Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Basic data | |
---|---|
Surname: |
Pontifical Academy of Sciences (Latin Pontificia Academia Scientiarum) |
Seat: | Casina Pio IV SCV - 00120 Vatican City |
Chancellor: |
Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo (since 1998) |
Vice Chancellor: |
Dario Edoardo Viganò (since 2019) |
President: |
Joachim von Braun (since 2017) |
Academies: |
Paul Crutzen Theodor Hänsch Nicole Le Douarin Jürgen Mittelstraß Veerabhadran Ramanathan Martin Rees Rafael Vicuña |
The Pontifical Academy of Sciences ( Latin : Pontificia Academia Scientiarum ; it . : Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze ; abbreviation PAS ) is a Pontifical Academy that was founded in 1603 and later in 1936 by Pius XI. has been restored. It is under the protection of the ruling Pope. Its goal is to promote progress in mathematics , physics, and science and the study of related epistemological problems. The results of the meetings are communicated to the Pope, who is informed about the latest scientific findings and can in turn incorporate them into his decisions and messages.
The Academy is located in the Casino di Pio IV in the heart of the Vatican Gardens . The membership directory includes the most respected names in 20th century science such as Stephen Hawking, as well as some Nobel Prize winners such as Ernest Rutherford, Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Otto Hahn and Charles Hard Townes.
history
The learned Roman prince Federico Cesi (1585–1630), a young botanist and naturalist, wanted his academics to create a method of research based on observation, experiment and the inductive method. He called it the Academy of the Lynx-like ( Accademia dei Lincei ) because the scientists were required to have eyes as sharp as lynxes in order to penetrate the secrets of nature and observe both levels microscopically and macroscopically. The leader of the first academy was the famous scientist Galileo Galilei . It was dissolved after the death of its founder and by Pius IX. Restored in 1847 and named Accademia dei Pontificia Nuovi Lincei ( Pontifical Academy of the New Lynx-like ). In 1936 Pius XI founded it new and gave it its current name. Paul VI subsequently updated its statutes in 1976 and John Paul II did so in 1986.
Since 1936 the Pontifical Academy of Sciences has been concerned with the investigation of certain scientific topics belonging to the individual disciplines and with the promotion of interdisciplinary cooperation. The number of its members and the international character of the membership were gradually increased. The Academy is an independent institution within the Holy See and enjoys freedom of research .
Members
The new members of the academy are elected by all academy members; Men and women of all ethnicities, religions and even those without religious affiliation are selected because of the high scientific value of their activities and their high moral profile. They are then officially appointed by the Pope. The number of members was originally limited to 70, but was increased to 80 by Pope John Paul II in 1986 . The academy is headed by a president who is elected from among the members by the Pope, who is assisted by a scientific council and the chancellor.
President
The President of the Academy is chosen and appointed by the Pope from among its members. The current president is Joachim von Braun.
