Roland .
  • A till was also shown in Stendal . On the back of the Roland Column he is holding a bagpipe in one arm, with the other he supports the city arms and is thus represented as an element of bourgeois self-confidence. Here the joke probably comes from a more recent time than the Roland himself.
  • In Wustermark, in the Elstal district, there is a bronze sculpture by Eulenspiegel by H.-P. Fonteyne from 1998 in the Eulenspiegel settlement in front of the entrance to the Olympic Village .
  • In Einbeck there has been an Eulenspiegel fountain on the market square since 1942 .
  • In Elsterwerda in southern Brandenburg there is an Eulenspiegel fountain created by Hans Eickworth in front of the Small Gallery Hans Nadler .
  • In Waffenhammer , a part of the municipality of Presseck in Upper Franconia, a figure stands in front of the Eulenspiegel Museum, which was closed in 2017.

  • Memorial stone in Mölln

  • Sculpture in Mölln

  • At the Braunschweig town hall tower

  • Well figure in Braunschweig

  • Fountain figure in Magdeburg

  • Eulenspiegel in the back of the Roland in Magdeburg

  • Eulenspiegel in Berlin-Weißensee

  • Eulenspiegel fountain in Einbeck

  • Sculpture of the Eulenspiegel Fountain by Hans Eickworth in Elsterwerda

  • Till Eulenspiegel figure in Steinachtal in front of the Till Eulenspiegel Museum

  • Eulenspiegel monument in Kneitlingen

  • Taufweg between Ampleben and Kneitlingen with a view of Kneitlingen

  • Footbridge over the brook on the edge of Kneitlingen, place of the 2nd baptism

  • Bach on the outskirts of Kneitlingen, place of the 2nd baptism

Postage stamps and coin

  • Bundespost and Deutsche Post AG each issued a special Eulenspiegel stamp in 1977 and 2011.
  • On June 23, 2011, the Federal Ministry of Finance announced that it would have a German euro commemorative coin with a face value of 10 euros minted on the subject of “500 Years Till Eulenspiegel” . It was brought into circulation on July 14, 2011 and contains an asymmetrically arranged Eulenspiegel depiction on the image side, which is intended to express its ambivalent character. The edge of the coin bears the inscription “That's how I was here”.

Literary processing

Snakerijen van Tijl Uilenspiegel (“Pranks by Till Eulenspiegel”) by Dirk Dekker. Dutch children's book around 1873

Since the rediscovery of the popular book and the beginning of a children's and youth book culture in the German publishing industry, there have been well over a hundred mostly illustrated adaptations of the material, which linguistically modernize the content of the original, shorten it and accentuate it. The large number of these issues cannot be presented here. The following list therefore only contains a few examples of further reception in the narrow sense of the word.

  • Hans Sachs : Eulenspiegel und die Blinden (1553), a more recent edition illustrated by Karl Mahr : Leipzig and Hartenstein in the Erzgebirge 1925; as well as Eulenspiegel with the pelczwaschen (mid-16th century), a more recent edition illustrated by Georg Kellner , Nuremberg 1908
  • Charles De Coster : La légende et les aventures héroiques joyeuses et glorieuses d'Ulenspiegel et de Lamme Goedzak au pays des Flandres et ailleurs. 1867 ( The story and the heroic, happy and glorious adventures of Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak in Flanders and elsewhere , various German editions)
  • Raf Verhulst : De jeugd van Tijl Uilenspiegel , novel for young people, 's Gravenhage 1942, German: Till Eulenspiegels Jugend , Wolfshagen-Scharbeutz (Lübeck Bay) 1955
  • Erich Kästner : Till Eulenspiegel , retelling. Basel and Mährisch-Ostrau: Atrium 1938 (and more recent editions);
  • Ernst Behrends : Till is still mad - cheerful stories , European publisher 1968
  • Christa Wolf : Till Eulenspiegel , story for the film (together with Gerhard Wolf), 1974
  • Dirk Seliger and Anke Seliger: The return of Till Eulenspiegel. New pranks . Föritz: amicus Verlag 2001, ISBN 3-935660-03-0 .
  • Daniel Kehlmann : Tyll . Novel. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek 2017, ISBN 978-3-498-03567-9 .

theatre

  • Eulenspiegel. A dramatic fluctuation in one act and in casual rhymes , Schwank by August von Kotzebue , first printed in the 4th year of his almanac of dramatic games for social entertainment in the country , Berlin 1806.
  • Till Eulenspiegel , posse by Matthäus Stegmayer , premiered in early 1808.
  • Eulenspiegel or Schabernack über Schabernack , Posse by Johann Nestroy , first performance on April 22, 1835 in the Theater an der Wien .
  • Aspazija : Pūcesspieģelis. Romantiska komēdija. Apstrādāta pēc tautas teikām un Š. Kostēra flāmu motīviem (Eulenspiegel. Romantic Comedy. Adapted from folk tales and Ch. Coster's Flemish motifs, 1931)
  • Till Eulenspiegel . Play based on Hermann Bote by Matthias Buck . World premiere on June 16, 2001 (Thalia Theater Halle), directed by Kay Link .
  • Eulenspiegel Festival 2018 , open-air theater production by Martin Maier-Bode.

music

The piece was premiered on November 5, 1895 as part of the second subscription concert of the Cologne Concert Society in the Gürzenich in Cologne with the Municipal Gürzenich Orchestra under the direction of Franz Wüllner.
In 1976 the group released an LP that also contained four songs for a production by Eulenspiegel, commissioned by the Tübingen State Theater.
On September 9, 2011, Saltatio Mortis released the album Sturm auf Paradies , which contains the song Eulenspiegel as an original composition. This song celebrates the pranks and the background to those pranks.

