Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement
| Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
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|---|---|
| Title (engl.): | Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership |
| Abbreviation: | TTIP |
| Date: | not yet legally effective |
| Reference: | Contract text not available |
| Contract type: | Multinational (EU, USA) |
| Legal matter: | International trade law ( free trade agreement ) |
| Signing: | - |
| Ratification : | -
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| Please note the note on the applicable contract version . | |
The transatlantic trade and investment partnership , officially Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( English Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership , TTIP , formerly Trans-Atlantic Free Trade Agreement , TAFTA ), is a planned free trade and investment protection agreements in the form of an international treaty between the European Union and the United States . The exact terms of the contract have been negotiated since June 2013 , and this process is often criticized as being opaque .
Following the election of Donald Trump as US President on November 8, 2016 , EU Commissioner Cecilia Malmström said that the TTIP negotiations would now 'naturally pause for a while'. Trump had sharply criticized free trade agreements in his election campaign. The negotiations not only paused, but the American government introduced protective tariffs for certain industries and thus ended the system of free trade. Trump is currently threatening protective tariffs on European and especially German cars.
The forerunner was the Multilateral Investment Agreement (MAI), which failed in 1998 due to resistance from the then French government under President Jacques Chirac .
Summary
According to the negotiating partners, the aim of TTIP is the dismantling of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers between the USA and the EU. In particular, the dismantling of non-tariff trade barriers will significantly promote economic growth in the participating countries by lowering costs for exporting companies in the EU and the USA and thus increasing the volume of foreign trade. However, it is highly controversial how positive or negative the respective economic effects could be overall and for individual countries. The effects on the world market and third world countries are also discussed. It is also controversial whether and to what extent employees and consumers or merely capital interests of large corporations would benefit from the forecast effects.
Some commissioned studies by the EU Commission or national governments see their most optimistic forecasts as having positive effects on economic growth and the labor market in most of the participating countries. These studies are criticized by parts of the economy, politics and science as unrealistic. Critical studies come to the conclusion that if transatlantic trade increases, intra-European trade could even decrease. In addition, heightened macroeconomic instability, a negative impact on economic growth and the labor market, and a falling wage share are forecast. The effects on trade relations with countries outside of TTIP such as Russia, China, the BRICS countries as a whole and the developing countries are viewed negatively by critics, but also in some cases by supporters.
In addition, critics point out that not only industry standards such as DIN standards, but also legal standards in the areas of environmental protection , consumer protection , health, work and social affairs are classified as non-tariff trade barriers. It must therefore be expected that TTIP could lead to a weakening, capping or partial elimination of such standards, which is not in the interests of the majority of citizens.
The planned introduction of international, non-state arbitration tribunals is also criticized. These private arbitration tribunals should be able to rule on claims for damages by companies against the contracting states within the framework of the contractual provisions on investment protection without the possibility of an independent state judicial review . In principle, but also in view of the amount of damage claims to be expected from investors, various critics and parties see this as a threat to or attack on the sovereignty of individual states, the principles of democracy and the rule of law .
Furthermore, the negotiation process that was judged to be intransparent is criticized. Even the publication of the negotiating mandate, i.e. the fundamental mandate of the European Council to the EU Commission in June 2013, took place after public protests in October 2014. In the meantime, the EU Commission has published a general report on the status of the negotiations Negotiated contractual conditions are still not publicly available; EU parliamentarians, national governments and members of parliament in the national parliaments are only given limited access to specific passages of text and are obliged to maintain secrecy. In the meantime, several internal position papers have been published without authorization due to information leaks on the Internet. The content that has become known has not calmed the criticism.
Problems of the ratification process
According to foodwatch, it is unclear whether the national parliaments actually have to ratify the agreement: "The ratification by the national parliaments is necessary if it is actually a 'mixed' one - and thus one to be ratified by the EU member states - Agreement acts. However, this can only be determined when the finished contract text is available. In the event of a dispute, it is up to the European Court of Justice to determine whether it is a 'mixed agreement' , not the Federal Government . "
Key points of the planned agreement
According to the European Commission and the US Department of Commerce , the agreement is about market access (tariff dismantling, public contracts), regulatory cooperation and the development of global rules. Although there are numerous tariff (= customs) barriers and quantity restrictions that are to be completely dismantled, goods , services and capital are already crossing the Atlantic without major friction losses. The average tariff level is five to seven percent. TTIP is therefore particularly about the dismantling of non-tariff trade restrictions , for example equal treatment in public contracts, harmonization or, according to critics, the dismantling of health standards and food laws, environmental standards and the like.
According to the decisions of the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament , audiovisual media and art are expressly not part of the negotiating mandate of the European Commission in the course of the so-called cultural exception .
public orders
Equalization of economic entities in the other economic area would, for example, give a Latvian construction company compared to a Californian one the same legally enforceable chances of receiving the construction contract for a bridge in Los Angeles. According to Sigmar Gabriel before the 13th round of negotiations in April 2016, TTIP could fail because of this question: The Americans wanted to adhere to the “Buy American” law passed in 1933, which the European side could not accept.
Food laws and health standards
While in Europe, for example, genetically modified foods have to be labeled and are largely banned, the situation is completely different in the USA; 90 percent of the maize , soybeans and sugar beets used are genetically modified. There are no labeling requirements in America. Conversely, products that are common in Europe and not specially marked are subject to restrictions in the USA. For example, the French Roquefort cheese made from raw milk is classified as questionable by the US health authorities. In the USA the approval process for green genetic engineering takes an average of 15 months, in the EU 40. There are different explanations for the differences between the USA and the EU in the regulation of green genetic engineering. Some assume that consumers in the EU would have a more negative attitude towards genetic engineering than US consumers, that food scandals (e.g. BSE or dioxin ) in the 1990s resulted in greater regulation or that consumer confidence in the Regulators in the EU is lower. Other researchers argue that regulation in the US is less strict because farmers there could benefit more from genetic engineering than EU farmers. The leaked on May 2, 2016
“TTIP documents show that the USA wants to assert the interests of its agricultural corporations in the TTIP negotiations. Her main concern is non-tariff trade barriers that are currently making it difficult to import US agricultural products into the EU ...
If the US lobby prevails, this would have ... devastating effects on the EU agricultural sectors, in particular on beef and pork production and the dairy industry "
The pharmaceutical industry hopes for easier approval of drugs , which up to now have to be tested according to different procedures in Germany and the USA. In the opinion of the board member of E. Merck KG , Karl-Ludwig Kley, consumers could benefit from lower prices. Critics question these advantages.
Environmental standards
The environmental standards in the USA and in Europe have different approaches. In the EU, the precautionary principle applies , in the USA, on the other hand, "a substance can be used until it has been proven that it poses a considerable hazard."
In December 2013, fracking was the subject of negotiations in the non-public negotiations on TTIP.
Deregulation of the financial sector
In response to the financial crisis that began in 2007 , the United States had enforced stricter rules in the financial and banking sectors in recent years. This includes the regulation and the partial ban on risky financial products , which are widely regarded as one of the triggers of the crisis. One of the subjects of negotiation in TTIP is the removal of controls and restrictive rules for the financial sector . The economist Michael R. Krätke wrote:
“The irony of history: At the moment, the US has even stricter financial market rules than Europe. If all service sectors are to be 'liberalized', this naturally also applies to financial services. As a result, we are facing a strange alliance of financial market regulators who will revolve with vigor with the re-regulation of banks and financial markets that has just begun - the lobbyists of the British 'financial industry' at the forefront of the movement. "
Industry standards
There are numerous different product standards between the EU and the USA, for example in the chemical, metal and pharmaceutical industries. In the approval process, for example, vehicles have to pass a wide variety of crash tests. According to the EU Commission, an alignment through TTIP could expand transatlantic trade.
Economic and political background
Due to the great economic importance of the European Union and the USA (50 percent of the world's gross domestic product ), TTIP would potentially form the world's largest free trade area. Trade in the European Union and the USA accounts for around a third of the world's trade.
Historical data on trade in goods between the US and the EU:
The transatlantic trade flows for goods and services for 2013 are shown below:
| Direction of trade 2013 | Goods in billions of euros |
Services in billions of euros |
|---|---|---|
| EU exports to the USA | 288.3 | 196.1 |
| US exports to EU | 158.8 | 146.1 |
Such a free trade area has been discussed since around the beginning of the 1990s, also under the name of Economic NATO . According to official statements, the agreement is intended, among other things, to stimulate economic growth in the participating states, reduce unemployment and increase the average income of workers. Top representatives of the European Union such as José Manuel Barroso , EU Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht , German Chancellor Angela Merkel and numerous other top European politicians as well as US President Obama have emphasized the necessity and positive effects of the agreement many times. Merkel said in February 2013: “We want nothing more than a free trade agreement between Europe and the United States.” In the coalition agreement of 2013, the ruling parties emphasize that they stand by the treaty. They are committed to parliamentary control and write that they will attach importance to safeguarding the prevailing protective standards, in particular “in the area of data protection, European social, environmental and food standards as well as the protection of consumer rights and public services as well as culture and the media ".
The planned agreement is massively criticized by parts of politics, journalists, consumer protection and environmental protection organizations and non-governmental organizations . It is negotiated by lobby representatives of the industry in camera, without actual parliamentary control of the national parliaments or the EU parliament and thus in fact without democratic control . The expected positive economic effects for the population of the participating states are very small and are accompanied by numerous serious disadvantages. The agreement would undermine environmental and health standards and weaken workers' rights . According to critics, the desired "harmonization" of standards is oriented towards the interests of corporations and financial investors , because harmonization means that the lowest or most business-friendly standard of all individual states will tend to serve as the basis for the binding norm of the treaty. The resulting race to the bottom would lead to further negative globalization effects . The European Commission and the Federation of German Industries (BDI) point out that a lowering of standards is not intended and that harmonization or mutual recognition should only take place on the basis of existing high European standards.
Critics of the planned agreement fear that companies could enforce “gigantic compensation” if they violate the contract rules. They refer to existing trade agreements on the basis of which corporations take action against a moratorium that suspends gas production by means of fracking , or insist on compensation because of the nuclear phase-out in Germany. In the course of the planned transatlantic free trade agreement, corporations would strive to overturn labeling requirements for genetically modified food and the ban on meat produced using hormones. The European Commission, however, has declared that existing national or European laws cannot be challenged before an arbitration tribunal, provided they are not applied in a discriminatory manner.
The advantages that the agreement is intended to offer companies would also be binding, permanent and practically no longer changeable - because each individual provision could only be changed with the consent of all signatory states as soon as the contract came into force. The agreement was described as "undemocratic", as "incompatible with democratic principles" and as "submission" of the participating states to corporate interests.
Forecasts of the economic effects
Advocates
CEPR study
In the run-up to the negotiations, the EU Commission commissioned a study from the London Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). The study with the title “Removing the Barriers to Transatlantic Trade” outlined the economic effects and impact assessments of a free trade agreement for the EU and the USA. The research institute then advocated a free trade agreement and saw a potential of around 119 billion euros for the EU economy (around 233 euros per EU citizen). The US economy, on the other hand, has a maximum potential from the free trade agreement of 95 billion euros. The CEPR comes to the conclusion that a continuous increase of around 0.5 percent in gross domestic product (equivalent to around 65 billion euros) is possible through a free trade agreement. According to the analysis by Sabine Stephan of the Hans Böckler Foundation , the CEPR study states that with a comprehensive free trade agreement, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of the EU would be 0.48 percent higher in 2027 and that of the USA 0.39 percent higher than without a free trade agreement. These numbers indicate the overall effect. This quantifies the economic effects of the agreement at the end of an adjustment phase of around 10 to 20 years, i.e. in the long term. This assessment is confirmed in the “Explanation of the economic analysis” by the European Commission: “In the EU and the USA, these economic gains would correspond to additional economic growth of 0.5% and 0.4% of GDP, respectively, compared to the scenario without TTIP by 2027. “The BDI also corrected its statements on the growth effects that had previously been incorrectly interpreted as annual growth.
Study by the Ifo Institute on behalf of the Bertelsmann Foundation (June 17, 2013)
Two scenarios were simulated. The abolition of tariffs alone would be almost ineffective. The dismantling of non-customs measures such as quality standards, packaging and labeling regulations or indications of origin as well as technical or legal requirements for imported products, the dismantling of subsidies for own exports through tax advantages or financial subsidies leads to growth impulses in scenario 2. The volume of trade between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany would double (the volume with the southern euro countries would decrease by 30 percent), two million new jobs would be created in the OECD countries, 1.1 million of them in the United States and 181,000 in Germany. The US's traditional trading partners such as Canada (−9.5 percent), Mexico (−7.2 percent) and Japan (−6 percent) would be weakened. "Further losers would be the developing countries, especially in Africa and Central Asia."
Study by the Ifo Institute on behalf of the Federal Government January 21, 2015
Based on the model assumptions, the study on behalf of the German government calculates that TTIP can create up to 400,000 new jobs in Europe, 100,000 of them in Germany. TTIP would have direct effects on around 45 percent of world value added and 30 percent of world trade. For Germany, the ifo Institute in Munich estimates a permanent increase in real per capita income of up to 3.5 percent. There are no negative effects for the countries of the Third World or only to a minor extent.
