History of Harburg
The Horeburg
Around 800 AD, the Horeburg ("swamp castle ") on the south bank of the Süderelbe , on what was later known as the Castle Island, in today's Harburg inland port, presumably as a border fortress of the Counts of Stade . Today the remains of the Harburg Castle can be found here . The Horeburg was first mentioned in a document between 1133 and 1137. In the 12th century, Harburg was owned by the Bremen monastery as a border fortress and then fell to the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg . Below the castle, along a dam, which led through the march from the castle to the Geest and corresponds to the course of today's Harburger Schlossstrasse, a settlement was formed that was also called Harburg. Castle men, craftsmen and other people who took care of the castle lived here. This oppidum was granted freedom rights on May 6, 1288 by a document from King Rudolf von Habsburg : Harburg was now a separate legal and judicial district within the principality of Celle-Lüneburg . The reason for the notarization was the marriage of Mechthild, King Rudolf's granddaughter, to Duke Otto II of Braunschweig , to whom both the settlement, the castle and the bailiwick were given fiefdoms. This separation from land law was an important prerequisite for the further development of the settlement into a city .
In 1297 the Harburg settlement was granted city rights based on the example of Lüneburg. In 1303 Harburg was still unfortified, a city fortification is documented in 1389 by the naming of a city gate. A chapel is mentioned in 1307, and its own parish was not formed until the 15th century. Before that, the city was subordinate to the pastor of Wilstorf .
In the years 1397 to 1517, the dukes pledged the castle, office and city to the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Lüneburg due to lack of funds . As a result, Harburg was exploited by both cities. Nobody was interested in having a rival city under their own rule.
In 1527 Otto married to Braunschweig and Lüneburg the unequal Meta von Campe and was resigned to his own domain, the rule of Harburg at Harburg Castle. Under Duke Otto until the last Duke of Harburg in 1642, Harburg was a separate duchy . The dukes built the Harburg Palace into a Renaissance palace. From 1620/1621 onwards the complex consisted of three wings.
In 1533, Harburger Schiffer appeared as a guild . With an average of 17 small and large Ewers, they transported and stored goods from Hamburg merchants. Harburg served as a transshipment point for goods traffic between Hamburg and the inland south of the Elbe. The Harburg merchants were supported in the local area by hauliers from Hamburg and in the distant area by central German freight drivers. Skippers and carters developed into the leading social class in Harburg, which provided the city council.
Harburg Fortress
After the ducal line died out in 1641, Harburg fell back to the Principality of Celle-Lüneburg. In view of the troubled times in the final phase of the Thirty Years War and the fact that Swedes were militarily present in neighboring Bremen-Verden and Denmark in Holstein , the dukes of Celle left a modern fortress based on the Dutch model around the old Harburg Castle between 1644 and 1660 erect. The castle island received its pentagonal star shape. From 1650, the entire north end of the old town fell victim to the construction of the fortress. The Marienkirche with the pastors' houses and school had to be demolished as well as the warehouse opposite with crane and scales. The government made the site of the former ducal pleasure garden available to the parish as a replacement (today's Dreifaltigkeitskirche , Lämmertwiete and the surrounding area). For the reconstruction of the warehouse, the government designated the site of the former ducal brick factory (today on Buxtehuder Strasse, corner of Blohmstrasse). Harburg's economic and cultural center had thus shifted to the south.
With the connection of the Principality of Lüneburg to the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg , Harburg became part of the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in 1705 (colloquially " Electorate of Hanover ").
With the fortress, Harburg's social structure changed radically: It became a garrison town. The garrison was partly barracked in the fortress and partly housed in bourgeois quarters . As long as Harburg was a border fortress, that is until 1715, when the former Swedish duchies of Bremen-Verden finally fell to Kurhannover , the garrison had considerable strength. Then she answered; the fortress was neglected until it was partially de-fortified in the winter of 1783/84. The working population of Harburg now mainly consisted of former soldiers, their wives and widows. They found employment mainly in the textile industry .
