UN climate conference in Paris 2015

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UN Climate Change Conference 2015
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logoTemplate: Infobox / maintenance / picture

place Paris , FranceFranceFrance 
date November 30 - December 12, 2015
Attendees Members of the UNFCCC
Website cop21.gouv.fr
Members of the UNFCCC
  • member
  • Member (Appendix I)
  • Member (Annex I and II)
  • Observer status
    • Total (left) and per capita emissions (right) in 2012 compared to 1990. For a detailed list of countries, see the list of countries by greenhouse gas emissions .

    The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference ( English United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 21st Conference of the Parties , shortly COP 21 ) was held as 21  UN Climate Change Conference , while meeting 11 for Kyoto Protocol ( english 11th Meeting of the Parties to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol , CMP 11 for short ) from November 30 to December 12, 2015 in Paris ( France ). The French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius chaired the meeting . Central importance was attached to this conference, as it was here that a new international climate protection agreement was to be adopted as a successor to the Kyoto Protocol.

    Originally the conference was only supposed to last until December 11th; Due to several controversial issues, the conference management decided to extend the negotiations by one day. On the evening of December 12th, the assembly passed a climate agreement that provides for the limitation of global warming to well below 2 ° C, if possible 1.5 ° C compared to pre-industrial levels, and which is called the Paris Agreement .

    In order to be able to achieve the set 1.5 ° target, greenhouse gas emissions worldwide must be reduced to zero between 2045 and 2060 and then some of the previously emitted carbon dioxide must be removed from the earth's atmosphere ( carbon dioxide removal ). In addition, the set goal can only be achieved with a very consistent climate protection policy that is started immediately , as the time window in which this can still be achieved is quickly closing (as of 2015). If the 1.5 ° target is to be achieved without using CCS technology , the burning of fossil fuels must be completely stopped by around 2040 and the energy supply - i.e. H. Completely in this period - electricity, heat and transport renewable energy converted are.

    Events leading up to the conference

    Preparatory meeting

    From February 8 to 13, 2015, a preparatory conference for COP 21 took place in Geneva ( Eighth part of the second session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) ). Building on the Lima Call for Action , which summarizes the results of COP 20 , a negotiating text for COP 21 was adopted. Central points are advancing the countries' climate protection commitments ( Intended Nationally Determined Contributions , INDC), equal treatment of climate protection and climate adaptation in the Paris Treaty system, the further expansion of the Green Climate Fund and transparency with regard to the implementation of climate protection measures.

    At a joint press conference with French President François Hollande on February 20, 2015 in Paris, Chancellor Angela Merkel said that Germany would support France in preparing for the climate conference. Hollande will also take part in the preparatory conference in Berlin. In addition, the (Angela Merkel-led) will G7 - summit at Schloss Elmau in June 2015 used it to arrange to meet with the leading industrial nations a common agenda in terms of COP 21st

    On 18 and 19 May in place Berlin VI. Petersberg Climate Dialogue where representatives from around 35 countries met to prepare for the COP. Chancellor Angela Merkel emphasized the need to support developing countries ( Green Climate Fund ). Germany is aiming to double its international climate finance in relation to 2014 by 2020. In addition, she spoke out in favor of CO 2 pricing in order to prevent the two-degree limit from being exceeded by the end of the 21st century by means of a complete decarbonization of the global economy. With Joachim Gauck , a federal president received the delegates for the first time. According to Gauck, the planned climate protection agreement should "usher in the path to a climate-neutral economic order". Climate protection measures such as emissions trading would have to be “supported by an alliance of states in a spirit of cooperation”. He stressed the responsibility of the richer countries and dismissed a. point out that emissions from economic production should not be shifted to countries with lower environmental standards.

    From July 6th to 10th, around 2,000 scientists met in Paris at the “Our Common Future Under Climate Change” conference, which is considered the largest meeting of high-level experts in preparation for COP21.

    From 1 to 11 June took place from August 31 to September 4 and from 19 to 23 October 2015 by the UNFCCC organized COP-21 preparatory conferences in Bonn instead. The text for the new climate protection agreement was prepared at this meeting.