Energy options
The EU, which has been under the influence of the war in Ukraine since 2014 , could import energy more cheaply from the USA by dismantling trade barriers in order to be more independent from Russia in this regard. To this end, Obama offered the US as a gas supplier at the beginning of the conflict in March 2014. For small and medium-sized companies, for whom the market on the other side of the Atlantic was previously too opaque or unprofitable, TTIP offers considerable opportunities for expansion . Consumers could benefit from more choice and lower prices, and US and EU companies could more easily do business with each other. The US soybean - for the production of soy methyl ester for biodiesel - is intended to improve the competitive position vis-à-vis the Brazilian soybean.
Regional advantages for federal states
At the state level, the Hessian state minister for federal and European affairs, Lucia Puttrich (CDU), advocates the TTIP and sees it as "a great opportunity ... for the Hessian economy" .
Geopolitical options
In addition to the growth-oriented argumentation, many proponents of the agreement also argue in terms of power politics: TTIP would create a geopolitical bloc that could dictate the product standards and conditions of world trade for decades, which is triggering fears in China and India that they will not be able to negotiate these almost global standards. But there are also regulatory arguments; they aim to create more equal opportunities in transatlantic trade.
critic
Critics argue that the TTIP project will not achieve the positive effects mentioned by its proponents or that the positive effects are barely or not measurable, even when viewed benevolently. These critics include the Nobel Prize winners in economics, Paul Krugman and Joseph E. Stiglitz .
At the "Forum Wirtschaft" the participants of the panel discussion - Bernhard Mattes , Chairman of the Board of Ford Germany and President of the American Chamber of Commerce in Germany, Reinhard Bütikofer , MEP and Chairman of the European Green Party, Prof. Irwin Collier , economist and Chairman of the John F. Kennedy Institute at the Free University of Berlin , as well as Jackson Janes, President of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies at the Johns Hopkins University in Washington, DC - agree that the free trade agreement will not lead to more jobs.
American commercial law expert and activist Lori Wallach wrote:
“A study by the Tafta-friendly European Center for International Political Economy comes to the conclusion that the GDP of the USA and the EU - even under extremely naive assumptions - would only grow by a few per thousand, starting in 2029. Most previous forecasts is based on the assumption that tariff reductions always trigger strong economic dynamism - which has long been empirically refuted. If one does not make this dubious assumption, then - the authors of the study admit - the potential GDP growth shrinks to a statistically irrelevant 0.06 percent. "
The figures given in public by the EU Commission are not the most likely, but the most optimistic scenario , over a period of ten years. According to the EU Commission, the TTIP should increase the income of a family of four by an average of 545 euros per year. The social scientist Tobias Kröll writes on the website of the Alternative Economic Policy working group :
“This is about an economic union with 28 member states, each with a wide variety of population, economic and social structures, as well as different tariff structures. There are also different regions within the states. It is very daring to advertise the free trade agreement on this basis with the sum of 545 euros in connection with an 'average family of four'. It is now slowly becoming clear that (even without the TTIP agreement) in the economy it is primarily about the distribution of the wealth generated in each case. "
The specified two million new jobs relate to the entire free trade area with over 800 million people. A study by the Bertelsmann Stiftung , often cited by TTIP proponents, assumes that unemployment in Germany will fall by a total of 0.11 percent. Fundamental criticism regarding the structure and the neoclassical assumptions of the studies was expressed by the psychologist Jascha Jaworski.
According to the discussion paper by a doctoral student at the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University in the United States , the increase in transatlantic trade would be offset by a decrease in intra-European trade. The TTIP would result in the loss of 600,000 jobs in Europe and an income loss of between 165 and 5,000 euros per person per year. In addition, increased macroeconomic instability, a negative impact on economic growth and a falling wage share are forecast. The methodological difference to other studies is that not a general equilibrium model but the United Nations Global Policy Model was used. The author of the study recommends further investigations into the financial effects of TTIP for the investment aspect, since higher financial instability is to be expected after the study.
Gabriel Felbermayr , who, as head of the Center for Foreign Trade at the Ifo Institute for Economic Research, researches the effects of the transatlantic free trade agreement, comes to moderate criticism . He expects prices to fall for consumers, but increased competitive pressure for companies, some of which could benefit from the agreement, but others not.
history
The way to the Transatlantic Economic Council
The idea of a comprehensive free trade agreement between the USA and the EU states was first “made prominently known” in 1995 by the then Federal Foreign Minister Kinkel .
Transatlantic Declaration 1990
As early as 1990, the executive bodies of the European Community and the USA adopted the transatlantic declaration on cooperation and dialogue and founded the “transatlantic dialogue” as an institution, which has since taken place at various levels.
Transatlantic Agenda 1995
In 1995 the EU and the USA decided to further expand economic relations. During the EU-US summit on December 3, 1995 in Madrid, the declaration was replaced by the New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA). The aim of the action plan, which comprises 150 individual targets, was closer political, military and economic cooperation. The fundamental goals were still to secure peace and stability, with NATO playing a prominent role. Overcoming global challenges, deepening economic relations, promoting world trade and building transatlantic bridges in the social field were also mentioned. The European Community and the USA agreed to deepen their trade partnership through a free trade area .
Transatlantic Economic Partnership 1998
In 1998 the Transatlantic Economic Partnership was decided based on the Transatlantic Action Plan. Joint actions in the areas of trade and investment were sought.
Transatlantic Economic Council 2007, Framework Agreement on Transatlantic Economic Integration
On April 30, 2007, the framework agreement for deepening transatlantic economic integration between the European Union and the USA was signed. The Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC) , which was then founded , spent five years studying the hurdles that would likely stand in the way of an agreement. The framework agreement on deepening transatlantic economic integration states: "We are committed to dismantling barriers to transatlantic trade ... to bringing about more effective, systematic and transparent regulatory cooperation ... to removing unnecessary differences between our regulatory systems ...". Members of the American Chamber of Commerce, the European employers' association Businesseurope and the Bertelsmann Foundation serve as advisors . Since 2009, with the negotiations on CETA (EU-Canada Free Trade Agreement), a kind of blueprint for the trade agreement between the USA and the EU has been developed.
Preparation by the High Level Working Group
At the EU-US summit on November 28, 2011, US President Barack Obama and the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy , set up a High-Level Working Group on Jobs and Growth as part of the Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC) whose members remained secret until they were published under pressure from the NGO Corporate Europe Observatory . According to the non-governmental organization attac , this advisory body, which first met on April 23, 2012, mainly included liberal technocrats (including representatives from Businesseurope and the Bertelsmann Foundation ), none of whom had a democratic mandate. This working group was led by the United States Trade Representative (USTR) Ron Kirk and the European Commissioner for Trade Karel De Gucht .
Obama, EU Commission President Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy issued a joint declaration on February 13, 2013 in favor of a free trade area for their two economic blocs.
Negotiations begin
In June 2013 the EU trade ministers agreed on a negotiating mandate for the negotiations of the free trade agreement with the United States. At the request of France, the audiovisual industry (film and music productions) was excluded from the negotiations for the time being.
Negotiations were started on June 17, 2013 by President of the EU Commission José Manuel Barroso together with US President Barack Obama , President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy and British Prime Minister David Cameron at a press conference on the sidelines of the G8 summit in Northern Ireland proclaimed as "a powerful demonstration of the intention to forge a free, open and rule-based world".
On the European side, the negotiations are conducted by the European Commission. After it became known at the end of June 2013 that the NSA had wiretapped EU representations among other things, individual members such as Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding threatened in the course of the surveillance and espionage affair in 2013 to speak out in favor of halting the talks: “Partners do not spy on each other out. We cannot negotiate a large transatlantic market if there is the slightest suspicion that our partners are spying on our negotiators' offices. "
On the EU side, the negotiators since December 2013 have been the Spaniard Ignacio Bercero from the General Directorate for Trade at the EU Commission and Dan Mullaney for the USA.
The negotiation rounds
| Negotiation round |
Period | place |
|---|---|---|
| I. | July 8-12, 2013 | Washington, DC |
| II | November 1st to 15th, 2013 | Brussels |
| III | December 16-20, 2013 | Washington, DC |
| IV | March 10-14, 2014 | Brussels |
| V | May 19-23, 2014 | Arlington , Virginia |
| VI | July 14-18, 2014 | Brussels |
| VII | September 29th to October 3rd, 2014 | Chevy Chase , Maryland |
| VIII | February 2 to 6, 2015 | Brussels |
| IX | April 20 to 24, 2015 | new York |
| X | July 13-17, 2015 | Brussels |
| XI | October 19-23, 2015 | Miami |
| XII | February 22nd to 26th, 2016 | Brussels |
| XIII | April 25-29, 2016 | new York |
| XIV | July 11th to 15th, 2016 | Brussels |
| XV | October 3 to 7, 2016 | new York |
In July 2013 the European Commission published a number of position papers on various aspects of the negotiations. They were presented to the US representatives at the first round of negotiations.
After the sixth round of negotiations, the European Commission published a paper with the current status of the negotiations.
In the seventh round of negotiations, the standardization of the regulations for technology and safety for motor vehicles was negotiated. It was decided that public services, water supply and education should be left out of the TTIP. The rules for chemicals should not be harmonized or mutually recognized, only better classifications should be negotiated.
The eighth round of negotiations wanted to negotiate regulations and standards in the following areas: investment protection (arbitration courts ), food, sustainability, energy and raw materials, pharmaceuticals, services, public procurement , tariff dismantling, geographically protected information, trade barriers, for example through different technical standards.
After the eighth round of negotiations, “the EU and US negotiators praised the progress made. Details were not disclosed. The controversial topic of investment protection was still excluded from the talks. US Vice President Biden said the American people had to be convinced that Europe was just as interested in the deal as the US was. Further rounds of negotiations will follow in April and June. The consultations should be concluded by the end of 2015. "
The tenth round was about lowering tariffs, converging standards in mechanical and plant engineering, energy and raw materials issues, services, public procurement and the protection of labels of origin in the agricultural sector. Approx. 312 lobby groups, including around a dozen non-business NGOs , were able to submit their statements on July 15.
In the eleventh round, the more than 120 negotiators negotiated in the relatively undisputed chapter of trade in goods and tariffs , possibly 97 percent of all tariffs - e.g. Partly after transition periods - to be abolished; Experts from both sides will coordinate the details of the proposals presented. With regard to the controversial topic of regulatory cooperation , a future harmonization of standards and regulations as far as possible, proposals for pharmaceutical products and medical devices, textiles and motor vehicles, chemicals and pesticides and, more recently, energy, raw materials and financial services were discussed. EU negotiator Ignacio Bercero called for the national parliaments to be included in the expert councils of this regulatory cooperation . According to Garcia, there were conflicts of interest in the protection of designations of origin. While the EU wants to protect names such as “Bohemian glass”, “Carrara marble” or Meissen porcelain , the USA wants to protect products more through brands and trademarks and allow US producers to sell goods such as “Camembert cheese” or “Parma Ham ”to sell in the EU. There will soon be a first joint draft text for the liberalization of services. The EU Commission's proposal on investment protection and the creation of an independent investment court of September 16, 2015 was only sent to the USA in November 2015, after the 11th round was completed.
The 12th round in Brussels from February 22nd to 26th, 2016 dealt with investment protection (arbitration tribunals), regulatory cooperation, sustainability and public procurement.
After the 13th round from April 25 to 29, 2016 in New York, which dealt with market access and regulatory issues, the two chief negotiators were optimistic: They had made “significant progress” in all areas “to consolidate as many texts as we can. ”Apart from the agricultural sector, the subject of public tenders and the protectionist“ Buy American ”remain controversial; but the agreements are “marginal in view of all the outstanding issues, such as the market access of European companies to public tenders on American markets. Or with employee rights, investment protection or designations of origin ”.
In the 14th round from July 11 to 15, 2016 in Brussels, the third within five months, the focus was on market access by EU and US companies, cooperation in the field of regulation and trade regulations. The EU made proposals on regulatory cooperation, digital trade, and energy and raw materials.
The German Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel (SPD) said in the ZDF summer interview , which was broadcast on August 28, 2016: “The negotiations with the USA have de facto failed because we, as Europeans, are of course not allowed to submit to American demands ... There nothing moves. ”In 14 rounds of negotiations, the negotiators would not have reached agreement in a single of 27 areas.
In the 15th round from October 3 to 7, 2016 in New York, 90 European TTIP negotiators will again negotiate with 100 US representatives. At the beginning of the negotiations, the two heads of the budget committees of the US Congress and the Senate reminded US negotiator Michael Froman in a letter of what the US is demanding:
- the removal of all tariffs, especially for agriculture
- free traffic
- Animal and plant protection standards
- Defense against the EU system of geographical designations of origin
- “Effective” arbitral tribunals according to US standards
- strong intellectual property protection and
- Cooperation and a. in financial services.