French period
During the Seven Years' War , the Harburg fortress was taken by French troops in 1757, but the French surrendered on December 29, 1757 after being besieged by the army of Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig, whereby the Harburg castle was handed over to the Hanoverian troops.
In 1805, on the orders of Napoleon, the first bridge from Harburg to Wilhelmsburg was built in just 100 days. Harburg experienced its first economic boom under Napoleon's rule . However, this also required high taxes, forced evictions and forced labor, for example in the construction of an army road, the Bremer Chaussee in Eißendorf (renamed Bremer Straße since 1856 ).
From January 1, 1811, Harburg belonged to the Département des Bouches de l'Elbe .
In April 1813 Louis-Nicolas Davout occupied the city and held it until the first Peace of Paris in 1814 . After the end of the French occupation in 1814, the wooden bridge from 1805 was demolished again.
19th century
The Kingdom of Hanover was established in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna as the successor state to the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg .
At the beginning of the 19th century, Harburg had around 3,000 inhabitants. This number changed suddenly when industrialization began and Harburg was connected to the Kreuzbahn in 1847 . The Celle – Harburg line was opened on May 1, 1847 by the Royal Hanover State Railways .
From 1818 there was a regular steamboat connection with the neighboring city of Hamburg , to which a fixed road via Wilhelmsburg was added from 1853 with ferry and regular horse-drawn buses.
From 1845 to 1849, the Hanoverian state expanded the old fortress moats into what was then a modern sea-going port. The most important prerequisite for the industrialization of Harburg was the connection of the Kingdom of Hanover to the German Customs Union in 1854 (after the tax association had failed). However, since Hamburg remained customs abroad until 1888, the foundation stone for a modern industry was made by entrepreneurs from Hamburg or with the help of Hamburg capital.
In 1854 the Hamburg manufacturer Heinrich Christian Meyer relocated part of his factory, in which, in addition to sticks, mainly chair cane and whalebone were made, to Harburg. To process the hard rubber sheets for combs made by him in Hamburg from raw rubber, the "Harburger Gummi-Kamm-Compagnie" (later New York Hamburger Gummi-Waaren Compagnie ) was founded in 1856 with Meyer's leading participation . Also in 1854, German Koeber from Württemberg founded a machine factory that later supplied the rubber and vegetable oil industry with special machines: the Harburg iron and bronze works (later Krupp, now Harburg-Freudenberger ).
In 1855, Henri Noblée from Lille built a hydrocarbon factory (gas plant) to supply a previously installed street lighting in Harburg. The oil factories and edible fat refineries of Noblée and Thörl, now Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), developed from the processing of oily palm kernels, which was added later .
In 1856 the brothers Albert and Louis Cohen , who came from a Jewish family in Hamburg, settled in Harburg and began manufacturing rubber shoes and vulcanized rubber. It was the first of its kind in Germany. The brothers were able to draw on the experience they had gained in France. Even today as " Phoenix AG " it is Harburg's largest industrial company then and now.
Harburg in Prussia
In 1866 the Kingdom of Hanover lost its independence after losing the war with Prussia . After initial successes in the battle of Langensalza , the Hanoverian army had to capitulate to the Prussian troops on June 29, 1866, the Welfs were dethroned, the Kingdom of Hanover was annexed and Harburg was part of the Landdrostei Lüneburg in the Prussian province of Hanover .
On September 12, 1867, the cities of Harburg and Winsen (Luhe), and the offices of Harburg, Tostedt and Winsen, were combined to form the Harburg control group for financial and military purposes .
In 1870–1871, after Prussia's victorious war against France, the German Empire was proclaimed . Harburgers, who had only been Prussia for four years, also took part in this war. In honor of them and the fallen, the war memorial was donated, which is now in Schwarzenbergpark .