    Climate protection commitments of the countries (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, INDC)

    As part of the Lima Call for Climate Action , it was decided that the UN members should submit their planned climate protection contributions to the UNFCCC in good time before COP 21, ideally by the end of March 2015. These should be as specific as possible, including with regard to the implementation timeframe and the methods chosen. Switzerland was the first country to submit its declaration of intent on February 27, followed by the European Union on March 6 and Norway on March 27. Mexico was the first emerging country and Gabon was the first African country to submit a climate protection program. The US submitted its targets on March 31, Russia on April 1.

    By August 20, only 56 states (including the 28 states of the European Union) had submitted their climate protection plans. According to an analysis by the Grantham Institute for Climate Change at Imperial College London , which was published in mid-August, the existing climate protection projects would have to at least double by 2030 so that there is at least a 50% chance of limiting global warming to two degrees. EU Climate Commissioner Miguel Arias Cañete called on India, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey to report their INDCs without further delay.

    By the beginning of October 2015, 146 countries had set their climate targets in writing and submitted them to the UNFCCC. These states were responsible for 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

    The plans of the individual states to date are insufficient to achieve the two-degree target . Should the states fulfill their promises made, there will be global warming of 2.6 to 3.1 ° C by 2100 as well as a further rise in temperature after 2100. For compliance with the two-degree limit, a subsequent tightening of the promises or a Overachieving the goals is imperative. In order to limit the earth's temperature to a certain level, the greenhouse gas emissions have to be reduced to zero, since only a limited carbon budget is available for a certain temperature that can be emitted.

    Other political events, meetings and reports

    On March 26, 2015, representatives from European cities met in Paris to agree on measures to combat climate change. A declaration was signed by 26 mayors, who represent the total of more than 60 million inhabitants (including many European capitals), in which they advocated a transformation of the energy supply and various other climate protection measures.

    On March 31st, the European Parliament's Environment Committee discussed the COP-21 conference.

    On April 7, the US government released a pre-release report on the effects of global warming on health. Among other things, the increased occurrence of respiratory, infectious and mental illnesses will be discussed. A White House conference on climate change and health was held on June 23.

    At the meeting of the G7 Foreign Ministers on April 15 in Lübeck, a study on the consequences of global warming for peace and security was presented, which was carried out on behalf of the G7. The following (overlapping) risks that could lead to conflicts - especially in unstable countries - were named and strategies for risk minimization were presented: competition for local resources, loss of livelihoods (e.g. with farmers) and migration, extreme weather events, unstable Food prices and supply, cross-border water management, sea level rise and damage to coastal areas, as well as unintended consequences of climate policy.

    On August 3, Barack Obama published a new climate protection plan ( Clean Power Plan ) to reduce US CO 2 emissions. He described it as the "biggest, most important step we have ever taken against climate change".

    End of September 2015 was at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2015 in New York of climate change as one of the 17 objectives of sustainable development ( Sustainable Development Millennium Goals set).

    At a press conference on November 6, 2015, Barack Obama announced that the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, which has been controversial for seven years , would not be approved. The US would have played an important role as a role model for climate protection, and the approval of the Keystone XL pipeline would have contradicted this leadership role. He is confident that, together with the other heads of government in Paris, an ambitious climate protection agreement will be launched. It is about protecting the one planet we have while we still can. This decision is seen as an important step for the negotiations in Paris.

    On November 8, 2015, the World Bank published its Shock Waves report . Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty and warned of the failure of the negotiations in Paris. If something is not done quickly to combat global warming, this could mean that more than 100 million people will slide into poverty.

    From the point of view of the World Health Organization (WHO), the serious consequences for health have received too little attention in the debates on climate change. On the occasion of COP 21, it therefore published a call to action on November 17th.

    Statements from various churches and religious leaders

    On June 18, 2015, Pope Francis published the encyclical Laudato si ' , which focuses on the topic of environmental and climate protection. Regarding the encyclical at a press conference, he said: “It is important that there is a certain time lag between its publication and the meeting in Paris so that it can make a contribution. The meeting in Peru was nothing special. I was disappointed by the lack of courage: at some point they stopped. Let us hope that the representatives in Paris will be more courageous to move forward on this matter. ”In the run-up to this, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences organized a conference on climate change together with the SDSN and Religions for Peace ( “ Protect the Earth, Dignify Humanity. The Moral Dimensions of Climate Change and Sustainable Humanity ” ), at which UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon gave the opening speech.