Both sides accused each other of having used a "hostage-taking strategy" to provoke a standstill in negotiations. EU chief negotiator Ignacio Garcia Bercero said at the end: "In this round we have ... made significant progress ... in some areas ... in the removal of technical barriers, in the field of plants and animal welfare and in cooperation in the fields of automobiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, cosmetics and other sectors. "
Critical positions from civil society
“Scientists against TTIP” initiative July 2014
The initiative “Scientists against TTIP” with more than 80 university lecturers, founded by Karl-Franz Kaltenborn, demanded in an open letter to the Federal Chancellor on July 17, 2014 that negotiations on the free trade agreement and a responsible policy for a sustainable and future-oriented one should be stopped Society. On its website, the initiative criticizes both TTIP and CETA.
Joint statement by scientists at the University of Kent July 2014
More than a hundred scholars from around the world have expressed their deep concern in a joint declaration on the TTIP free trade agreement posted on the Kent Law School website, particularly criticizing the proposed provisions on investment protection and investor-state jurisdiction (ISDS) .
Open letter from legal scholars in the USA March 2015
In the US, more than 100 legal scholars have called on the Congress and the government to protect democracy and sovereignty in US trade agreements and contradict possible agreements in the trade agreements that would allow multinational corporations to use investor-state jurisdiction to appeal US courts to unverifiable Way to get around.
Open letter from 40 organizations March 2015
In an open letter to the US Trade Representative, more than 40 organizations, including civil rights movements, conservation groups and several churches, are calling for investment protection to be removed from the negotiations. They complain that the government can only play the role of the defendant in arbitration and that even if it wins, the taxpayers have to pay the average legal costs of eight million dollars.
Public statement by the German Association of Judges February 2016
In February 2016, the German Association of Judges rejected the international investment court proposed by the EU Commission in autumn 2015. The judges see "neither a legal basis nor a need for such a court", "the creation of special courts for individual groups of law seekers" is the wrong way. A public court for investors would restrict the legislative powers of the member states and the Union too much. He also lacks the necessary legal basis. The procedure for appointing judges does not meet the international requirements for the independence of courts. The member states are constitutional states which open up and guarantee access to law to all those seeking justice through state jurisdiction. It is the task of the member states to ensure access to justice for all and to ensure that the courts are appropriately equipped to ensure that foreign investors have access to it. The establishment of an international investment court is therefore "the wrong way to guarantee legal certainty". The independence of the judges in a special court is also questionable. The German Association of Judges also called on the German and European legislators to largely curb the recourse to arbitration in the area of international investor protection.
Reaction of the negotiating partners
One of the most controversial elements of the planned agreement in the public debate is the inclusion of clauses on investment protection , which, if violated, investors could sue the violating state for damages before arbitration tribunals ( investment arbitration ).
The subject has not been dealt with in negotiations with the USA since March 2014. Since then, the European Commission has carried out a “Public Consultation on the Modalities of Investment Protection and Investor-State Dispute Settlement in the Framework of the TTIP”. With a questionnaire, companies and private individuals were able to express their views until July 6, 2014.
In April 2014, the EU Parliament approved a regulation of financial responsibility in investor-state arbitration proceedings against the votes of the Greens and Leftists . In the press, this was seen as the “approval” of investment protection in TTIP.
According to the political guidelines of the new Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker of July 15, 2014, the plan was to rethink the EU's position on investment protection and to make the negotiations more transparent: “However, as Commission President, I will also make it unmistakably clear that I am not ready to To sacrifice European standards in the field of safety, health, social affairs, data protection or our cultural diversity on the altar of free trade. In particular, the safety of our food and the protection of the personal data of EU citizens are non-negotiable for me as Commission President. Nor will I accept that the jurisdiction of the courts in the EU member states is restricted by special rules for investor lawsuits. The rule of law and equality before the law must also apply in this context. "(P. 9)
According to a speech by Sigmar Gabriel on September 25, 2014 in the Bundestag, the free trade agreements of the USA and Canada with Singapore and Israel showed that it is possible “between developed legal systems” even without investment protection clauses . However, there are also member states of the European Union in which companies are not always protected from arbitrariness. However, the negotiating mandate for TTIP does not provide for an automatic mechanism for the establishment of investor-state arbitration proceedings. That is why it is good that the EU Commission has suspended negotiations and is conducting a consultation process.
During the 7th round of negotiations until October 3, 2014, there were no further negotiations on investor-state arbitration proceedings: The Europeans are rethinking their position, the USA are sticking to it. On February 5, 2015, the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade published a draft report containing the European Parliament's recommendations to the Commission on the negotiations on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) . The report was drawn up on the basis of Article 108 (4) of the European Parliament's Rules of Procedure. According to this report, the Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism (ISDS) is "not necessary in the TTIP agreement due to the highly developed legal systems of the EU and the USA".
In autumn 2015 the EU Commission presented a proposal for a fundamental reform of the ISDS system. Instead of arbitration tribunals, a public investment court should decide on lawsuits relating to the violation of investor rights. This should consist of a court of first instance and an appellate court, judgments should be made by publicly appointed judges with high qualifications comparable to those of members of other permanent international courts such as the International Court of Justice and the WTO Appellate Body, the opportunities for investors to Bringing a case to court should be clearly defined and the possible grounds for action in cases such as targeted discrimination based on sex, race or religion, nationality, expropriation without compensation or formal denial of justice should be specified. The right of governments to regulate should be guaranteed in the provisions of trade and investment agreements. The Commission then wanted to discuss the proposal with the Council and the European Parliament. The draft should then enter the trade talks with the USA as an EU proposal and also serve as a basis for negotiations in other ongoing and future negotiations . On November 12, 2015, the Commission announced that the proposal had been presented to the US delegation in the TTIP negotiations. Observers consider it questionable whether the US will accept the proposal.
Protection against abuse at CETA
The planned free trade agreement between the European Union and Canada, CETA , which is a “blueprint” for TTIP , also provides for rules on investment protection. According to the EU Commission, one of the aims of the CETA treaty text presented in September 2014 is to prevent various types of abuse of investment arbitration: "Abusive lawsuits [...] can be dismissed within a few weeks." Also, double compensation is not possible, as parallel proceedings are prohibited. In addition, the unsuccessful party bears the costs.
After the point of arbitration in TTIP was renegotiated and presumably weakened after protests in Europe, but the old version is still in the already negotiated CETA, Canadian activists in particular feared that Canada would become a "back door" for arbitration by US or European Companies enforce this with subsidiaries in Canada via CETA or the Canadian-American-Mexican NAFTA instead of TTIP . At the end of February 2016, the EU Commission announced that, instead of arbitration tribunals, an institutionalized international dispute settlement body with the possibility of appeal should be provided for in CETA.
Secrecy and Disclosures
On August 11, 2015, the disclosure platform Wikileaks offered a reward of 100,000 euros to those who would publish the non-publicly negotiated documents of the TTIP agreement.
On May 2, 2016, the environmental organization Greenpeace published a copy of the negotiation documents. The transcript was created in order to achieve maximum source protection, as the original documents could contain spelling errors and random data, which should possibly reveal the revelator. The original documents were sent in advance to the research network of the Süddeutsche Zeitung and the NDR, which verified the authenticity of the said papers and reported on the papers on the day of the labor movement , the day before the unveiling.
Positions of political parties
Positions outside of Germany
United States
In the United States, President Obama and the Republican majority in Congress are in favor of a speedy treaty. Both expect additional jobs and increasing exports to the EU with TTIP. As further goals, they indicated a stronger negotiating power against Russia, global enforcement of Western norms and a general “deepening of NATO ” as a counterpoint to the increasingly powerful China. The Democrats, on the other hand, are divided on the subject of free trade and have so far refused their president a negotiating power to prevent bypassing the Congress when ratifying TTIP. The particularly critical democratic trade union wing fears that jobs will be relocated abroad and increased pressure to cut wages. The civil population has been aware of TTIP since 2014 and has already had numerous critics. While approval of free trade in the USA has generally increased (from 71 percent in 2014 to 82 percent in 2016), only 15 percent are in favor of TTIP; in 2014 the approval rating was still more than 50 percent.
European Union
The majority of the established and ruling parties in the EU countries support the agreement. The largest public debate about TTIP takes place in Germany, while the greatest political rejection can be found in Austria and Greece.
- France: At most, the socialist government rejected special rights of action for corporations, but initially supported TTIP in principle. At the end of August 2016, President François Hollande called for the negotiations to be broken off. The conservative opposition is behind TTIP. TTIP is viewed very critically by the Greens and the left; it is fundamentally rejected by the right-wing populist Front National . Sections of civil society and local politics reject TTIP or are critical of it.
- Great Britain: Both the Conservative and Liberal Democratic government and the Labor opposition are in favor of TTIP. However, the left-liberal Scottish National Party considers the agreement to be questionable in terms of health policy.
- Italy: TTIP is only a marginal issue here, the government supports it, the opposition criticizes it. The right-wing populist Lega Nord considers the agreement to be “economic suicide”.
- Spain: TTIP is also only a marginal issue here. The government and a majority of the opposition represented in parliament support it. The United Left had requested a referendum on TTIP via TTIP, which was rejected by parliament. The Podemos party also rejects the agreement in principle.
- Portugal: TTIP does not play a major role politically here. The government sees 50,000 new jobs through TTIP. The socialist opposition does not take a big stance and smaller left parties are critical of the agreement.
- Netherlands: The Dutch government supports TTIP. A resolution was passed in parliament about the planned arbitration procedure - without the consent of the right-wing liberal parliamentary group - that this should not restrict the Dutch legal system.
- Belgium: As the largest opposition party, the Socialists are calling for the negotiations to be suspended in order to redefine the negotiating mandate - including without an ISDS clause. Paul Magnette , the head of government of French-speaking Wallonia, is one of the leaders of the political resistance .
- Sweden: The social democratic government and the conservative opposition are in favor of the transatlantic free trade agreement.
- Poland: The liberal-conservative government is in favor of the agreement. However, a broad alliance demands that citizens have a say and transparency in public.
- Baltic States: In Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the majority of the population and politics are in favor of the agreement.
- Czech Republic: The Czech center-left coalition supports TTIP, but emphasizes maintaining social standards. Objections come from the communists and the pirate party.
- Bulgaria: The center-right government supports the agreement, the opposition rejects it.
- Slovenia: The government demands greater consideration of the smaller states and more transparency, but does not reject TTIP.
- Hungary: The right-wing national government supports TTIP, only the green LMP party rejects it.
- Romania: All political parties support TTIP here.
- Austria: The Federal Chancellor announced resistance to TTIP in September 2016. The rejection of the agreement is widespread among the population of the Alpine republic.
- Greece: The SYRIZA- led government announced shortly after the election in January 2015 that Greece would not ratify the agreement. Otherwise, the topic is clearly overshadowed by the financial crisis that overshadows everything. The same applies to Cyprus.
German politics
In a survey in 2014, 55 percent of Germans were in favor of TTIP, only one in four was against. In a survey in 2016, on the other hand, every third German completely rejected the planned agreement between the EU and the USA. 17 percent rated TTIP positively. About half of the respondents were neither clearly against nor in favor.
Position of the governing parties
With TTIP, the German federal government wants to expand the economic supremacy of the EU and the USA and secure it against competition from Asia. Chancellor Angela Merkel said on October 1st, 2014:
“It's about setting new overall standards with the transatlantic free trade agreement TTIP: If you think about the fact that we [EU plus USA] represent a total of 65 percent of world trade, then we can also develop a market power and then with such an agreement also global standards put."
These global standards would then "also apply to China and India."
The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy convened an advisory board for TTIP on May 21, 2014; 22 representatives from trade unions, social, environmental and consumer protection associations as well as the cultural sector belong to it.
In contrast to the European Commission, which does not intend to let the EU states vote in 2015 after the negotiations on the TTIP have been concluded, the German Federal Government estimates that the approval not only of the Bundestag but also of the Bundesrat is necessary, as this affects the responsibilities of the federal states become. The German Ministry of Economic Affairs also criticizes the fact that its officials are not granted access to US negotiation documents.
In the Bundestag Committee for Economic Affairs and Energy, the CDU / CSU and the SPD have rejected an application by the Greens (supported by the Left) not to include arbitration mechanisms in TTIP and CETA. The CDU parliamentary group justified its rejection by stating that arbitration proceedings should not be condemned per se. Rather, they represented an established procedure at international and national level for resolving disputes. Even if one rejects the request in this form, one is open to discussion whether restrictions on the arbitration proceedings are necessary, for example with regard to the publication of all court documents. The SPD parliamentary group said that the rules on arbitration proceedings and investor protection should be removed from TTIP and CETA. However, the application should be rejected because it came at the wrong time. The finished agreements would have to be discussed if they were to be discussed in the Bundestag. Anyone who wants to talk about CETA and TTIP must first present the positive sides and then define the red lines.
After criticism from his own party, Minister of Economics Gabriel emphasized in November 2014 that he would obtain the approval of the SPD party congress or the party convention before signing TTIP.
Bundestag President Norbert Lammert said in October 2015 that, in agreement with EU Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, he is calling for every EU member state to be able to inspect negotiating documents and that approval of TTIP is dependent on the relevant transparency.