- Giuseppe Gianfranceschi SJ (1921-1936)
- Agostino Gemelli OFM (1936-1959)
- Georges Lemaître (1960–1966)
- Daniel O'Connell SJ (1968–1972)
- Carlos Chagas Filho (1972–1988)
- Giovanni Battista Marini-Bettòlo (1988–1993)
- Nicola Cabibbo (1993-2010)
- Werner Arber (2010-2017)
- Joachim von Braun (since 2017)
Chancellor and Directors of the Academy:
- Pietro Salviucci , Chancellor (1936–1973)
- Carlo Enrico Di Rovasenda OP , Vice Director (1972), Director (1974–1986)
- Renato Dardozzi , Vice Director (1985), Director (1987), Chancellor (1995–1997)
- Giuseppe Pittau SJ, Chancellor (1997–1998)
- Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo , Chancellor (since 1998)
Ordinary members
- Werner Arber (1981)
- Frances H. Arnold (2019)
- Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato (2012)
- David Baltimore (1978)
- John David Barrow (2020)
- Antonio M. Battro (2002)
- Daniel Adzei Bekoe (1983)
- Paul Berg (1996)
- Enrico Berti (2001)
- Robert Eric Betzig (2016)
- Helen Margaret Blue (2017)
- Thierry Boon (2002)
- Joachim von Braun (2012)
- Luis Caffarelli (1994)
- Steven Chu (2018)
- Aaron Ciechanover (2007)
- Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (1999)
- Francis Collins (2009)
- Yves Coppens (2014)
- Suzanne Cory (2004)
- Paul J. Crutzen (1996)
- Edward M. De Robertis (2009)
- Stanislas Dehaene (2008)
- Francis L. Delmonico (2016)
- Manfred Eigen (1981)
- Gerhard Ertl (2010)
- Albert Eschenmoser (1986)
- Elaine Fuchs (2018)
- Antonio García-Bellido (2003)
- Takashi Gojobori (2007)
- Theodor W. Hänsch (2006)
- Mohamed Hag Ali Hassan (2018)
- Stefan Hell (2019)
- Michał Heller (1990)
- Fotis Kafatos (2003)
- Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (2006)
- Klaus von Klitzing (2007)
- Eric Lander (since 2020)
- Nicole Marthe Le Douarin (1999)
- Tsung-Dao Lee (2003)
- Yuan T. Lee (2007)
- Jean-Marie Lehn (1996)
- Pierre Léna (2001)
- Jane Lubchenco (2019)
- Juan Maldacena (2013)
- Yuri Ivanovich Manin (1996)
- Beatrice Mintz (1986)
- Jürgen Mittelstrass (2002)
- Erna Möller (2013)
- Mario J. Molina (2000)
- Salvador Moncada (2016)
- Rudolf Muradyan (1994)
- Sergei Novikov (1996)
- Ryōji Noyori (2002)
- William D. Phillips (2004)
- John Charles Polanyi (1986)
- Ingo Potrykus (2005)
- Yves Quéré (2003)
- Veerabhadran Ramanathan (2004)
- Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao (1990)
- Peter H. Raven (1990)
- Martin J. Rees (1990)
- Ignacio Rodríguez-Iturbe (2007)
- Carlo Rubbia (1985)
- Roald Sagdeev (1990)
- Hans Joachim Schellnhuber (2015)
- Michael Sela (1975)
- Maxine Singer (1986)
- Wolf Singer (1992)
- Govind Swarup (2008)
- Hans Tuppy (1970)
- Rafael Vicuña (2000)
- Cédric Villani (2016)
- Edward Witten (2006)
- Shin'ya Yamanaka (2013)
- Chen Ning Yang (1997)
- Ada Yonath (2014)
- Antonino Zichichi (2000)
Members ad honorem
- Jean-Michel Maldamé OP (1997–)
Members perdurante munere
- Note: These members are ex officio , meaning they serve for the duration of their term of office.
- Chancellor of the Academy : Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo (1998–)
- Director of the Vatican Observatory : Guy Joseph Consolmagno SJ (2015–)
- Prefect of the Vatican Apostolic Library : Cesare Pasini (2007–)