    On July 12, the leaders of the Anglican Churches in Australia and South Africa published a joint article in the Canberra Times . In this, they called, among other things, to put pressure on the political leaders so that a strong, collaborative agreement could be reached in Paris. There is a moral obligation to help one's neighbor. These include Pacific island states such as Kiribati , which are already affected by climate change.

    On July 13, the Church of England , initiated by the Bishop of Salisbury Nick Holtam , called for swift action against climate change.

    An International Islamic Symposium on Climate Change took place in Istanbul on August 17th and 18th . An Islamic declaration on climate change was passed, signed by Hossein Nasr , Ebrahim Rasool and Din Syamsuddin , among others .

    On October 29, a Buddhist Declaration on Climate Change addressed to world leaders , signed by Buddhist leaders such as the Dalai Lama and Thích Nhất Hạnh, was released . In this, they called on the heads of state, among other things, to cooperate with compassion and wisdom at COP 21 and to reach an ambitious and effective climate protection agreement.

    By the end of October, 425 rabbis also signed a public letter on the climate crisis - initiated by Arthur Waskow , among others - in which they called for vigorous action against climate change.

    On November 26th, at the United Nations Environment Program in Nairobi , Pope Francis called for the climate summit to be successfully concluded. It is “sad” and he dares to say “catastrophic” if the conference fails because of individual interests of states and these prevail over the good of humanity. Climate change is a “global problem with grave consequences”, so a solution must be adopted that both reduces the effects of climate change, combats poverty and guarantees “respect for human dignity”.

    Other expressions of political opinion

    In February 2015, prominent business leaders, including billionaire Sir Richard Branson , called for a rigorous climate policy, calling for global carbon emissions to be reduced to zero by 2050.

    From March 12 to 15, 2015, 65 environmental award winners met in Freiburg im Breisgau at the fourth Freiburg environmental convention organized by the European Environmental Foundation under the motto “Adaptation to Climate Change”. In a joint declaration, the award winners, including Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker , pleaded for the introduction of a CO 2 tax .

    The International Energy Agency (IEA) called for an agreement that would allow global greenhouse gas emissions to peak in 2020.

    Representatives of the Federal Government's Sustainability Council complained that the results achieved so far were insufficient to meet the climate targets.

    Security arrangements, protests and civil society participation

    Greenpeace activists in Madrid at the Global Climate March on November 29, 2015
    Global Climate March 2015 in front of Berlin Central Station

    Even before the terrorist attacks on November 13, 2015 in Paris and the declaration of a state of emergency , the security precautions for COP 21 were counted among the most extensive in the history of France. More than 100 heads of state and members of government as well as thousands of activists were expected to attend the conference with a variety of protests, side events and other activities.

    Worldwide were in many cities rallies planned for the World Climate Conference, in particular the Global Climate March on 29 November. A total of 2,173 events in over 150 countries were planned for November 28 and 29, according to The Guardian . Around 200,000 participants were expected for the Global Climate March in Paris.

    On November 16, 2015, the French Prime Minister Manuel Valls announced that certain demonstrations, concerts and celebrations around the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris would have to be canceled for security reasons, in particular the route of the Global Climate March planned for November 29 would lead to some Sites of the November 13 attacks over. According to the organizers, however, the risk of a terrorist attack had already been taken into account in advance in the security precautions. To cancel the Global Climate March is not acceptable.

    On November 17th it was announced that around 115,000 police officers and soldiers from all over France would be deployed in Paris.

    Ben Rhodes , the US President's deputy security advisor, announced on November 19 that Barack Obama would take part in COP 21 despite the terrorist attacks: Since the attacks there has been coordination of the secret services , but all decisions regarding the security of the heads of state have been made still hit by France.

    Venue

    The location of the World Climate Conference in Le Bourget:
    COP 21 1.jpg
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    COP21 2015 Paris Le Bourget - Conference Center - United nations conference on climate change.jpg


    The location of the event was the municipality of Le Bourget near the airport of the same name, northeast of Paris.