In 1870/72 the Elbe bridge was built and with it the railway connection to the north (Hamburg, Altona / Elbe, Kiel , Glückstadt ).
In 1872 the new district court was built on Buxtehuder Straße. By 1875 Harburg was already an industrial center with 49 larger companies and 18,000 inhabitants. Two of the largest Harburg factories were located on Wilstorfer Strasse: the coal oil and gas factory owned by French Noblée and the rubber factory owned by Albert and Louis Cohen from Hamburg. In 1888 the city of Harburg approved a development plan to create living space for the workers employed there. By 1895 the area of the Phoenix district was already completely built on.
With effect from April 1, 1885, the State of Prussia formed the Harburg district from the city of Harburg, the Harburg district from the previous offices of Harburg and Tostedt and the Winsen district from the previous office of Winsen and the city of Winsen . These were assigned to the administrative district of Lüneburg , which existed for today's district area until the government districts in Lower Saxony were dissolved in 2004.
In 1888 Heimfeld , Wilstorf , the castle and harbor district and part of the new land were incorporated into the city of Harburg.
The Harburg town hall was built on Rathausplatz from 1889 to 1892 .
In 1889 the Helms Museum was founded , today it is the Hamburg Archaeological Museum .
In 1890 the new Imperial Post Office was officially opened.
From 1891 to 1892 the new municipal gas and waterworks were built on Stader Strasse.
The municipal slaughterhouse was completed in 1893.
In 1897 the municipal gymnasium was built on Rathausplatz. After the construction of the Niederelbebahn , the new main station was opened.
In 1899, the Harburg Elbe Bridge was opened by Kaiser Wilhelm II on September 30th.
History of Wilhelmsburg
In 1333 members of the noble family of Schaken signed a contract with the residents of Ochsenwerder that they dike part of the island of Stillhorn . The Schaken wanted to leave the land won in this way to the dykes in return for an annual fee. About 30 years later, the Groten, also a noble family from Lüneburg that already owned Georgswerder and Rotehaus , also acquired the island of Stillhorn from the Schaken. They continued the dike, but on the opposite side. The land between the dikes was later closed off by dykes, the so-called Siedefeld (1368). About 120 years later (1491) the last stretch of Stillhorn, the Schönefeld, was diked. The last major dike breach on Wilhelmsburg was in 1855. Four people died. When frost soon set in, the whole island formed an ice surface. It wasn't until March that the water ran out again.
The island of Wilhelmsburg apparently belonged to the Archbishop of Hamburg , from whom it was assigned to Heinrich the Lion in 1158 as a foundation of the Ratzeburg diocese . Stillhorn was later owned by the Counts of Schaumburg , who were based in Holstein and who also owned Hamburg. The northern part of the island, however, was owned by the Duke of Lüneburg. The count then enfeoffed Stillhorn the Schaken, the duke the Goth. In the years 1361 and 1367, the latter also bought Stillhorn. The resulting complex feudal relationship resulted in severe entanglements.
On September 4, 1672, Georg Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Celle acquired the Elbe islands, which were then united by connecting dikes. From then on they were called Wilhelmsburg. After Georg Wilhelm's death, Wilhelmsburg fell to the House of Hanover and was converted into an office. The office existed until 1859, then it was combined with the Harburg district.
In 1925 Wilhelmsburg was detached from the Harburg district and became an urban district. In 1927, this was combined with the neighboring Harburg district under Lord Mayor Walter Dudek to form the Harburg-Wilhelmsburg district.