Opposition positions
The left
The left parliamentary group completely rejects TTIP. TTIP will neither lead to more growth, nor more jobs, nor more prosperity. There was a threat to standards and democracy. Corporations would be given even more creative power over political processes and society. The Federal Government's answers to a small question with 125 individual questions on the effects of TTIP were criticized by the Die Linke parliamentary group as "unsubstantial advertising messages". The general objective of the federal government was also sharply criticized: “The claim that the 'free trade agreement between Europe and the USA [would] offer enormous opportunities to begin setting the rules of the game in a globalized economy' is presumptuous and presumptuous . Only a multilateral, democratic organization would make sense. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is currently not in a position to do so in matters of trade and investment and is blocked because the USA and EU are not ready to accept that many developing and emerging countries have their own and different ideas of "rules of the game". If such global rules do not (yet) exist in sufficient numbers, it is among other things because the USA and EU rely on wrong or at least one-sided rules to their advantage. "
Alliance 90 / The Greens
Above all, the Greens criticize the non-transparent procedure in which the public and the European Parliament are not sufficiently involved. You are therefore calling for negotiations on the basis of a transparent procedure and a new, better and public negotiating mandate . The party also advocates including exit clauses in the text of the treaty so that member states can still exit after the TTIP comes into force.
Free Democrats
The FDP generally supports TTIP and, according to Christian Lindner, considers large parts of the criticism to be “unfounded or outdated”. Instead, the liberals see in the free trade agreement above all economic opportunities, as well as the possibility of setting high consumer protection standards worldwide.
Proposals from NGOs
Europe
In addition to criticism and protests from civil society, a few of the NGOs also suggest how trade and international agreements that the EU negotiates and concludes should be structured - focused on the essentials, more flexible and democratic, with early involvement of those involved and more of transparency .
Foodwatch suggests "concluding trade deals only to dismantle tariffs (preferably at a global level), but outsource the rest to industry agreements and more flexible regulations" .
In its paper “Demands for the Democratization of EU Trade Treaties” (April 2016), more democracy states that “proposals for how trade policy should work differently in the future are very rare” and brings their “demands into the discussion ... how EU trade contracts can be democratized " , which the author divides into two areas - with and without changes to the EU treaties :
A. Improvements without changing the EU Treaties
- Negotiation texts from all sides are to be published
- The mandate must be published
- Comprehensive information from the European Parliament
- Equal participation of stakeholders
- No non-terminable contracts and no contracts with very long terms
- No provisional application
B. Improvements that make changes to the EU treaties necessary
- [EU] Parliament decides (together with the [EU] Council ) on the [negotiating] mandate
- [EU] Parliament can enforce renegotiations
- Direct democratic control of trade contracts is made possible
Resistance from civil society
Positions
Numerous non-governmental organizations (NGO) such as Mehr Demokratie e. V. and Attac , unions such as Verdi , consumer protection organizations , environmental protection organizations such as Greenpeace and the BUND , the German Cultural Council and parties such as Die Linke , Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , the AfD , the Pirate Party , the Ecological Democratic Party , the Human Environment Animal Protection party as well as political associations such as the European Greens / European Free Alliance , sometimes massively criticize TTIP. This criticism is partly based on experiences with the existing North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the USA, Mexico and Canada. A representative of the German Federation for Environment and Nature Conservation declared the free trade agreement “incompatible with democratic principles”, while trade law expert and activist Lori Wallach described it in an article in Le Monde diplomatique as “the great submission” of the participating states to the interests of large corporations as a " coup in slow motion".
Franz Kotteder , journalist and author of the book The Big Sale. How the ideology of free trade endangers our democracy , sees agreements like TTIP at the beginning of a huge upheaval, at the end of which the rampant market could stand. He sees the transatlantic free trade agreement as part of a network of agreements (CETA, TiSA, TTP), all of which pursued the same goal: the implementation of a "neoliberal agenda" that should free multinational corporations from all restrictions imposed on them by governments. TTIP is thus “part of a world coup by international business associations and large corporations”.
Jörg Philip Terhechte , Professor of International Law at Leuphana University Lüneburg, argues that the political structure of the EU in its current form has repeatedly led to undemocratic agreements such as TTIP. This is due to the fact that the EU is "executive-driven", the power of disposal lies exclusively with the executive, namely the European Commission, while the European Parliament is not even allowed to introduce a legislative proposal.
Jagdish Bhagwati , professor of politics and economics at Columbia University, saw the weaknesses of TTIP already manifested in the negotiations. TTIP was doomed to failure from the start. The negotiations were conducted in secret and too many sensitive issues were negotiated at once. According to Bhagwati, "second-class negotiators" conducted the negotiations and had lobbyists set their points of view.
activities
The Petitions Committee of the German Bundestag one was in January 2014 petition filed with the aim of the Bundestag should speak out against the agreement. The petition was signed by 68,331 citizens within the signing period and must therefore be dealt with in public by the Petitions Committee .
The ATTAC initiative "TTIP unfairly tradable" handed over 715,000 signatures in Germany on May 22, 2014. The Campact initiative wanted to prevent EU approval of TTIP with 650,000 signatures via online voting. Sigmar Gabriel commented on the handover of the first 470,000 signatures with the words: “470,000 people have signed against something that doesn't yet exist.” One can “get the impression that it is about life and death”. The then trade commissioner Karel De Gucht reminded in comparison to the signature campaign that he represents 500 million Europeans in the negotiations.
In a survey on TTIP carried out by the EU, around 149,000 EU citizens took part by mid-July 2014. Over 145,000 of these rejected TTIP in whole or in part (in particular the arbitration proceedings). The rejection rate was 97 percent. This corresponds to the proportion of responses that were submitted collectively via online platforms that made ready-made response texts available.
The international alliance “Stop TTIP” with more than 480 European organizations, parties, electoral groups and NGOs, which is organized by Mehr Demokratie e. V. in Berlin , submitted to the European Commission a registration application for a European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) against the TTIP agreement, which it rejected as inadmissible. Against the rejection, the alliance announced a lawsuit before the European Court of Justice and at the same time began to organize the citizens' initiative itself, with the aim of collecting more than a million signatures against TTIP and CETA. On a Europe-wide day of action on October 11, 2014 alone, around 250,000 signatures were collected. At the end of the signature campaign, on October 6, 2015, 3,263,920 EU citizens had signed the petition. In 23 of the 28 member states, the initiative meets the required minimum percentage ; With more than 200 percent of the required quorum (corresponds to approx. 1.5 million signatures), by far the highest percentage of signatures came from Germany.
On October 10, 2015, up to 250,000 people (police: 150,000) protested against the free trade agreement in Berlin. A broad alliance of trade unions, environmental and consumer protection organizations and anti-globalization organizations with around 30 organizations called for the protest march.
On September 17, 2016 protested in Germany up to 320,000 people (according to the authorities and police 198,000) simultaneously in seven cities against CETA and TTIP and thus significantly exceeded that of the organizers and the police expected 100,000 attendees. According to the organizers: Berlin (70,000, confirmed by the police), Hamburg (65,000), Cologne (55,000), Frankfurt am Main (50,000), Stuttgart (40,000), Munich (25,000) and Leipzig (15,000). In Austria , the organizers counted around 25,000 participants on the day of action, mainly in Vienna , but also in other provincial capitals.
On May 11, 2017, the European Court of Justice declared the Commission's decision to reject the registration of the planned European citizens' initiative "Stop TTIP" null and void. The planned citizens' initiative does not constitute undue interference in the course of the legislative process, but rather triggers a legitimate democratic debate at the right time.
Criticism by topic
Secret or undemocratic creation
Numerous individuals and associations criticize the fact that TTIP is being promoted primarily by companies and their lobbyists . According to various critics, large companies have direct influence on the texts of the treaty, while representatives of civil society such as non-governmental organizations have no access to the negotiating texts and can only express their positions in open consultations with the EU Commission. The influence of the corporations on the process is not transparent to the public . EU Commissioner Karel De Gucht contradicted this with the argument that every step in the negotiations had been made public. However, the respective negotiated content is not publicly available. Members of the European Parliament or national parliaments also have no way of following the negotiations or viewing the negotiating texts.
In November 2014, the Handelsblatt reported that in future there should be TTIP reading rooms for parliamentarians in Berlin and other capitals of EU countries, although the group of people who should have access has not yet been determined. So far there is only a reading room in the EU Parliament, with access for very few members.
Elizabeth Warren , Senator and inventor of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau implemented by Obama , claimed that the content of TTIP was secret because the American public - according to the supporters - would be against TTIP if it became known. She stated in May 2014:
"I actually have had supporters of the deal say to me 'They have to be secret, because if the American people knew what was actually in them, they would be opposed.'"
"Supporters of the agreement told me the talks had to be secret, because if the American people knew what it really was, they would be against it."
Greenpeace criticizes the fact that the EU Commission is planning binding obligations under international law without involving the national parliaments (and these already existed at CETA). A “provisional application” is intended to enter into obligations under international law without the national parliaments having to agree. In the case of CETA, which has already been negotiated, this provisional application provides for investors and companies to have the right to sue in the context of the highly controversial investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) one year before the respective parliamentary vote. Even if CETA was prevented in the national parliament, this right of action would remain in effect for a further three years.
At the beginning of February 2015, the journalist Harald Schumann pointed out in the Tagesspiegel that the US government wants to meet the demands for more transparency to the extent that a maximum of two EU government officials at the same time on a maximum of two days a week (“ideally Mondays and Wednesdays”) in reading rooms of the respective US embassies are allowed to view TTIP documents, after prior registration and approval, with only pen and paper for “limited notes”. The EU Commission accepted this position of the Americans without a counter-proposal.
At the beginning of 2015 nine EU negotiating texts were put online.
In February 2015, the literary scholar Roland Reuß demanded in the FAZ that not only those who can afford lobby representatives should have an insight into the negotiation process, but also medium-sized businesses, small businesses and all citizens, since they are also involved in the social systems concerned. He has the impression of an executive coup . An executive that is not authorized to do so (Brussels and Berlin) acts like a script that is supposed to have no alternative. In doing so, those responsible and all those who let them go, practically the abolition of democracy. Quoting Kant's transcendental formula of public law, Reuss concludes: "All actions related to the rights of other people, whose maxims are not compatible with publicity, are wrong." B. Reuss does not mention the Federal Ministry of Economics on participation and transparency.
On May 1, 2016, copies of the confidential documents on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) were passed on by the environmental organization Greenpeace to the Süddeutsche Zeitung and to the NDR and WDR . These are the 13 contract chapters negotiated so far, which represent around half of the entire agreement. Accordingly, the United States is threatening to block export facilitations for the European auto industry in return for the European Union to buy more US agricultural products, and is also calling for changes to the current precautionary principle , according to which pollution or damage to the environment or human health is to be avoided or reduced as far as possible in advance (due to an incomplete knowledge base).
Investment protection
TTIP provides for arbitration proceedings - investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) - in which nonprofits, companies and individuals are given the opportunity to sue a state if they, as foreign investors, are discriminated against as foreign investors, are expropriated without compensation, and are confronted with denial of justice or be arbitrarily treated by the state. In 2012, the Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) published a study on the extent of the possibility for international investors to appeal to arbitration tribunals, which is already established worldwide through trade agreements. This sparked a Europe-wide discourse about the dispute settlement procedure also planned in TTIP. So far, the Dutch parliament, the French Senate and the German Minister for Economic Affairs have spoken out against it. Due to the ongoing criticism, the EU Commission proposed a commercial court with two instances as an alternative to arbitration courts. The member states, the European Parliament and the USA still have to approve the proposal.
As an alternative to arbitration tribunals, the EU proposed investment courts in September 2016, which should be significantly more transparent than the arbitration tribunals planned to date.
Dreaded “chilling effect” for democracies
The term “ chilling effect ” refers to the fear that political decision-makers might be able to take action against international independent arbitral tribunals for B. lost profits (" expropriation ", " investor-state lawsuits ") become more cautious.
Arbitration courts as an uncontrollable instance
Investment arbitration tribunals decide instead of national courts, but in comparison to these generally offer fewer opportunities for the review of decisions by higher authorities . These procedures are viewed by critics as intransparent and democratically uncontrolled. Lawsuits are feared if government interventions have diminished profit expectations, e. B. when the state adopts new environmental regulations . According to critics, companies could e.g. For example, by threatening to claim damages, the obligation to label genetically modified foods or a ban on gas extraction using fracking can be prevented. Similarly, like Vattenfall's lawsuit against the German nuclear phase-out under the investor protection clause of the Energy Charter Treaty , they could try to force compensation payments for phasing out nuclear energy . The environmental requirements for the Moorburg coal-fired power plant were also changed through a settlement in an arbitration procedure (and a parallel procedure before the Hamburg Higher Administrative Court) .
According to Lori Wallach , "gigantic compensation" could be due for companies if states violated the treaty regulations and cites the highest arbitration award of an ICSID tribunal to date for 1.77 billion dollars plus interest as an example . Ecuador was ordered by an arbitration tribunal to pay this amount in compensation after nationalizing the property of Occidental Petroleum . Following a request from Ecuador to set aside the award under ICSID rules, the award was reduced to $ 1 billion.