    The conference in the Parc des expositions ("Exhibition Park ") was divided into a United Nations conference Center ("Conference Center of the United Nations") that was only accessible to the delegations , the publicly accessible Forum Climate Generations Areas ("Areas of the Climate Generations") immediate neighborhood for civil society participation and an exhibition area.

    Pictures from the negotiations at COP21:
    Conferencia de la ONU sobre Cambio Climático COP21 (22803190273) .jpg
    Delegates
    COP21 participants - 30 Nov 2015 (23430273715) .jpg
    The representatives of the states on the first day of the conference.
    Secretary Kerry Joins Plenary Session of the COP21 Climate Change Conference (23581886671) .jpg
    Plenary session with the US delegation and the delegates from Kuwait ... and South Sudan in the foreground.

    Results

    Necessary emission paths to meet the two-degree target agreed in the Paris Agreement without negative emissions, depending on the emission peak

    The French Foreign Minister and conference leader Laurent Fabius presented the negotiated text of the treaty for the Paris Agreement to the delegates at noon on December 12th. Among other things, the assembly passed a climate agreement that provides for the limitation of global warming to well below 2 ° C, if possible 1.5 ° C. In order to be able to achieve this goal at all, the world has to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to zero between 2045 and 2060 and thus pursue very ambitious climate protection. The need for CCS measures , in particular the BEECS technology (biomass combustion with carbon dioxide capture) or increased CO 2 uptake due to changed land management (e.g. planting forests) during the second half of the century was also pointed out. In addition, the window to achieve this goal closes quickly (as of 2015).

    The goal of Template: future / in 5 yearshelping the less financially strong states with 100 billion dollars annually from 2020 to 2025 in adapting to climate change and protecting the environment was set out in the agreement. Although the agreement is binding under international law, there are no penalties for disregarding the contractual points.

    In April 2016, 175 states, including the United States, China and Germany, signed the agreement. It comes into force when it has ratified 55 states, which also cause at least 55% of emissions . Following the signing by the United States, a White House spokesman said emissions from the nations that signed up at the time were 49% of global emissions. Some states, v. a. small island states, as well as Germany, China and the USA, have already implemented the ratification, France announced it for 2016. This means that the agreement could not come into force until 2020, as originally planned, but much earlier. It came into force on November 4, 2016.

    With regard to the climate protection regime up to 2020, the Conference of the Parties urged its members to ratify the Doha amendments to the Kyoto Protocol, thereby allowing the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol to take effect.

    Follow-up conference COP 22

    As a follow-up conference, the 22nd UN Climate Change Conference (COP 22) took place simultaneously as the 12th meeting on the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 12) and the 1st meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) from November 7 to 18, 2016 in Bab Ighli near the Moroccan city ​​of Marrakech .

    reception

    Classifications

    The results of the summit were seen by most politicians and environmental associations as a breakthrough in climate policy. French President François Hollande spoke of the most beautiful and peaceful of all revolutions that started in Paris. The German Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks declared that Paris was “not the end, but the beginning of a long road”. Martin Kaiser, climate protection expert from Greenpeace , commented on the agreement with “Paris gives the world hope” . The Federal Association for Renewable Energy welcomed the agreement as a “strong signal” and called for concrete measures to be implemented to implement the goals. WWF Germany rated the agreement as "groundbreaking in many ways". Paris exceeded the expectations of many. At the beginning of 2016, BUND , the Deutscher Naturschutzring , Greenpeace, the Climate Alliance Germany, Misereor and the WWF called for the European Union's climate protection targets to be raised, as these were not in line with the Paris Agreement.

    Paul Oquist, chief negotiator for Nicaragua , was more critical and called for the rich nations to do far more to reduce greenhouse emissions and protect the earth. The lack of binding targets for CO 2 emissions and the lack of enforceability of the aid mentioned in the treaty for climate damage in poor countries appear to be the weaknesses of the agreement . James E. Hansen was extremely dissatisfied with the result because the underlying problem of cheap fossil fuels was not addressed. As long as fossil fuels were not made more expensive, for example with a CO2 tax , they would continue to be burned in the future. Hans Joachim Schellnhuber welcomed the plan to limit global warming to 1.5 ° C. However, he criticized that the rest of the text did not sufficiently ensure that these ambitions are implemented. The compensation and liability regulations for the poor have been marginalized and the financing of climate adaptations in the poor countries has so far been less than had been hoped for. Also, Kevin Anderson , deputy director of the Tyndall Center , criticized the agreement sharply: "For the poor, non-white people in the Southern Hemisphere is the current text somewhere between dangerous and deadly." The role of science has been weakened, and air traffic and shipping are no longer mentioned. In his opinion, the previous agreement is even worse than that of the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in 2009 .