- Prefect of the Vatican Secret Archives : Sergio Pagano B (1997–)
former members
- Raffaele Farina (1997-2007)
- José Gabriel Funes SJ (2006-2015)
Deceased members
- Emil Abderhalden
- Anselmo Albareda OSB perdurante munere ad honorem
- José María Albareda Herrera
- Antonio de Almeida
- Ugo Amaldi
- Christian B. Anfinsen
- Edward Victor Appleton
- Giuseppe Armellini
- Charles Barrois
- Gary Becker
- Sune Bergström
- Charles Best
- Emilio Bianchi
- George David Birkhoff
- Gaetano Bisleti ad honorem
- Vilhelm Bjerknes
- André Joseph Blanc-Lapierre
- Günter Blobel
- Aage Niels Bohr
- Niels Bohr
- Marcello Boldrini
- Giovanni Battista Bonino
- Karol Borsuk
- Filippo Bottazzi
- Leonard Eugene Boyle OP perdurante munere
- Edouard Branly
- Louis de Broglie
- Hermann Alexander Brück
- Keith Edward Bullen
- Frederik Jacobus Johannes Buytendijk
- Nicola Cabibbo
- Constantin Carathéodory
- Antônio Cardoso Fontes
- Alexis Carrel
- Aldo Castellani
- Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
- James Chadwick
- Carlos Chagas junior
- TT Chang
- Georges Chaudron
- Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere SMOM ad honorem
- Amleto Giovanni Cicognani ad honorem
- Bernardo M. Colombo
- Giuseppe Colombo
- Gustavo Colonnetti
- Arthur William Conway
- Edward Joseph Conway
- Georges Cottier OP (1992-2016) ad honorem
- George Coyne (1978-2006)
- Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt
- Gaetano Arturo Crocco
- Alistair Cameron Crombie
- Héctor Croxatto Rezzio
- Eduardo Cruz-Coke
- Lucien Cuénot
- Giotto Dainelli
- Giorgio Dal Piaz
- Nicola Dallaporta ad honorem
- Renato Dardozzi ad honorem
- Dante De Blasi
- Aloysio de Castro
- Christian de Duve
- Filippo De Filippi
- Ennio de Giorgi
- Pietro De Santis ad honorem
- Peter Debye
- Paul Dirac
- Johanna Döbereiner
- Edward Adelbert Doisy
- John Carew Eccles
- Manfred Eigen
- Pierre Fauvel
- Fritz Feigl
- Ronald Aylmer Fisher ad honorem
- Alexander Fleming
- Fukui Ken'ichi
- Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi ad honorem
- Julio César Garcia Otero
- José García-Siñeriz
- Percy Cyril Claude Garnham
- Alois Gatterer SJ perdurante munere
- Agostino Gemelli OFM
- Wolfgang Gentner
- Paul Germain
- Ernesto Gherzi SJ
- Alessandro Ghigi
- Giordano Giacomello
- Gustave Gilson
- Francesco Giordani
- Giovanni Giorgi
- Martino Giusti perdurante munere
- Emil Godlewski
- Giuseppe Gola
- Victor Gregoire
- Camillo Guidi
- Paul Guthnick
- Otto Hahn
- Stephen Hawking
- Werner Heisenberg
- Veikko Heiskanen
- Gerhard Herzberg
- Victor Franz Hess
- Walter Rudolf Hess
- George de Hevesy
- Corneille Heymans
- Raymond Hide
- Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
- Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
- Sven Hörstadius
- Bernardo Alberto Houssay
- Alberto Hurtado
- Stanley Jaki OSB
- Paul Janssen
- Georg Joachimoglu
- Gaston Maurice Julia
- Joseph Junkes SJ perdurante munere
- Theodore von Kármán
- Willem Hendrik Keesom
- Vladimir Isaakowitsch Keilis-Borok
- Har Gobind Khorana
- Herbert Sidney Langfeld
- Max von Laue
- Jean Lecomte
- Joshua Lederberg
- Jérôme Lejeune
- Luis Federico Leloir
- Georges Lemaître
- Pierre-Raphaël Lépine
- Giuseppe Lepri
- Louis Leprince-Ringuet
- Tullio Levi-Civita
- Rita Levi-Montalcini