The number of such proceedings has increased massively in the last ten years. The total number of lawsuits is unclear, as not all of the proceedings are public; an estimated 600 proceedings from the past decades are known. Within the EU, for example, Romania was fined US $ 253 million in proceedings before an ICSID arbitration tribunal in Washington, DC for cutting subsidies for a company based on the Swedish-Romanian investment protection agreement; In May 2013, the General Directorate for Competition of the Brussels EU Commission expressly requested the Romanian government to ignore the ruling of the arbitral tribunal. The US has rarely (and unsuccessfully) been sued in this way, with economist Joseph E. Stiglitz pointing out that corporations are only just beginning to learn how to use these arbitration agreements to their advantage. As in the Vattenfall-Germany example above, the procedures are in part already possible on the basis of existing bilateral and multilateral investment protection agreements. Germany has concluded investment protection agreements with 89 emerging and developing countries (which, however, are not in force in some countries such as Bolivia and Brazil) that enable ISDS procedures and B. include that the companies of the other country may not generally be treated worse than domestic companies.
Parallels to the North American Free Trade Agreement
As with the North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA , the TTIP also provides that private investors should be given the opportunity to sue states for compensation before arbitration tribunals if a law or state action harms them in a certain way.
One example often cited by critics is the Lone Pine v. Canada case. Because the Canadian province of Quebec imposed a moratorium on the fracking of shale gas and oil, the US company Lone Pine , which had previously acquired a test drilling license , is suing the state of Canada in an international arbitration court and is demanding compensation of $ 250 million for the expected loss of profit. Canada has been sued several times before NAFTA arbitration tribunals, which since NAFTA was founded in 1994 until October 2014 has led to convictions for approximately 150 million dollars in damages.
Similar lawsuits would also be possible by US investors against EU states and vice versa after the TTIP came into force. According to the EU Commission, it should be ensured that investment protection clauses are only used in very limited areas, "e. B. if there is discrimination against domestic companies or if a company abroad is expropriated without compensation. "
Single items
But the BDI maintains investment protection clauses and investor-state arbitration for indispensable, calls for a reform of the States leaves the possibility of laws and regulations for public welfare issue . EU Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmström supports the agreement, but announced to the EU Parliament that the goal of arbitration would be to include the possibility of an appeal and to adapt the arbitration boards so that arbitrators appoint for a certain duration and align their qualifications with those of national judges would.
The former German constitutional judge Siegfried Broß declared in March 2015 that the arbitration clauses violate German constitutional law and EU law and thus constitute a breach of the system of international law. In contrast, the EU Commission claimed in a reply that it was a rumor that investor protection in TTIP would affect the sovereignty of national legislation.
Threat to non-governmental European educational institutions
At the beginning of February 2015, the chairwoman of the Catholic Adult Education in Germany pointed out that she saw a risk for private, publicly funded youth and adult education institutions due to the threat of investor-state lawsuits from private education providers (US universities, private schools). The European Office for Catholic Youth Work and Adult Education also has concerns. The German education trade unions Education and Science (GEW) and Association Education and Upbringing (VBE) had already pointed out these risks earlier.
Softening and circumvention of workers' rights
One accusation by the service union Verdi is that TTIP creates the risk that workers' rights would be reduced to the lower level of both negotiating partners. Trade union associations, for example, which have to be made possible under German law, could be prevented by TTIP by the respective company, says Verdi. The US trade representative Michael Froman, however, emphasized the intention to raise the standards globally.
Endangering climate protection
Nobel laureate in economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz , warned in April 2016 that successful climate protection , as agreed internationally at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris in 2015 , would be seriously jeopardized by TTIP. TTIP undermines precisely the policy that is necessary for successful climate protection. Greenhouse gas emissions , the costs of which are not borne by those who cause them, produce social costs that, from an economic point of view, act like subsidies for the companies that cause them. As long as companies do not have to pay for the environmental damage they cause, fair trade is not possible. On the contrary, TTIP creates further opportunities for companies to take action against such measures. The dispute settlement procedure envisaged by TTIP explicitly gave companies the opportunity to sue states for environmental and climate protection laws before international arbitration tribunals, which would mean that the lowest environmental protection standards would prevail, rather than ambitious ones. The agreement was drafted in secret and together with lobbyists and with a view to a republican- dominated US congress in which climate deniers ignored scientific findings.
The European environmental protection network Friends of the Earth also published a study in July 2014 under the title Dirty Deals . "It traces how the oil industry is working to evade higher EU climate protection standards for petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel. Because a planned EU rule could, among other things, make it more difficult for controversial imports of tar sand oil into the EU. But the industry wants to prevent that. She sees stricter climate protection regulations as an obstacle to trade that must be removed in the course of the TTIP talks. "
Softening and circumventing consumer, environmental and health standards
According to critics, the desired "harmonization" of standards, for example in the area of consumer protection or environmental and health policy, is oriented towards the interests of corporations and financial investors - because harmonization means that the lowest or most business-friendly standard of all individual states tends to be in each case will serve as the basis for the binding norm of the contract ( Race to the bottom ). TTIP is softening existing high European environmental and health standards in favor of lower US standards. In addition to the problem of a "downward adjustment", it is feared that it will become increasingly difficult to introduce new, improved consumer and environmental protection criteria. The following examples should be mentioned in this context:
- The greening of agriculture , which is widespread in Europe (agricultural turnaround), is seen as threatened, and disadvantages are feared, especially for small farms in Germany.
- Corporations like Monsanto have long been criticizing the restrictions within the European market and trying to achieve in the course of TTIP that z. For example, genetically modified plant varieties and products can also be sold on the European market without restrictions. The European Commission has declared that it will not negotiate market access for genetically modified foods.
- There was also a lot of public discussion about the “ chlorinated chicken ” question, the disinfection of freshly slaughtered chickens in the chlorine bath, which is common in the USA. The EU Commission contradicts these fears.
- The fracking permitted in the USA could also be permitted in Europe through TTIP, which would undermine existing legal bans such as in France.
- The danger that a "mutual recognition" in the area of authorization of hazardous substances will be enforced by the chemical lobby, which is very interested in TTIP and which would lead to the lowering of EU standards to US levels, is more real than it is for representatives of the US chemical industry themselves want to publicly admit, so Stephan Stuchlik and Kim Otto in their documentary "The Big Deal" broadcast on August 4, 2014 in Erste .
- The case of the tobacco company Philip Morris , which uses a branch in Hong Kong to sue Australia, where cigarette packets have had to be designed with dissuasive warnings since 2012 , is often cited as an example of the endangerment of health standards by free trade agreements . The investment protection suit was filed on the grounds that the tobacco laws, which were not foreseeable when the investment decision was made, had ruined the company's business. The case was decided in December 2015 in favor of Australia for formal reasons.
- 1,300 toxic substances are banned from cosmetics, compared to 11 in the US.
- In Europe the precautionary principle applies , in the USA the aftercare principle.
Endangering animal welfare standards
In the EU, according to the animal rights organization Animal Legal Defense Fund , there are significantly higher animal welfare standards in many respects than in the USA , where there are often no protection laws for animals. Critics fear that TTIP could bring US corporations to court against stricter local requirements that could weaken European animal welfare.
Threats to European cultural subsidies
Representatives of the European culture industry such as the German Cultural Council expressed their fear that the TTIP could pose a threat to fixed book prices and film funding in Europe. The Cultural Council fears that the interests of the media and creative industries and cultural organizations will be sacrificed to the interests of the export-intensive German industrial sectors in order to be able to offer the USA a pawn sacrifice in exchange.
However, as in other trade agreements, the EU wants to include special rules for the audiovisual sector in the TTIP, which should enable foreign providers to continue to be treated unequal, just as other cultural areas may be further subsidized be free to provide public grants for all types of cultural [sic] activities (live events, festivals, theater, musicals, publishing, etc.). If they wish, they can also exclude foreign (i.e. US) providers from such grants. "
From the point of view of the EU Commission, there is also no risk to the German fixed book prices: “As far as fixed book prices do not discriminate against books produced abroad, it does not affect the obligations usually entered into under a trade agreement. In other words: it is not even necessary to list fixed book prices as a restriction on the principle of market opening or non-discrimination in TTIP. "
Risks to data protection and IT security
The Bundesverband IT-Sicherheit e. V. (TeleTrusT) warns of a lowering of the German or European data protection and IT security standards through TTIP. TeleTrusT recommends paying close attention to the central element of cryptographic algorithms in connection with TTIP . TTIP should not lead to weaker security levels in this area, especially for commercial IT products. It is critically noted that national institutions that stand for compliance with high standards (such as the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) in Germany) are not directly involved in the negotiations and share their ideas with the negotiators of the EU First have to bring the Commission closer. According to TeleTrusT, it is to be expected that the common economic area sought will result in significantly more data flowing within its area than before, in particular those with a personal reference. A coordinated understanding of data protection is essential for this. Otherwise there would be different demands on companies on both sides of the Atlantic, which would distort competition. On the question of standards, both sides of the negotiation have repeatedly stated that there will be no lowering.
When it comes to data protection, the US is pushing for a lowering of the standard, and critics fear that the highly controversial arbitration proceedings could be used by US Internet companies to sue data protection regulations in Europe, including the General Data Protection Regulation . A first meeting between the EU's CNECT and the United States' National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is scheduled for the first half of 2019.
Regulatory cooperation as a threat to parliamentary control
The planned regulatory cooperation and the establishment of a Regulatory Cooperation Council , in which industry representatives are to have exclusive access to legislative proposals, has been heavily criticized by members of the German government's TTIP advisory board. Frank Bsirske (Chairman of Verdi ) and Mario Ohoven (President of the Federal Association of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises ) see potential dangers for the parliamentary control of TTIP. Lobbycontrol argues similarly . Regulatory cooperation threatens the democratic ability of governments and parliaments to regulate themselves. Matthias Machnig , State Secretary in the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, criticizes this statement : “Laws will continue to be passed by parliaments in the future. To say that the legislation (sc. In TTIP committees) would be outsourced through regulatory cooperation is nonsense. ”On the other hand, the international law expert Markus Krajewski criticizes : If the USA asserts itself with its demands,“ then European legislation in environmental and Make consumer issues much more difficult. That is the great danger of regulatory cooperation. "
Mutual recognition of norms and standards
The German Institute for Standardization (DIN) speaks out in a position paper against the mutual recognition of standards and norms of the negotiating partners. In contrast to the corresponding European process, standardization in the USA is highly fragmented and there is no structure to convert international standards into national American standards. Mutual recognition could endanger the European internal market through the ensuing fragmentation of standards, circumvent consultation processes established in the EU and would not necessarily bring legal certainty for European exporters. DIN therefore calls for an orientation towards the standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), no recognition of US standards, and the development of common bilateral norms and standards in innovative technology areas in which there is no established body of standards was created.
Consequences for third countries
In addition to the economic growth sought for the negotiating partners on both sides of the Atlantic, TTIP will also have an impact on other countries. According to economists, TTIP meant a considerable loss of welfare and real income for developing countries . Among other things, this is due to the lack of tariffs in trade between the USA and the EU, since goods from developing countries would be more expensive and therefore less competitive in comparison.
The much discussed harmonization of standards between the USA and the EU could have both positive and negative effects for third countries . The lowest possible standards are favorable for exporters in order to sell their products. So far, however, it is uncertain whether EU or US standards would predominantly be decisive with the development of TTIP. In the event that the standards of the USA were to align themselves with the primarily higher standards of the EU, market access in the USA would be considerably more difficult for dealers from developing countries . Conversely, lower EU standards could make it easier for companies from third countries to export to the EU in the future.
According to a study by the Ifo Institute on behalf of the Bertelsmann Foundation , Mexico, Niger and Algeria would be most severely affected by TTIP. Mexico would lose 7.2 percent of real per capita income. It is also forecast that the volume of trade between the USA and the EU and the BRICS countries would decrease, for Germany by 10 percent and for the USA by 30 percent. But losses would also be expected in other industrialized countries . In the extreme scenario, Canada (−9.5 percent in real per capita income) and Australia (−7.4 percent) would have to fear the greatest losses. In a further study from 2015, this time on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Ifo Institute announced the prospect of milder consequences for developing countries, which is attributed in particular to spillover effects , which were less considered in the earlier study . At a ministry event, study leader Gabriel Felbermayr called the consequences harmless and noted that there were both winners and losers .
In left-wing circles, these effects of the agreement are often criticized as intended consequences. The economic losses in third countries should therefore not only be an undesirable side effect of TTIP, rather the sovereignty over foreign markets should be intended. The real purpose of the increased cooperation between the EU and the USA is to achieve sovereignty, criticized as imperialist, of the EU and the USA over competing third countries:
“With the merger of the two already largest, financially strongest domestic markets in the world, the TTIP partners are gaining a superior position of power against the rest of the world, especially against the emerging rivals who have begun cooperation with the established global economic powers under the acronym BRICS. Because there will definitely be no nation around participation in the new super-economic area for the foreseeable future that has any prospect of successful capital growth in the world market, ie wants to give its companies access to credit and business opportunities on a larger scale. "
The non-profit association foodwatch accuses the Ifo Institute of having based the spillover effects on assumptions that are either unrealistic or that are the decision-making authority of third parties. Foodwatch also criticizes the fact that expert discussions with business lobbyists, i.e. supposed TTIP supporters, were carried out as part of the investigation .
The non-governmental organization Bread for the World is calling for the effects on third countries to be included in the TTIP negotiations. She fears that TTIP could jeopardize the livelihood of farmers in developing and emerging countries and, in this context, calls for the implementation of a “human rights clause” that makes contractual provisions modifiable if human rights are threatened.