    Nobel laureate in economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz, sees the efforts of Angela Merkel and Barack Obama as an essential factor in the conclusion of the agreement. At the same time, he warned that, through their commitment to the Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement TTIP, this would seriously jeopardize this success, since TTIP undermines precisely the policies that are necessary for successful climate protection. Greenhouse gas emissions, the costs of which are not borne by those who cause them, produce social costs that, from an economic point of view, act like subsidies for the companies that cause them. As long as companies do not have to pay for the environmental damage they cause, fair trade is not possible. TTIP creates further opportunities for companies to take action against such measures. For example, the dispute settlement procedure envisaged by TTIP explicitly gave companies the opportunity to sue states for environmental and climate protection laws before international arbitration tribunals, which would mean that not ambitious but rather the lowest environmental protection standards would prevail.

    reporting

    The daily criticized the reporting in the German media: At the end of the climate conference, the agreement on the global climate treaty was at best a marginal note on the front pages of the national Sunday newspapers . Also inside there was little ( Welt am Sonntag , Bild am Sonntag ) or nothing ( Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung ) about COP 21. Also in the ARD was only briefly reported on Sunday evening. The world even refrained from sending an editor to Paris.

    Documentary Guardians of the Earth

    The by FilmFernsehFonds BAYERN , the German Federal Film Fund , the " German Federal Film Board " as well as by the Austrian Film Institute -sponsored documentary Guardians of the Earth - When we decided to save the world of the director Filip Antoni Malinowski was after the presentation at various international (documentary) film festival and the first release in Austria will premiere in Germany on May 31, 2018 .

    See also

    Portal: Climate Change  - An overview of the topic can be found in the Wikipedia portal Climate Change

    Web links

    Commons : UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 2015  - Collection of images, videos and audio files, also for uploading media for this article.