Dispute with Hamburg
Due to the alleged charter from Emperor Barbarossa , Hamburg claimed control of the Lower and Upper Elbe . To achieve that the ships their goods in Hamburg laid down their , built in Hamburg in 1250, a customs post on the Elbe. In 1337 Hamburg blocked the Elbe river in Moorburg through a customs barrier. In 1395 Hamburg acquired Ochsenwerder and Moorwerder . Once, in 1566, there was even bloodshed because of a drowned corpse claimed by one party as well as the other. In 1611 a contract was signed in which Hamburg promised to refrain from further attacks. The Reiherstieg should be left to Harburg ships. But Hamburg paid little attention to the contract. In 1619 the Reich Chamber of Commerce passed a judgment. It stipulated that Hamburg should not prevent free navigation on the Süderelbe. Hamburg didn't care much about that either. It was only when the Duke of Lüneburg allied with Brandenburg that Hamburg's sole rule over the southern Elbe gradually came to an end. With the struggle for rule over the Elbe, the struggle for deep water went hand in hand. Unlike today, the Süderelbe was the main course of the Elbe. Hamburg now tried to protect the Vierlande belonging to it and dammed the Gose Elbe and the Dove Elbe . The Duke of Lüneburg did not agree with this, because rinses were now being made on the south bank of the Elbe. A dispute ensued that lasted about 150 years. Finally, in 1620, the duke took to self-help, sent soldiers across the Elbe and had the Gummerdeich ( Kirchwerder ) torn open again. Then it turned out that the water did not follow its old course again, but kept the new one. Hamburg got its way.
In 1570 the Elbe was straightened near Spadenland . In 1604, Hamburg pierced the Grasbrook , which significantly shortened the course of the Norderelbe again. The southern Elbe silted up more and more.
In 1908 the dispute between Prussia and Hamburg over deep water was regulated by the so-called (third) Köhlbrand contract.
20th century
In 1902 the Harburg shipping company had 479 of its own seagoing vessels. Import and export were roughly balanced. (1902 ran 698 seagoing vessels with 99,637 BRT and 707 ships with 100,631 BRT out. On the Süderelbe ran in the same period 15,214 vessels 897,109 t 15,129 and a charge vessels 880,295 t of charge).
In 1903 Harburg was connected to the network of the Hamburg electric tram .
1904–1907 the port was expanded and the village of Lauenbruch fell victim. Three open tide seaport basins were created; a fourth was built in 1927.
1905 Harburg had several iron foundries, machine shops and boiler Schmieder land, Dampfbootbau, major palm kernel oil, rubber and Guttaperchawarenfabrikation , chemical factories, sulfur and petroleum refinery, production of oil, saltpeter , glass, mineral water, fertilizers , leather, briquettes, rice flour, cornstarch, Piassavabesen , Brushes, cane and whalebone , jute spinning and weaving, a steam emery mill, mill, steam wood sawing, beer brewery and others.
The trade was supported by a Chamber of Commerce, a Reichsbank branch, a branch of the Hannoversche Bank , the Norddeutsche Bank in Hamburg and others. For rail traffic, Harburg was the junction of the state railway lines to Hamburg, Lehrte , Sagehorn and Cuxhaven .
Harburg had a secondary school with an attached secondary school , a lyceum , a theater and is the seat of a local court, a general superintendent, the district office (for the district of Harburg), a main customs office and a chief forester. The city authorities consisted of five members of the magistrate and 18 mayor.
The revolution of 1918 , with the democratization of the local electoral law, gave the Harburg working population the opportunity to influence decision-making processes locally. In 1919 the SPD moved into the Citizens' Board for the first time. It received 29 of 48 seats; five seats went to the " Independent Socialists ". The SPD retained political power until March 11, 1933 .
On September 1, 1925 Wilhelmsburg spun off from the district of Harburg City Wilhelmsburg.
Harburg City Park was officially opened in May 1926 . The public park was designed by the Royal Prussian Horticultural Director Georg Hölscher.
After the construction of the 4th seaport basin as a mineral oil port in 1927, the mineral oil industry developed as the third important industrial branch in Harburg. The Rhenania Ossag built two large refineries (today Shell ) and Ebano Asphalt Werke AG (now Holborn ).