See also
- Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): CETA and TTIP / TAFTA
- Comprehensive EU-Canada Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)
- " Multilateral Investment Agreement " (MAI)
- Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA)
- Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) , Trans-Pacific strategic economic partnership
- Relations between the European Union and the United States
- TTIPleaks
literature
- Thilo Bode , collaboration: Stefan Scheytt: The free trade lie. Why TTIP only benefits corporations - and harms us all . DVA, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-421-04679-6 .
- Petra Pinzler : The unfree trade. The secret rule of corporations and law firms . Rowohlt Polaris, Reinbek 2015, ISBN 978-3-499-63105-4 .
- Michael Efler, Roman Huber: Background paper: TTIP and democracy . 2014 ( mehr-demokratie.de [PDF]).
- Georg Erber: TTIP is also controversial in the USA, in: Oekonomenstimme, article from May 29, 2015
- John Hilary: The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership - A Charter for Deregulation, an Attack on Jobs, an End to Democracy; Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, New York, 2014 (German translation for download). (PDF) Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, accessed on September 29, 2014 .
- The issue of investment protection (PDF) ifo Schnelldienst , December 2014.
- Jean-Claude Juncker, ec.europa.eu: A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change (PDF) Political Guidelines for the next European Commission , Strasbourg, July 2014.
- Kaltenborn, K.-F. (Ed.): Critical assessment of the free trade agreements (TTIP, CETA). ( Kritik-freihandelsabkommen.de )
- Harald Klimenta, Andreas Fisahn , Pia Eberhard et al .: The free trade trap : Transatlantic industrial policy without citizen participation - the TTIP . VSA-Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-89965-592-6 .
- Max Roth: TTIP: prosperity through free trade or impoverishment of Europe? Ahriman publishing house, Freiburg i. Br. 2015, ISBN 978-3-89484-828-6 .
- Luisa Santos, businesseurope.eu: Why TTIP matters to European Business , Business Europe, April 2014 (in English).
- Paul JJ Welfens , Arthur Korus, Tony Irawan: Transatlantic Trade and Investment Agreement. Trade, growth and industrial employment dynamics in Germany, the USA and Europe . Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-8282-0603-8 .
- Gudrun Monika Zagel: Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): Overview and analysis of the criticism in the legal context . ( Memento from March 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: Zivilrecht Aktuell (Zak), 6/2015, 107–111, LexisNexis Vienna.
- Olaf Zimmermann , Theo Geißler (Eds.): TTIP, CETA & Co. The Effects of Free Trade Agreements on Culture and Media (From Politics & Culture Volume 13), Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-934868-34-2 , kulturrat.de (PDF)
Web links
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Official websites of the negotiating partners:
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Website of the EU Commission with further links and documents in German
- EU negotiating texts for TTIP - fact sheets and EU position papers on the planned 24 chapters of TTIP
- Website of the Trade Representative of the United States (English)
Negotiation documents:
- European Parliament resolution with the European Parliament's recommendations to the Commission on the negotiations on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) (2014/2228 (INI)) of 8 July 2015
- TTIP - non papers on raw materials and energy (PDF) from September 20, 2013, leaked May 2014
- EU draft proposal on trade in services, investment and e-commerce for the TTIP negotiations (PDF), leaked July 2, 2013
- Guidelines for the negotiations on the transatlantic trade and investment partnership between the European Union and the United States of America (PDF) of June 17, 2013; accessed on March 7, 2014 (English version: TTIP negotiations: Modified EU draft proposals on trade in services, investment and electronic commerce (PDF) from June 17, 2013)
- European Parliament resolution on the EU's negotiations with the United States of America on a trade and investment agreement (2013/2558 (RSP)) of 14 May 2013
- TTIPleaks 2016
Proponents:
- Topic page of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
- Topic page of the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry
- Topic page of the Bertelsmann Foundation
- Joseph Francois: Reducing Transatlantic Barriers To Trade And Investment (PDF; 124 pages) Study by the Center for Economic Policy Research on behalf of the European Commission (March 2013)
Critic:
- Ingar Solty : Dictatorship of Capital: The four biggest myths of TTIP , critical overview of TTIP and other investment protection agreements and criticism of the widespread notion that TTIP is an expression of a simple "US imperialism " (October 10, 2015) (PDF, 2 newspaper pages)
- Lori Wallach : TAFTA / TTIP - the great submission , basic article by the consumer advocate in Le Monde diplomatique (November 2013) (3800 words)
- John Hilary ( War on Want ): The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Agreement: License to Deregulation, Attack on Jobs, End of Democracy (PDF; 42 pages) Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, Brussels Office (May 2014)
- Michael R. Krätke : TAFTA: Capital against the rest of the world , in Blätter für German and international politics (January 2014) (2000 words)
- Tobias Kröll, "545 euros - modern coffee reading" - on the justification of the "prosperity effects" for the population through the planned TTIP free trade agreement (PDF; 12 pages) working group alternative economic policy 2014.
- Molly Scott Cato (MEP): I've seen the secrets of the Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement, it's made for corporations, not citizens . The Guardian, February 4, 2015 Original article in English
- Jeronim Capaldo: The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Disintegration, Unemployment and Instability in Europe (24 pages) (PDF) German-language short version (1 page) (PDF) original short version (English, 2 pages, October 2014), TTIP: European Disintegration, Unemployment and Instability (English with data attachment) (PDF; 27 pages)
- Chronology: Development of the TTIP negotiations since it became known until today (action website of LINKEN in the European Parliament)
- Benjamin Fredrich: Free Trade TTIP: Politics at a Standstill , Katapult-Magazin (March 11, 2015)
- Matthias Rude: Complete de-democratization: How free trade agreements pave the way to a dictatorship in line with the market , background (3/2015, pp. 4–11, online: September 9, 2015)
Subject pages:
- Topic page from Attac
- Topic page of the Federal Agency for Civic Education , May 2014
- TTIP on the information portal for political education
- Entry in the lobby control encyclopedia
- corporateeurope.org: Exposing the power of corporate lobbying in the EU ( Eng . Exposing the power of lobbying in the EU )
- Newspaper archives and dossiers on the topic on Welt.de , in the Süddeutsche Zeitung , the FAZ , the taz and Telepolis
- Video on TTIP from DW ( Deutsche Welle )
Individual evidence
- ↑ What is the TTIP? European Commission
- ^ Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP.) . European Commission , February 2, 2013 (English).
- ↑ Transatlantic Partnership and Investment Agreement (TTIP): Negotiations and actors . at the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy , accessed on February 9, 2016.
- ↑ a b European Commission publishes TTIP legal texts as part of transparency initiative . European Commission, press release, 7 January 2015.
- ↑ 'Ball is in USA's court' with TTIP - EU Commission . November 12, 2016
- ↑ Jan Gänger: Trump makes TTIP opponents happy, but nobody praises him. NTV, March 6, 2018.
- ↑ negotiating mandate for TTIP (PDF) in German on the website of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy ; an annotated version (PDF) can also be found there.
- ↑ See e.g. B. tagesschau.de from October 9, 2014.
- ↑ TTIP - Latest documents
- ↑ foodwatch.org (PDF).
- ↑ stop-ttip.org (PDF).
- ↑ European Commission: Member States endorse EU-US trade and investment negotiations EU's objective in these negotiations. Press release from June 14, 2013, accessed on May 9, 2014
- ↑ United States Trade Representative: United States to Negotiate Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership with the European Union ( Memento of April 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) - Fact Sheet of Feb. 13, 2013, accessed on May 9, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Erixon, Bauer: A Transatlantic Zero Agreement: Estimating the Gains from Transatlantic Free Trade in Goods . ( Memento of February 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) ECIPE Occasional Paper, No. 4/2010, p. 2.
- ↑ Jan Priewe: TTIP or transatlantic currency cooperation? (PDF) WISO Direkt, November 2014.
- ^ Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Sieg über das Gesetz , dated May 3, 2014, accessed on May 25, 2014.
- ↑ TTIP: USA wants to pass free trade agreements in 2016. In: zeit.de . April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2016 .
- ↑ John Dyer: Genetically Modified Food: First Widespread Resistance in the United States . Sign of the Times, March 28, 2012.
- ^ US Department of Agriculture. GAIN Report: EU-27 Biotechnology. GE Plants and Animals (USDA, Washington, DC, 2009). (PDF; 657 kB)
- ^ Johan FM Swinnen, Thijs Vandemoortele: Policy Gridlock or Future Change? The Political Economy Dynamics of EU Biotechnology Regulation . In: AgBioForum , Volume 13, 2010, No. 4.
- ↑ Bad deal for EU farmers, threats to European agriculture from TTIP ( Memento from July 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Friends of the Earth and BUND, July 2016
- ↑ "Big Pharma" and Free Trade Makes TTIP Medicines More Expensive? Wirtschaftswoche from June 19, 2015
- ↑ Environmental protection under TTIP (PDF) Information from the Federal Environment Agency
- ^ Gregor Peter Schmitz, Brussels: Timetable for free trade talks between the US and the EU is running out, Spiegel Online, December 16, 2013
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Lori Wallach : TAFTA - the great submission. Le Monde diplomatique , November 8, 2013
- ↑ Capital against the rest of the world. Sheets for German and International Politics , January 2014
- ↑ derstandard.at
- ↑ a b ec.europa.eu EU commission: EU-USA trade statistics
- ↑ Eurostat, accessed on 1 August 2018
- ↑ Nikolaus Piper: Die Wirtschafts-Nato , subtitle: […] 1.5% more growth and a counterweight to Asia are powerful arguments. Süddeutsche Zeitung , No. 20, Thursday, January 24, 2013, page 19.
- ↑ Michael Knigge: EU and USA want the big solution . Deutsche Welle , February 7, 2013.
- ^ President Obama in Berlin - Moving even closer together with a free trade area . Federal Foreign Office , June 19, 2013
- ↑ USA and EU force gigantic free trade zone . Welt Online , Chancellor Angela Merkel: "We want nothing more than a free trade agreement between Europe and the United States", Berlin, February 3, 2013 in front of the Federation of German Industries and "At some point even the most difficult projects will become reality", also Berlin, February 4, 2013, at the reception for the Diplomatic Corps
- ↑ Thorsten Jungholt, Clemens Wergin: Security Conference: USA and EU force gigantic free trade zone . Welt Online , February 2, 2013
- ↑ Statement by José Manuel BARROSO, President of the EC, on the TTIP on YouTube
- ↑ "Shaping Germany's Future". (PDF) Coalition agreement between CDU, CSU and SPD, December 16, 2013, accessed on February 1, 2015 .
- ↑ a b c d EU-US trade agreement: Here are the facts ( Memento from May 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) European Commission; accessed on May 6
- ↑ US Senators in the service of the agricultural lobby. Without hormone meat and genetically modified products, there is no majority for TTIP. May 1, 2016
- ↑ a b c d Interview: Peter Carstens: “Not compatible with democratic principles”. In: geo.de. December 20, 2013, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment - An Economic Assessment. ( Memento of December 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) Final Project Report, Center for Economic Policy Research, London, March 2013.
- ↑ Independent study outlines benefits of EU-US trade agreement. European Commission - MEMO / 13/211 March 12, 2013.
- ↑ Dr. Sabine Stephan. In: boeckler.de. Retrieved February 12, 2016 .
- ↑ Sabine Stephan: Free Trade Agreement: More growth through TTIP is a fairy tale. In: zeit.de . November 12, 2014, accessed February 12, 2016 .
- ↑ trade.ec.europa.eu ( Memento of February 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF).
- ↑ bdi.eu (PDF).
- ↑ bertelsmann-stiftung.de
- ↑ bmwi.de
- ↑ Florian Eder et al .: Obama wants to help Europe out of the energy trap - Die Welt , March 26, 2014, accessed on June 19, 2015
- ↑ Victoria Nuland on the transatlantic partnership ( memento from June 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) - Amerika Dienst (operated by the US Embassy in Berlin ), October 9, 2014, accessed on June 19, 2015
- ↑ a b European Commission ( Note for the TPC / INTA ): EU-US Relations: Interim Report on the work of the Executive Working Group. (PDF; 179 kB) January 30, 2019, accessed on February 4, 2019 (English).
- ↑ Frankfurter Rundschau: Puttrich rejects criticism
- ↑ Volker Perthes : The strategic priorities of the others . In: O. Zimmermann, T. Geißler (eds.): TTIP, CETA & Co. The effects of free trade agreements on culture and the media . (PDF) German Cultural Council , Berlin 2015, p. 129 ff. (= From Politics & Culture , 13).
- ↑ Presentation and criticism in O. Zimmermann, G. Schulz: Gerechter Handel und FreiTradeabkommen . In: O. Zimmermann, T. Geißler (eds.): TTIP, CETA & Co. The effects of free trade agreements on culture and the media . (PDF) German Cultural Council , Berlin 2015, p. 133 ff. (= From Politics & Culture , 13).
- ↑ Petra Pinzler: “The unfree trade”, pages 18-25, ISBN 978-3-499-63105-4 .