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ European Commission: CO2 time series 1990-2013 per region / country . EDGAR - Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
    2. ^ COP21: Organizers ( Memento of March 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved February 28, 2015.
    3. ↑ COP21 / CMP11 ( Memento from March 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved February 28, 2015.
    4. ↑ Decisive hours at the climate summit: The extension at tagesschau.de, December 11, 2015, accessed on December 11, 2015.
    5. ↑ a b International community approves climate agreement . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 12, 2015. Accessed December 12, 2015.
    6. ↑ a b Joeri Rogelj et al .: Energy system transformations for limiting end-of-century warming to below 1.5 ° C . In: Nature Climate Change . tape 5 , 2015, p. 519-527 , doi : 10.1038 / NCLIMATE2572 .
    7. ↑ Volker Quaschning : Sector coupling through the energy transition. Requirements for the expansion of renewable energies to achieve the Paris climate protection targets, taking into account sector coupling . Berlin University of Technology and Economics , June 20, 2016. Accessed June 20, 2016.
    8. ↑ UNFCCC: Geneva Climate Change Conference - February 2015 . Retrieved March 1, 2015.
    9. ^ UNFCCC: Lima Call for Climate Action . (PDF) February 2, 2015, accessed March 1, 2015.
    10. ^ UNFCCC: Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, Second session, part eight, Geneva, 8–13 February 2015 - Negotiating Text . (PDF) February 25, 2015, accessed March 1, 2015.
    11. ^ Reimund Schwarze: Preliminary negotiations for the 2015 climate conference: UN member states want individual climate protection targets . On: Focus Online , February 13, 2015, accessed March 1, 2015.
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    13. ^ The Federal Government: Press conference by Chancellor Merkel and the French President, Hollande . Transcript of the press conference on February 20, 2015 in Paris, accessed on February 28, 2015.
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    15. ^ The Federal Government: Speech by Chancellor Merkel on the VI. Petersberg Climate Dialogue on May 19, 2015 , accessed on June 4, 2015.
    16. ^ Andreas Mihm: Petersberger Dialog: The climate godmother receives . On: FAZ.net , May 19, 2015, accessed June 4, 2015.
    17. ^ The Federal President: Reception on the occasion of the Petersberg Climate Dialogue . Speech from May 18, 2015, Bellvue Castle, accessed on June 4, 2015.
    18. ^ Great climate science conference in Paris . Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. July 10, 2015. Accessed July 20, 2015.
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    20. ↑ unfccc.int: Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2015
    21. ↑ unfccc.int: Bonn Climate Change Conference - August 2015
    22. ↑ unfccc.int: Bonn Climate Change Conference - October 2015
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    24. ^ UNFCCC: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) . Retrieved March 16, 2015.
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    33. ↑ Joeri Rogelj et al .: Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 ° C . In: Nature . tape 534 , 2016, p. 631–639 , doi : 10.1038 / nature18307 .
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    37. ↑ European Parliament: Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety - meeting 30/03/2015 15.00-18.30 Video recording of the committee meeting (3 hours 40 minutes). Retrieved April 5, 2015.
    38. ^ The White House: FACT SHEET: Administration Announces Actions To Protect Communities From The Impacts Of Climate Change. Press release of April 7, 2015, accessed April 23, 2015.
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    40. ^ The White House wants to explore how climate change makes you sick. In: The Washington Post , April 7, 2015, accessed April 23, 2015.
    41. ^ The White House: FACT SHEET: Obama Administration Announces Actions to Protect Communities from the Health Impacts of Climate Change at White House Summit . Press release from June 23, 2015, accessed on September 3, 2015.
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    47. ^ White House : Statement by the President on the Keystone XL Pipeline . Text of the press release from November 6, 2015, accessed on November 9, 2015.
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    56. ^ UNFCCC: Church of England Issues Strong Call for Long-term Climate Action ( Memento of November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) August 13, 2015, accessed on November 21, 2015.
    57. ↑ UNFCCC: Islamic Declaration on Climate Change Calls For 1.6 billion Muslims to Support Strong Paris Agreement. ( Memento of November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) August 18, 2015, accessed on November 21, 2015.
    58. ↑ International Islamistic Climate Change Symposium . Retrieved November 21, 2015.
    59. ^ UNFCCC: Buddhist Leaders Call for Ambitious Climate Agreement in Paris ( Memento of November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). October 29, 2015, accessed November 21, 2015.
    60. ↑ Global Buddhist Climate Change Collective (GBCCC): Buddhist Climate Change Statement to World Leaders 2015 . Retrieved November 21, 2015.
    61. ^ Arthur Waskow : Rabbinic Letter on Climate -Torah, Pope, & Crisis Inspire 425+ Rabbis to Call for Vigorous Climate Action . From: theshalomcenter.org, October 29, 2015, accessed November 21, 2015.
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    63. ↑ Richard Branson leads call to free global economy from carbon emissions. The Guardian February 5, 2015
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    65. ↑ More state instead of more market: Environment award winners want carbon tax . In: Badische Zeitung , March 14, 2015, accessed on March 16, 2015.
    66. ^ IEA: IEA sets out pillars for success at COP21.
    67. ↑ Climate negotiations “clearly too slow” , June 18, 2015
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    69. ↑ 350.org : Global Climate March . Retrieved November 25, 2015.
    70. ↑ Organizers of canceled Paris climate march urge global show of support . In: The Guardian . November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
    71. ↑ Attentat in Paris: "Aucun chef d'État ne nous a demandé de reporter la COP21", dit Manuel Valls . On: RTL France , November 16, 2015, accessed on November 20, 2015.
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    73. ↑ Setting up COP21 / CMP11 ( Memento from November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Introductory video (French texts) about the conference location at: cop21.gouv.fr, accessed on November 26, 2015.
    74. ↑ Adoption of the Paris Agreement ( English (the Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish text versions are also valid - "equally authentic") , PDF;) In: UNFCCC COP21 . United Nations Office at Geneva. S. December 31, 2015. Accessed December 12, 2015.
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