Opera

  • Ulenspiegel . Opera in three acts op. 23 by Walter Braunfels . First performance November 4, 1913 in the royal court theater in Stuttgart. Performance ban under the National Socialists. Only performed again in 2011 at the Gera Theater ( Theater & Philharmonie Thuringia ) under the direction of Matthias Oldag.
  • Tyll - an Ulenspiegel opera in three acts op. 12 by Mark Lothar . Lyricist: Hugo von Koenigsgarten. World premiere: Weimar 1928.
  • Тиль Уленшпигель (Til Ulenschpigel). Singspiel in two acts by the Soviet composer Nikolai Karetnikow based on the novel by Charles de Coster. Made 1965–1985, first performance October 30, 1993 in Bielefeld.

Film adaptations

  • The adventures of Till Ulenspiegel ( Les Aventures de Till Espiègle ), feature film, France / GDR 1956/57, actors: Gérard Philipe, Fernand Ledoux, Nicole Berger, Jean Vilar, Wilhelm Koch-Hooge, Erwin Geschonneck.
  • Tijl Uilenspiegel , children's series with 15 parts, Belgium, 1961, actors: Senne Rouffaer, Anton Peters, Elvire Deprez, Dora Vander Groen.
  • Till Eulenspiegel - How to stay a fool in difficult times , TV film in 2 parts, FRG 1967, actors: Helmuth Lohner , Catherine Schell
  • Uilenspiegel , feature film, Netherlands, 1973, director: Walter van der Kamp. Actor: Wim Van Der Grijn.
  • Till Eulenspiegel , feature film, GDR, 1975, director: Rainer Simon, actors: Winfried Glatzeder, Cox Habbema, Franciszek Pieczka.
  • Ulenspiegel ( Legenda o Tile ), Soviet Union 1976, directed by Alexander Alow, Wladimir Naumow, actors: Lembit Ulfsak , Natalja Belochwostikowa
  • Till Eulenspiegel , Germany, 2003, directed by Eberhard Junkersdorf
  • Till Eulenspiegel , Germany 2014, director: Christian Theede

literature

See also

Web links

Commons : Till Eulenspiegel  - Collection of Images
Wikisource: Eulenspiegelbuch  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Front page from the edition from 1519, as the title page is missing in the older edition from 1515. The presumed first print has not survived, only one copy of a print from 1515 (incomplete) and a further print from 1519 (complete).
  2. ↑ Ernst Götzinger: Real Lexicon of German antiquities . Leipzig 1885.
  3. ↑ Andreas Anders: Mölln and his Eulenspiegel. Duchy direct, December 23, 2011, archived from the original on July 10, 2016 ; Retrieved July 10, 2016 .
  4. ↑ Hubertus J. Schwarz: The great unknown. In: Spiegel online. July 23, 2013, accessed July 10, 2016 .
  5. ↑ Mackensen: 3876 given names. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, p. 5 u. 167
  6. ^ A b c Paul Oppenheimer, Introduction. In: Till Eulenspiegel. His Adventures. Routledge, New York / London 1991/2001. S. LXIII (digitized version )
  7. ↑ See online transcript
  8. ↑ Charles de Coster: La légende et les aventures heroiques joyeuses et glorieuses d'Ulenspiegel et de Lamme Goedzak au pays des Flandres et ailleurs. 1867.
  9. ^ Johann Martin Lappenberg : Dr. Thomas Murner's Eulenspiegel. 1854.
  10. ↑ On the authorship of Botes vfl. Siegfried H. Sichtermann: The changes of Till Eulenspiegel. Cologne / Vienna 1982, pp. 7–8, who considers Bote's authorship to be proven.
  11. ^ Jürgen Schulz-Grobert: The Strasbourg Eulenspiegel book. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1999.
  12. ↑ As has been shown with other works, Grüninger himself can also be considered as a co-author.
  13. ↑ Herbert Blume : Hermann Bote - author of the Eulenspiegel book? In: Ders .: Hermann Bote. Braunschweig town clerk and man of letters. Studies of his life and work. (= Braunschweig contributions to German language and literature, Volume 15) Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Braunschweig 2009, pp. 211–235.
  14. ↑ Both editions have been both critically edited and facsimile. Insel-Verlag published a facsimile of the 1515 edition in 1911 and a facsimile of the 1519 edition in 1979.
  15. ↑ stadtsteinach.de
  16. ↑ visitdamme.be
  17. ↑ Steffen Raßloff : From professors and donkeys. In: Thüringer Allgemeine via erfurt-web.de , January 7, 2012.
  18. ↑ Till Eulenspiegel. In: Geographer Germany . 17th November 2013.
  19. ↑ Information on the Eulenspiegel Festival. Tourism and City Marketing Mölln, accessed on March 11, 2018 .
  20. ^ Eulenspiegel (1976). ( Memento of March 10, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
personal data
SURNAME Till Eulenspiegel
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Dyl Ulenspegel
BRIEF DESCRIPTION roaming rogue
DATE OF BIRTH around 1300
PLACE OF BIRTH Kneitlingen
DATE OF DEATH around 1350
Place of death Mölln