- ↑ phoenix.de ( Memento from September 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Forum Wirtschaft, Phoenix and Handelsblatt
- ^ Questions and answers. Questions and answers on TTIP, EU Commission
- ↑ linksnet.de
- ↑ Tobias Kröll: www2.alternative-wirtschaftspektiven.de ( Memento of August 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF), Working Group Alternative Economic Policy, other publications
- ↑ Alexander Ulrich: Free trade agreement endangers social and environmental standards ( Memento from December 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , parliamentary group Die Linke . in the Bundestag, October 21, 2013.
- ↑ Jascha Jaworski: TTIP growth studies: neoliberal holography . Telepolis, January 19, 2014.
- ↑ ase.tufts.edu
- ↑ a b c ase.tufts.edu
- ↑ derStandard.at - US study: TTIP costs Europe 600,000 jobs . Article dated November 13, 2014, accessed November 13, 2014.
- ↑ TTIP: European Disintegration, Unemployment and Instability - Abstract (PDF) Study from October 2014, accessed on November 13, 2014.
- ↑ TTIP: European Disintegration, Unemployment and Instability - Long version (PDF) Study from October 2014, accessed on November 13, 2014.
- ↑ attac.de (PDF) Capaldo: The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Disintegration , Unemployment and Instability in Europe , (German translation).
- ↑ Telepolis - Consequences of TTIP for the EU: More unemployment, falling incomes, shrinking exports
- ↑ n-tv.de
- ↑ Gabriel Felbermayr u. a .: Dimensions and effects of a free trade agreement between the EU and the USA ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) Leibniz Institute for Economic Research January 2013; accessed on June 16, 2015
- ↑ Thorsten Jungholt, Clemens Wergin: USA and EU force gigantic free trade zone. In: welt.de . February 2, 2013, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ a b c d Thilo Bode: TTIP. The free trade lie. Munich 2015, p. 233.
- ↑ bundesregierung.de ( Memento from February 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ What happened when. In: monde-diplomatique.de. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015 ; accessed on July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ cf. the objectives in Section IV of the Framework Agreement (PDF).
- ↑ The evening news has made on August 14, 2014 CETA treaty text in its 519-page final of 5 August 2014 PDF file on the Internet: Consolidated CETA text. (PDF) EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General for Trade, August 5, 2014, accessed on August 15, 2014 .
- ↑ Investment without adequate profit can be considered as "indirect expropriation". Walter Gröh, August 18, 2014, accessed on August 18, 2014 .
- ↑ Who's scripting the EU-US trade deal? Corporate Europe Observatory - Exposing the power of corporate lobbying in the EU, June 17, 2013
- ↑ Steffen Stierle: TTIP - What is it about? attac Germany, August 20, 2013.
- ↑ Thilo Bode: TTIP. The free trade lie. Munich, 2015, p. 234.
- ^ A b Nicola Liebert: New Free Trade Agreement: Transatlantic Consumer Mania . The daily newspaper , February 14, 2013.
- ↑ Merkel names the EU-US free trade agreement the most important future project . Reuters , February 21, 2013.
- ↑ EU-US trade agreement: EU paves the way for free trade talks , Zeit Online, June 15, 2013
- ^ Presidents Barroso and Obama announce launch of TTIP negotiations. ec.europa.eu, June 17, 2013, accessed on March 22, 2014 .
- ^ Secret documents: NSA eavesdropping on EU representations with bugs , Spiegel.de, June 29, 2013
- ↑ "Partners do not spy on each other". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 30, 2013, accessed on July 5, 2013 .
- ↑ Negotiations and actors. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, accessed on May 27, 2015 .
- ^ "EU publishes initially TTIP Position Papers". ec.europa.eu, July 16, 2013, accessed on September 15, 2013 .
- ↑ Commission publishes summary state of play in TTIP negotiations - latest version now available. ec.europa.eu, accessed on September 29, 2014 .
- ↑ The text itself can also be found under: State of Play of TTIP negotiations after the 6th round. (PDF) ec.europa.eu, July 29, 2014, archived from the original on October 6, 2014 ; Retrieved September 29, 2014 .
- ↑ TTIP negotiations in Washington: Tough wrestling in round seven. Jan Bösche, MDR Radio Studio Washington, October 4, 2014, archived from the original on October 5, 2014 ; Retrieved October 5, 2014 .
- ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung , December 11, 2014, Silvia Liebrich, sueddeutsche.de: Present full of problems
- ↑ Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy , Topics> Foreign Trade> TTIP> bmwi.de: Negotiations and Actors
- ↑ a b c Deutschlandfunk , Nachrichten , February 6, 2015, 11 p.m., deutschlandfunk.de: TTIP agreement: Biden hopes for more interest in Europe
- ↑ heise.de
- ↑ diepresse.com
- ↑ donaukurier.de ( Memento from October 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ USA and EU are approaching the abolition of tariffs through TTIP ( memento of October 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), FAZ.net, October 23, 2015
- ↑ heise.de
- ↑ a b EU finalises proposal for investment protection and court system for TTIP , EU Commission, November 12, 2015
- ↑ EU, US conclude TTIP round upbeat , euractiv.com, October 23, 2015
- ↑ bmwi.de
- ↑ The next round of TTIP negotiations starts next Monday in New York. EU Commission representation in Germany, accessed on April 24, 2016 .
- ↑ press conference. Retrieved April 29, 2016 .
- ↑ Bernd Lange, Chairman of the Trade Committee of the European Parliament responsible for free trade agreements: TTIP: Europe does not accept deadlines. Retrieved April 29, 2016 .
- ↑ European Commission: 14th round of negotiations. Retrieved July 22, 2016 .
- ↑ Free trade agreement: Gabriel declares TTIP "de facto failed" . Spiegel Online, August 28, 2016.
- ↑ US Congress TTIP Letter. October 3, 2016, accessed October 5, 2016 .
- ↑ EU Commission makes progress on 15th TTIP round. October 10, 2016, accessed October 12, 2016 .
- ↑ About us . Initiative scientists against TTIP.
- ^ Open letter to the Federal Chancellor . Initiative scientists against TTIP.
- ↑ K.-F. Kaltenborn (ed.): Critical assessment of the free trade agreements (TTIP, CETA) . Initiative scientists against TTIP.
- ^ Statement of Concern about Planned Provisions on Investment Protection and Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) . ( Memento of May 3, 2015 on the Internet Archive ) Kent Law School, July 14, 2014.
- ↑ afj.org
- ↑ Heike Buchter: In the USA, too, the desire for free trade is falling . Zeit Online , March 25, 2015; Retrieved June 18, 2015
- ↑ citizen.org (PDF) of February 28, 2014; Retrieved June 18, 2015
- ↑ http://www.drb.de/cms/fileadmin/docs/Stellunghaben/2016/DRB_160201_Stn_Nr_04_Europaeisches_Investitionsgericht.pdf ( Memento from February 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Petra Pinzler: TTIP: German Association of Judges rejects arbitration courts. In: Zeit Online. February 3, 2016, accessed February 24, 2016 .
- ↑ European Commission: Online public consultation on investment protection and investor-to-state dispute settlement (ISDS) in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Agreement (TTIP)
- ↑ heise.de
- ↑ Legislative materials
- ↑ SZ: EU Parliament waves special rights for large corporations through , May 1, 2014
- ^ Jean Claude Juncker: Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission. (PDF) ec.europa.eu, July 15, 2014, accessed on September 29, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Sigmar Gabriel on September 25, 2014 in the German Bundestag: dip21.bundestag.de (PDF) plenary minutes 18/54, German Bundestag, shorthand report, 54th session, pp. 4907–4910.
- ↑ Report 2014/2228 (INI) : rapporteur Bernd Lange
- ↑ See report 2014/2228 (INI), p. 14.
- ↑ See report 2014/2228 (INI), p. 12, point (xiv)
- ↑ a b c d Commission proposes investment jurisdiction for TTIP and other trade agreements . Press release from September 16, 2015, ec.europa.eu.
- ↑ EU finalises proposal for investment protection and Court System for TTIP , EU Commission, November 12, 2015
- ↑ EU faces tough sell on TTIP compromise , politico.com, February 7, 2016
- ↑ Investment provisions in the EU-Canada Free Trade Agreement (CETA). (PDF) European Commission.
- ↑ "Those who have CETA get TTIP through the back door." Quoted from Helmut Kretzl: "The standards are already falling before TTIP" . In: Salzburger Nachrichten . November 30, 2015, Economy, p. 13 (Interview with Maude Barlow , environmental activist and alternative Nobel Prize winner).
- ↑ CETA: EU and Canada agree on new approach on investment in trade agreement , press release of the EU Commission of February 29, 2016
- ^ Süddeutsche.de GmbH: Free trade agreement - Wikileaks promises money for TTIP documents . August 11, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ^ WikiLeaks goes after hyper-secret Euro-American trade pact . August 11, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ↑ Greenpeace Nederland: Read the secret #TTIP papers here . April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH: Free trade agreement: These are the points of contention in TTIP . May 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ↑ Detlef Borchers: re: publica 2016: The leaks on the EU-US trade agreement TTIP in the spotlight . May 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ↑ TTIP Papers - How US Negotiators Attack Europe's Consumer Protection . In: Süddeutsche.de . May 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ↑ Martin Ganslmeier: When trading one with the republicans . tagesschau.de, January 23, 2015; Retrieved June 17, 2015
- ↑ Democrats "throw Obama under the bus" . n-tv , May 13, 2015; Retrieved June 17, 2015
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- ↑ a b Free Trade Agreement: Fear of TTIP is growing. In: Spiegel Online . April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016 .
- ^ France wants to stop the TTIP negotiations , Handelsblatt, August 30, 2016
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o dpa: Controversy over TTIP: European governments almost unanimously for agreements. In: heise.de. April 8, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Les membres du collectif. In: collectifstoptafta.org. Retrieved July 13, 2015 (French).
- ^ Wallonia Prime Minister Magnette: "With this CETA TTIP is dead". In: tagesschau.de. Retrieved October 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Austria announces resistance to TTIP and Ceta . Mirror online
- ↑ Greek Minister: Syriza will never ratify TTIP . euractiv.de
- ↑ Great opportunities for Germany and Europe. The Federal Government, accessed on October 2, 2014 .
- ↑ Merkel fears the return of the euro crisis. Retrieved October 2, 2014 .
- ^ Advisory boards at the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. Retrieved October 2, 2014 .
- ↑ Gerald Trautvetter: EU-USA negotiations: Federal Council must approve free trade agreement . Spiegel Online , April 14, 2014
- ↑ reject CETA draft treaty - No action privileges for corporations: Application. (PDF) German Bundestag, accessed on October 2, 2014 .
- ↑ Decision recommendation and report of the Committee for Economic Affairs and Energy (9th Committee) on the motion of the members of parliament Katharina Dröge, Katja Keul, Bärbel Höhn, other members and the parliamentary group Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen. (PDF) German Bundestag, accessed on October 2, 2014 .
- ↑ Gabriel wants to ask the SPD for approval for investor protection . Zeit Online , November 29, 2014
- ↑ Too little transparency: Lammert threatens to reject TTIP . West German newspaper. October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ↑ die-linke.de
- ↑ linksfraktion.de ( Memento from February 3, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ linksfraktion.de ( Memento from February 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ gruene-bundestag.de
- ↑ Gerald Trautvetter: EU-USA negotiations: Federal Council must approve free trade agreement - Spiegel Online, April 14, 2014
- ↑ liberale.de
- ↑ liberale.de
- ↑ The end of TTIP and the nationalism trap . by Rico Grimm, Krautreporter , October 26, 2016 (direct source Foodwatch?)
- ↑ Demands for the democratization of EU trade agreements . (PDF) by Michael Efler, Mehr Demokratie , April 18, 2016, on background materials . mehr-demokratie.de
- ↑ mehr-demokratie.de .
- ↑ EU-USA free trade agreement: Attac calls for the secret negotiations to be broken off immediately . Attac , November 13, 2013
- ↑ "Politicians know terrifyingly little about connections" . Tyrolean daily newspaper online
- ↑ a b Verdi Federal Administration: Attack on wages, social affairs and the environment - What is behind the transatlantic free trade agreement TTIP? Attack on wages, social affairs and the environment (PDF) December 11, 2013.
- ↑ Erich Möchel: Wave of criticism of the free trade agreement TTIP . ORF.at, December 18, 2013
- ↑ Ska Keller: Brochure: The free trade agreement with the USA in the criticism . European GREEN group, December 3, 2013
- ↑ Program for the European Parliament election on May 25, 2014 , p. 13 (PDF), Alternative für Deutschland
- ↑ "TTIP" No thanks! - Transatlantic partnership works differently - from the election program for the European elections of the Pirate Party Germany , January 5, 2014
- ↑ Press release of March 7, 2014: "ÖDP says NO to TTIP"
- ↑ Jannis Brühl: How the genetic engineering lobby exploits the free trade talks . Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 11, 2013
- ↑ Bernd Riegert: USA and EU do not agree on trade . Deutsche Welle , November 15, 2013
- ^ Franz Kotteder: The big sell-off. How the ideology of free trade endangers our democracy , Munich 2015, p. 13, quoted from: Matthias Rude: Complete De- Democratization . How free trade agreements pave the way to a dictatorship in line with the market , Hintergrund.de , September 9, 2015 (first published in: Background 3/2015, pp. 4-11).