- André Lichnerowicz
- William Liley
- Jacques-Louis Lions
- Stanisław Łojasiewicz
- Luigi Lombardi
- Manuel Lora-Tamayo
- Paolo Luigioni
- Feodor Lynen
- Luigi Maglione ad honorem
- Félix Malu wa Kalenga
- Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani ad honorem
- Guglielmo Marconi
- Giovanni Battista Marini-Bettòlo
- Domenico Marotta
- Carlo Maria Martini ad honorem
- James Robert McConnell
- António Augusto Esteves Mendes Correia
- Mambillikalathil Govind Kumar Menon
- Angelo Mercati perdurante munere
- Albert Michotte
- Robert Andrews Millikan
- San-ichiro Mizushima
- Thomas Hunt Morgan
- William Wilson Morgan
- Giuseppe Moruzzi
- Marcos Moshinsky
- Rudolf Ludwig Moessbauer
- Joseph Edward Murray
- Paul Niehans
- Marshall Warren Nirenberg
- Umberto Nobile
- Adriaan Karel Marie Noyons
- Severo Ochoa
- Daniel Joseph Kelly O'Connell SJ
- Minoru Oda
- Thomas Risley Odhiambo
- Czesław Olech
- Jan Hendrik Oort
- Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli ad honorem
- George Emil Palade
- Modesto Panetti
- Nicola Parravano
- Pio Paschini ad honorem
- Crodowaldo Pavan
- Antonio Penza
- Max Ferdinand Perutz
- Ernst Felix Petritsch
- Émile Picard
- Mauro Picone
- Umberto Pierantoni
- Carlo Pietrangeli ad honorem
- Enrico Pistolesi
- Giuseppe Pizzardo ad honorem
- Max Planck
- Cyril Andrew Ponnamperuma
- George Porter
- Vladimir Prelog
- Frank Press
- Bernard Pullman
- Giampietro Puppi
- Gaetano Quagliariello
- Alfons Raes SJ perdurante munere
- CV Raman
- Silvio Ranzi ad honorem
- Franco Rasetti
- Alexander Rich
- Marcel Roche
- Pietro Rondoni
- Carlo Enrico Di Rovasenda OP ad honorem
- Vera Ruby
- Keith Runcorn
- Ernest Rutherford
- Leopold Ružička
- Martin Ryle
- Abdus Salam
- Pietro Salviucci ad honorem
- Manuel Sandoval Vallarta
- Wilhelm Schmidt SVD perdurante munere
- Erwin Schrödinger
- Michael Schulien SVD perdurante munere
- Beniamino Segre
- Francesco Severi
- Charles Scott Sherrington
- Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
- Quay Siegbahn
- Wacław Sierpiński
- Filippo Silvestri
- Carlo Somigliana
- Richard Southwood
- George Sperti
- Roger Sperry
- Johan Stein SJ perdurante munere
- Alfons Maria Stickler SDB perdurante munere
- Robert Stoneley
- Bengt Strömgren
- Andrzej Szczeklik
- Albert from Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt
- János Szentágothai
- Domenico Tardini ad honorem
- Hugh Stott Taylor
- Walter Thirring
- Arne Tiselius
- Eugène Tisserant ad honorem
- Leonida Tonelli
- Antonio Renato Toniolo
- Charles Hard Townes
- Patrick Treanor SJ perdurante munere
- Armin Tschermak-Seysenegg
- Alfred René Ubbelohde
- Hamao Umezawa
- Alfred origin
- Giancarlo Vallauri
- Charles-Jean de La Vallée Poussin
- Vittorio Valletta ad honorem
- Felix Andries Vening-Meinesz
- Francesco Vercelli
- Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
- Vito Volterra
- Victor Weisskopf
- Hermann Weyl
- Robert Joseph White
- Edmund Taylor Whittaker
- Karel František Wiesner
- Yukawa Hideki
- Pieter Zeeman
- Ahmed Zewail
Members with Nobel Prize
During the various decades of its activity, the Academy has had a number of Nobel Prize winners among its members. Many of them were promoted to academics before receiving this prestigious international award.