On July 1, 1927, the cities of Harburg and Wilhelmsburg were merged to form the city of Harburg-Wilhelmsburg with over 110,000 inhabitants.
The old Harburg coat of arms showed a red gatehouse on a white background with three towers and an open gate in which the Brunswick lion stands. The coat of arms reminded of the fact that the city of Harburg belonged to the territory of the Dukes of Braunschweig-Lüneburg .
The new Harburg coat of arms was supplemented by two lilies from the old Wilhelmsburg coat of arms above the battlements of the outer towers.
Today, the coat of arms from 1927 is no longer an official emblem, but it is still used today on printed matter at the Harburg district assembly. This reminds of the fact that Wilhelmsburg belongs to the territory of the Harburg district.
In 1929 Harburg got its first cinema, the "Gloria-Palast" in Wilstorfer Straße on the corner of Krummholzberg.
In the 1930s , the Hamburger Hochbahn operated an extensive tram network. The lines ran over the old Elbe bridge to Rönneburg , Wilstorf and Heimfeld, among others . The central transfer point was on the sand . In addition, several inverted O-bus -lines; local transport in Harburg was largely electrified.
On August 1, 1932, the district of Harburg and the district of Winsen were merged to form the new district of Harburg. At the same time, as part of the dissolution of the Jork district , the district boundary was moved west to the Este ; this brought the communities Frankop , Hove , Neuenfelde , Rübke and Moorende into the Harburg district. Harburg continued to remain the district town of the district and its own urban district of Harburg-Wilhelmsburg outside the district.
Harburg in the time of National Socialism
The Harburg town hall was occupied by members of the SA and SS on March 11, 1933, and swastika flags were hoisted on the town hall and on the town hall square. Mayor Dudek left the town hall in protest.
In 1937 the Reich government passed the “ Greater Hamburg Law ”. Thus, on April 1, 1937, the city of Harburg-Wilhelmsburg and numerous surrounding towns from the Harburg district passed from Prussia to the state of Hamburg. In the following years they went into the newly formed unified community of the Hanseatic City of Hamburg or in one of the 110 districts with 178 districts in the Reichsgau Hamburg.
Armaments production in a common economic area using the optimal infrastructure without geopolitical friction losses had top priority for the fulfillment of the four-year plan at that time . In 1939, Harburg was the first district in Hamburg to begin building a trolleybus system. The three lines to Eißendorf, Bostelbek and Fleestedt, some of which were not realized until the post-war period, were discontinued in 1958.
Harburg initially remained the seat of the Harburg district during the war . After the district building in Harburg was destroyed by bombs in 1944, the district administration was relocated to the castle of Winsen (Luhe).
On May 3, 1945, the Nazi era ended in Hamburg, which had been declared an open city , with the occupation by the British Army . After the end of the war, the Harburg district was assigned to the newly founded state of Lower Saxony by the British military government and the Hanseatic city of Hamburg was restored to state status.
After the Second World War
Wilhelmsburg was particularly hard hit by the 1962 storm surge . Since 1970 there has been a change from the classic industrial location towards a knowledge and service location. Construction of the Maschen marshalling yard began. The commissioning took place step by step from 1977 to 1980. The Wilhelmsburg marshalling yard was given up for this.
In 1973 the Harburg S-Bahn was built , the inner city was renovated and the Harburger Ring was built.
In 1976 the Harburg pedestrian zone was inaugurated.
In 1978 the Technical University Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH) was founded with the move into the former administration building of the Thörl company on Harburger Schloßstraße.
In 1982–2005, the TUHH was built on the current campus between Schwarzenbergstrasse and Denickestrasse.
In 1983 the S-Bahn was opened to the Hamburg-Harburg Rathaus station.
Planning concepts and measures for the revitalization of the Harburg inland port have existed since 1990 .
In 1995 the Hamburg-Harburg repair shop , which opened in 1872 as a workshop for the Cologne-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft , was closed.