- ↑ Don't make your peace. Prof. Dr. Jörg Philipp Terhechte on the democratic legitimation of the EU. Retrieved August 9, 2016 .
- ↑ Marc Neller: "Top economists forecast the end of globalization" Die Welt, September 4th, 2016
- ↑ epetionen.bundestag.de
- ↑ May 22, 2014 ATTAC - 715,000 signatures, online voting
- ↑ Campact online voting on TTIP
- ↑ a b Gabriel attacks TTIP critics - TAZ from May 5, 2014.
- ↑ Citizens' survey on TTIP: 97 percent against . sueddeutsche.de.
- ↑ Report of the EU Commission on the consultation of January 13, 2015 (PDF) p. 3.
- ↑ European Commission: Rejected registration application. STOP TTIP. September 10, 2014, accessed September 12, 2014 .
- ↑ In spite of the EU Commission's rejection: Signature collection for the “Stop TTIP” self-organized European Citizens' Initiative is launched. Campaign Office of the European Citizen's Initiative “StopTTIP”, October 7, 2014, accessed on October 12, 2014 (English, press release).
- ↑ TTIP Day of Action: A quarter of a million signatures collected! Campact, October 11, 2014, accessed October 12, 2014 .
- ↑ petition at stop-ttip.org
- ↑ Stop TTIP: 2 million signatures mark cracked. German Cultural Council, June 8, 2015, archived from the original on June 10, 2015 ; accessed on June 10, 2015 .
- ↑ Signatures by country. Stop TTIP, accessed on June 10, 2015 .
- ↑ tine./maxw./dpa/AFP: 150,000 demonstrators protest against TTIP. In: FAZ.net . October 10, 2015, accessed October 10, 2015 .
- ↑ Stefan Krempl: Anti-TTIP large-scale demo: “We don't want economic NATO” - heise online. In: heise.de. October 10, 2015, accessed October 10, 2015 .
- ↑ Second German television (ZDF): Large demo in Berlin: With chlorine chickens and techno against TTIP and Ceta - today news. In: heute.de. September 3, 2015, archived from the original on October 27, 2015 ; accessed on October 11, 2015 .
- ↑ Tens of thousands demonstrate against TTIP and Ceta
- ↑ Tens of thousands in Frankfurt against TTIP and CETA on the street
- ↑ Police: 20,000 demonstrators at a demonstration against TTIP and Ceta
- ↑ What happened at the meeting around “Stop CETA and TTIP!” On September 17, 2016
- ↑ Demonstrations: 320,000 call for CETA and TTIP . TTIP-Demo.de
- ↑ More than 100,000 people demonstrate against trade agreements . Focus.de
- ↑ Thousands protested against CETA and TTIP . In: Standard , September 18, 2016; Retrieved September 19, 2016
- ↑ EGC judgment of May 11th in case T-754/14 (French)
- ↑ a b The lies behind this transatlantic trade deal . Plans to create an EU-US single market will allow corporations to sue governments using secretive panels, bypassing courts and parliaments. 3rd December 2012.
- ↑ You're wrong, George Monbiot - there is nothing secret about this EU trade deal . Our negotiations over the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership are fully open to scrutiny, and Europe will benefit. In: The Guardian . 18th December 2013.
- ↑ A TTIP reading room is to be built in Berlin. November 23, 2014, accessed November 23, 2014 .
- ↑ ots.at: “Provisional application” of TTIP is to overthrow the National Council
- ↑ Harald Schumann : TTIP papers should remain secret. In: tagesspiegel.de . February 3, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ EU-US TTIP Negotiations 18th December 2014 , German Bundestag Division PE 5, Europe documentation: EU Doc 3/2014 etc. In: tagesspiegel.de (PDF)
- ↑ Hendrik Kafsack: Hardly anyone reads the TTIP documents. In: FAZ.net . April 16, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Juncker: “Little interest in TTIP documents”. In: derstandard.at . April 21, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Now online: EU negotiating texts for the TTIP . Article dated February 10, 2015, accessed April 21, 2015.
- ↑ Roland Reuss: Secret is not possible. In: FAZ.net . February 19, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ bmwi.de: Strengthening international trade and breaking down barriers
- ↑ Alexander Hagelüken, Alexander Mühlauer: Secret TTIP papers revealed. Süddeutsche Zeitung, May 1, 2016, accessed on May 1, 2016 .
- ↑ Harald Schumann : The national narrow-mindedness is outdated . April 7, 2014.
- ↑ TTIP dispute over arbitration tribunals: EU Commission proposes new commercial court. In: Spiegel Online . September 16, 2015, accessed October 4, 2015 .
- ↑ EU proposes investment courts. Negotiations on free trade agreements. tagesschau.de, September 16, 2016, accessed on September 18, 2016 .
- ↑ Sarah Anderson, Institute for Policy Studies , USA , in: Peter Kreysler : TTIP - Transatlantic Dream or the Sellout of Democracy . Deutschlandfunk , Das Feature , December 9, 2014; Manuscript (PDF) p. 23.
- ^ Fritz R. Glunk : The investor is inviolable. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. July 5, 2013 Reprint (PDF; PDF) on Infosperber .
- ↑ Jakob Schlandt: 15 lawyers against democracy. Frankfurter Rundschau, March 23, 2013, accessed on November 23, 2014 .
- ↑ Reinhard Wolff: Sweden's energy policy: Stockholm supports Vattenfall. taz, October 19, 2014, accessed November 24, 2014 .
- ↑ Petra Pinzler: TTIP: Crazy, crazy, Moorburg. In: zeit.de . April 2, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Tai Heng-Cheng, ICSID's Largest Award in History: An Overview of Occidental Petroleum Corporation v the Republic of Ecuador, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, December 19, 2012, online
- ^ Reuters: Ecuador files appeal to $ 1.77 bln Occidental ruling
- ^ Ecuador-Occidental arbitration award reduced to $ 1 billion , reuters.com, November 2, 2015
- ↑ Jannis Brühl: TTIP and ISDS: Fact check investor protection. In: sueddeutsche.de . August 12, 2014, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ^ Petra Pinzler: International courts of arbitration: Unequal opponents. In: zeit.de . November 14, 2014, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ^ The Secret Corporate Takeover , Guardian, May 13, 2015 Translation
- ↑ Markus Balser: Yes, nuclear phase-out, but with compensation please . Vattenfall is suing government for compensation. In: SZ . 5th June 2012.
- ↑ Thomas Otto: ISDS arbitration: Malmström's reform ideas are not convincing . Deutschlandfunk , March 27, 2015, accessed on June 16, 2015
- ↑ Investment protection contracts . Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy , accessed on June 16, 2015
- ↑ Why does the EU include the settlement of investor-state disputes in TTIP? In: TTIP Questions and answers , European Commission
- ↑ see e.g. B. here and here .
- ^ Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. The Government of Canada
- ↑ Silvia Liebrich: What the free trade agreement means for consumers and companies . Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 11, 2013
- ↑ Interview with Steve Verheul. In: Die Zeit , No. 43/2014 p. 27
- ↑ Dietmar Neuerer: Ceta and TTIP: Gabriel's free trade dilemma. In: handelsblatt.com . September 29, 2014, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ EU Commissioner Malmström wants to limit arbitration tribunals in TTIP. May 6, 2015, accessed June 16, 2015 .
- ↑ Silvia Liebrich: Sharp criticism of free trade agreements Ceta and TTIP. In: sueddeutsche.de . January 20, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
-
↑ Why will large corporations be able to sue governments if they don't like new laws?
They can't. It's a rumor. Will TTIP allow foreign companies to bypass national courts to sue national governments? No. It's a rumor. EU commission - ↑ a b Elisabeth Vanderheiden: Adult and youth education endangered by TTIP . Deutschlandfunk , Campus and Career , February 4, 2015; Chair of Catholic Adult Education Germany
- ↑ cathyouthadult.org: EU Commission Publishes TTIP Documents ( Memento from February 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ "These agreements [...] will level the playing field by raising labor and environmental standards ... other countries are not standing by and waiting for us to act. They are busy negotiating their own deals […] And I can guarantee you that they do not put the emphasis we do on raising labor and environmental standards […] "( Remarks by US Trade Representative Michael Froman at the Center for American Progress - 18. February 2014; video )
- ↑ Joseph E. Stiglitz : Merkel and Obama are destroying their own work with TTIP . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ↑ Fabian Flues: Dirty Deals: How trade talks threaten to undermine EU climate policies and bring tar sands to Europe, July 2014 (PDF).
- ↑ Silvia Liebrich: Attack on climate protection . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , July 19, 2014
- ↑ Markus Krajewski: Environmental protection and international investment protection law using the example of the Vattenfall lawsuits and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Agreement (TTIP) , magazine for environmental law 7–8 / 2014
- ↑ Arthur Neslen: TTIP: Chevron lobbied for controversial legal right as 'environmental deterrent'. In: theguardian.com. May 1, 2016, accessed April 26, 2016 .
- ↑ Free trade agreement with the USA: Agricultural alliance warns against chlorinated chickens and GM plants . Spiegel Online, January 16, 2014.
- ↑ das allgäu online: Federal government admits disadvantages for small farms through TTIP ( Memento from May 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Will TTIP take precedence over EU law? No. EU commission. Will TTIP force the EU to change its legislation on genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? No. EU commission.
- ^ François Hollande et le gaz de schiste , Le Monde, July 15, 2013 (French).
- ↑ David Jolly: France upholds ban on hydraulic fracturing . The New York Times , October 11, 2013 (English).
- ↑ ARD documentary "The Big Deal" - By Stephan Stuchlik and Kim Otto, broadcast on August 4, 2014, cf. Min 8ff. ( Memento from August 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Australia's government is fighting the tobacco industry. Now she has managed to scare one of the big companies out of the country. - taz, April 2, 2014
- ↑ Phillip Morris - Tobacco company loses arbitration proceedings against Australia , faz.net, December 23, 2015
- ^ US Lags Far Behind Europe in Protections for Farmed Animals . Article on the Animal Legal Defense Fund website
- ↑ TTIP - the transatlantic free trade agreement - a report in the series Tierrechtsradio . on Radio Orange on May 8, 2015
- ↑ Materials and texts on TTIP (PDF) German Cultural Council , December 18, 2014.
- ↑ Felix Frieler: Will TTIP destroy the German book trade? In: welt.de . October 31, 2014, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ^ The free trade agreement: TTIP. In: boersenverein.de. February 6, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ See the articles in chapters 4 and 5 in: O. Zimmermann, T. Geißler (Ed.): TTIP, CETA & Co. The effects of free trade agreements on culture and the media. (= From Politics & Culture 13.) German Culture Council, Berlin 2015. Online: kulturrat.de (PDF).
- ↑ bmwi.de (PDF)
- ↑ bmwi.de (PDF)
- ^ Peter Schmitz: TTIP as a risk for European security standards . security-insider.de, March 24, 2015; Retrieved March 25, 2015.
-
↑ cf. z. B. the German BMWi: “4. Does this cooperation among regulators mean lowering our standards?
No. It's not about the US and the EU undercutting each other and adjusting standards downwards. ” Michael Froman : Nothing in TTIP will lower standards. We don't have a deregulation agenda! In: Die Zeit , No. 20/2014; interview - ↑ Julia Amberger: The USA want to renegotiate data protection . Zeit Online , May 28, 2015; accessed on May 28, 2015
- ↑ Max Bank: TTIP: Regulatory cooperation on free trade agreements endangers democracy! In: lobbycontrol.de. September 29, 2014, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Dietmar Neuerer: TTIP fire letter to Gabriel: Free travel for lobbyists? In: handelsblatt.com . January 13, 2015, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ TTIP: Covert attacks on democracy and regulation (PDF) published by Corporate Europe Observatory (English)
- ↑ The reality of the TTIP negotiations even exceeds the dark premonitions. Süddeutsche Zeitung from May 1, 2016
- ↑ din.de: 1 2014-09 Standardization and the Free Trade Agreement (TTIP) with the USA - opportunities and risks (PDF)
- ↑ Karin Janker: Consequences of TTIP: At the expense of developing countries. In: sueddeutsche.de . August 15, 2014, accessed July 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Thilo Bode: The misinformation and disinformation campaign of the TTIP proponents. (PDF) foodwatch , March 13, 2015, accessed June 12, 2015.
- ↑ Eckart Kuhlwein: Imperialism today - new trade agreements like TTIP export our economic order. In: Naturfreundin. January 2015, accessed April 18, 2018 .
- ↑ With TTIP to economic NATO dollar imperialism and the single euro market - together insurmountable . In: Peter Decker (Ed.): GegenStandpunkt political quarterly magazine . No. 3-14 September 2014 ISSN 0941-5831 , p 103 ( gegenstandpunkt.com ).
- ^ The negative consequences of TTIP for developing countries. foodwatch , February 6, 2015; Retrieved June 12, 2015.
- ↑ Possible effects of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) on developing and emerging countries. (PDF) Ifo Institute , January 21, 2015; Retrieved June 12, 2015.
- ↑ Dario Sarmadi: Bread for the World: TTIP aggravates the global hunger crisis . Bread for the World , July 23, 2014; Retrieved June 12, 2015.