- Pieter Zeeman (physics, 1902)
- Ernest Rutherford (chemistry, 1908)
- Guglielmo Marconi (Physics, 1909)
- Alexis Carrel (Physiology or Medicine, 1912)
- Max von Laue (physics, 1914)
- Max Planck (physics, 1918)
- Niels Bohr (physics, 1922)
- Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (physics, 1930)
- Werner Heisenberg (physics, 1932)
- Paul Dirac (physics, 1933)
- Erwin Schrödinger (Physics, 1933)
- Thomas Hunt Morgan (Physiology or Medicine, 1933)
- James Chadwick (Physics, 1935)
- Peter Debye (chemistry, 1936)
- Victor Franz Hess (physics, 1936)
- Corneille Heymans (Physiology or Medicine, 1938)
- Leopold Ružička (chemistry, 1939)
- Edward Adelbert Doisy (Physiology or Medicine, 1943)
- George de Hevesy (chemistry, 1943)
- Otto Hahn (chemistry, 1944)
- Sir Alexander Fleming (Physiology or Medicine, 1945)
- Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (chemistry, 1945)
- Edward Victor Appleton (physics, 1947)
- Bernardo Alberto Houssay (Physiology or Medicine, 1947)
- Arne Tiselius (chemistry, 1948)
- Walter Rudolf Hess (Physiology or Medicine, 1949)
- Yukawa Hideki (Physics, 1949)
- Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (chemistry, 1956)
- Chen Ning Yang (physics, 1957)
- Tsung-Dao Lee (Physics, 1957)
- Joshua Lederberg (Physiology or Medicine, 1958)
- Severo Ochoa (Physiology or Medicine, 1959)
- Rudolf Mößbauer (Physics, 1961)
- Max F. Perutz (chemistry, 1962)
- John Carew Eccles (Physiology or Medicine, 1963)
- Feodor Lynen (Physiology or Medicine, 1964)
- Charles Hard Townes (physics, 1964)
- Manfred Eigen (chemistry, 1967)
- George Porter (chemistry, 1967)
- Har Gobind Khorana (Physiology or Medicine, 1968)
- Marshall W. Nirenberg (Physiology or Medicine, 1968)
- Luis Federico Leloir (chemistry, 1970)
- Gerhard Herzberg (chemistry, 1971)
- Christian Boehmer Anfinsen (chemistry, 1972)
- Christian de Duve (Physiology or Medicine, 1974)
- George Emil Palade (Physiology or Medicine, 1974)
- Martin Ryle (physics, 1974)
- David Baltimore (Physiology or Medicine, 1975)
- Vladimir Prelog (chemistry, 1975)
- Aage Bohr (physics, 1975)
- Werner Arber (Physiology or Medicine, 1978)
- Abdus Salam (physics, 1979)
- Paul Berg (chemistry, 1980)
- Fukui Ken'ichi (chemistry, 1981)
- Kai Siegbahn (physics, 1981)
- Roger Sperry (Physiology or Medicine, 1981)
- Sune Bergström (Physiology or Medicine, 1982)
- Carlo Rubbia (Physics, 1984)
- Klaus von Klitzing (Physics, 1985)
- Rita Levi-Montalcini (Physiology or Medicine, 1986)
- John C. Polanyi (chemistry, 1986)
- Yuan T. Lee (chemistry, 1986)
- Jean-Marie Lehn (chemistry, 1987)
- Joseph E. Murray (Physiology or Medicine, 1990)
- Gary S. Becker (Economics, 1992)
- Paul J. Crutzen (chemistry, 1995)
- Mario J. Molina (chemistry, 1995)
- Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (Physics, 1997)
- William Daniel Phillips (Physics, 1997)
- Ahmed H. Zewail (chemistry, 1999)
- Günter Blobel (Physiology or Medicine, 1999)
- Ryoji Noyori (chemistry, 2001)
- Aaron Ciechanover (chemistry, 2004)
- Theodor Hänsch (Physics, 2005)
- Gerhard Ertl (chemistry, 2007)
- Shin'ya Yamanaka (Physiology or Medicine, 2012)
- Robert Eric Betzig (chemistry, 2015)
- Stefan Hell (chemistry, 2014)
- Frances H. Arnold (chemistry, 2018)
Other outstanding academics were Father Agostino Gemelli, OFM , founder of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Georges Lemaître , one of the fathers of contemporary cosmology, and the Brazilian neuroscientist Carlos Chagas Filho .
Web links
- The Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Official Website (English)
- Page of the Holy See on the Academy
- Entry on gcatholic.org , (English)
Individual evidence
- ^ Council of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , list of presidents and chancellors on the Academy's official website, accessed May 9, 2013
Coordinates: 41 ° 54 ′ 15 ″ N , 12 ° 27 ′ 9 ″ E