Mohamed Atta , Said Bahaji and Ramzi Binalshibh , members of the so-called Hamburg terror cell that planned the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 , had lived in Marienstrasse in the Harburg district since 1998 . Several chapters of the 2007 novel Falling Man by the American author Don DeLillo , who deals with the attacks and their consequences, also take place in Marienstrasse .
In 2006 a tornado caused severe damage. There were two deaths and a power outage lasting several hours.
In 2008, the Hamburg district of Wilhelmsburg was spun off from the Harburg district and assigned to the Hamburg-Mitte district .
See also
- Chronology of hydraulic engineering on the Hamburg Lower Elbe
- History of the Port of Hamburg
- Harburg district
- Hamburg-Harburg
literature
- Literature list on harburg-geschichte.de
- Rainer-Maria Weiss (Ed.): Archeology in Hamburg - The Harburger Schloßstraße (= publications of the Helms-Museum, Archaeological Museum Hamburg, Stadtmuseum Harburg . No. 110 ). Archaeological Museum Hamburg, 2017, ISBN 978-3-931429-30-0 , ISSN 2198-8897 .
Web links
- Photo gallery Harburg harbor
- On the history of the Jews in Harburg 1900–1933
- A crane for Harburg
- Helms-Museum shows models of Harburg's city history on harburg-aktuell.de (in the version secured by Internet Archive 2011-11-04)
- Floor plan of the city and fortress Harburg 1757 at the Digital Archive Marburg ( Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg )
- Plan of the siege of 1757
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Meyer's Lexicon from 1905
- ^ Dietrich Kausche: Harburg and the year 1288. In: Jürgen Ellermeyer, Klaus Richter, Dirk Stegmann (eds.): Harburg. From the castle to the industrial city. Contributions to the history of Harburg 1288–1938. Christians, Hamburg 1988, pp. 11-15.
- ↑ a b c Klaus Richter: 700 years Harburg, 50 years Hamburg-Harburg: A city fate between 1288 and 1938.
- ^ History of Harburg
- ^ Hans-Cord Sarnighausen: Hannoversche Amtsjuristen from 1705 to 1866 . In: Harburg Yearbook. 23 (2012), pp. 133-176.
- ^ Teutsche Kriegs-Canzley for the year 1757 . tape 4 . Frankfurt / Leipzig 1757, pp. 813 - 815 ( google.de ).
- ↑ Franzosenzeit in Hamburg ( Memento of the original of February 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Wilhelm Christian Ludewig: History of the palace and the city of Harburg. Harburg 1845
- ^ Fritz Hoffmeyer: Harburg and the next area. Harburg 1885.
- ↑ District Office Harburg (ed.): Phoenix-Viertel. Hamburg 1981, p. 2.
- ^ Adalbert Holtz, Horst Homann: The street names of Harburg together with city history tables and a city map. Hamburg 1970, p. 46.
- ↑ The self-administration laws for the province of Hanover, district and provincial order from 6./7. May 1884, Berlin, 1887, page 38
- ↑ Ernst Reinstorf : History of the Elbe Island Wilhelmsburg: from the beginning to the present day , 2nd edition 1916, p. 153 ( online )
- ↑ History of the Elbe island Wilhelmsburg 1333-1927
- ↑
- ↑ History of the Elbe island Wilhelmsburg 1333-1927
- ^ History of district formation in Germany # Hannover Province
- ^ Prussian State Ministry, § 66, Ordinance on the reorganization of districts, from August 1, 1932 Preußische Gesetzessammlung, Berlin 1932; No. 43 , R. von Deckers Verlag, G. Schenk, 1932, pages 255-273
- ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt from February 19, 2003, ( online ; accessed on March 21, 2010)
- ^ Friederike Ulrich: Sternschanze, HafenCity - Hamburg's new districts. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. March 1, 2008, accessed July 18, 2009 .
