Historically African American colleges and universities
As a historically African-American colleges and universities (fixed English expression. : Historically black colleges and universities , common abbreviation HBCU ) are in the United States -based educational institutions in the tertiary education called that were founded before 1964 and originally the training of African Americans served .
overview
The Higher Education Act of 1965 , a law governing higher education in the United States, defines an HBCU as "... any historically black college or university founded prior to 1964 whose central mission was and is to educate black Americans ..."
There are around 105 colleges and universities that belong to the group of HBCUs, including both private and public institutions, two- and four-year colleges, medical faculties and community colleges. In 1837, the first Institute for Colored Youth was founded in Philadelphia by a donation from Quaker Richard Humphreys , the first of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities in America - today Cheyney University of Pennsylvania .
Most of the HBCUs were established after the Civil War , with notable exceptions being Lincoln University , Pennsylvania, founded in 1854, and Wilberforce University, founded in 1856. Some of the HBCUs, after having been in operation for decades, closed during the 1930s and 1940s . The reasons for the closings were the great depression and financial difficulties. Examples are Western University in Kansas and Walden University in Nashville , Tennessee .
Other educational institutions also have high proportions of African American students, but were only accepted after the Brown v. Board of Education before the US Supreme Court and the Higher Education Act of 1965, which banned racial segregation in public educational institutions, opened or admitted African American students. They are not referred to as HBCU, but as "predominantly black". Some of the HBCUs now have a majority of non-African American students, including West Virginia State University , whose student body has been about 90 percent white since the mid-1960s.
The United Negro College Fund , founded in 1944, sponsors scholarships at 37 different HBCUs.
List of HBCUs
University | Seat | founding | Art | Denomination | comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concordia College | Selma, Alabama | 1922 | Private | Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod | Until 1981 as Alabama Lutheran Academy and Junior College |
Miles College | Fairfield, Alabama | 1905 | Private | Christian Methodist Episcopal Church | Until 1941 as Miles Memorial College |
Oakwood University | Huntsville, Alabama | 1896 | Private | Seventh-day Adventists | Founded as Oakwood Industrial School |
Selma University | Selma, Alabama | 1878 | Private | Alabama State Missionary Baptist Convention | Founded as the Alabama Baptist Normal and Theological School |
Stillman College | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 1876 | Private | ||
Talladega College | Talladega County, Alabama | 1867 | Private | United Church of Christ | Until 1869 as Swayne School |
Tuskegee University | Tuskegee, Alabama | 1881 | Private | ||
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University | Normal (Alabama) | 1875 | public | Founded as the Colored Normal School at Huntsville | |
Alabama State University | Montgomery, Alabama | 1867 | public | Founded as the Lincoln Normal School of Marion | |
Bishop State Community College | Mobile, Alabama | 1927 | public | Originally an offshoot of Alabama State College | |
Gadsden State Community College | Gadsden, Alabama | 1925 | public | Founded as the Alabama School of Trades | |
JF Drake State Technical College | Huntsville, Alabama | 1961 | public | Founded as the Huntsville State Vocational Technical School | |
Lawson State Community College | Bessemer, Alabama | public | |||
Shelton State Community College | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 1952 | public | Founded as JP Shelton Trade School | |
Trenholm State Technical College | Montgomery, Alabama | 1947 | public | Founded as the John M. Patterson Technical School | |
Arkansas Baptist College | Little Rock, Arkansas | 1884 | Private | Baptists | Established as a Minister's Institute |
Philander Smith College | Little Rock, Arkansas | 1877 | Private | United Methodist Church | Founded as Walden Seminary |
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff | Pine Bluff, Arkansas | 1873 | public | Established as Branch Normal College | |
Delaware State University | Dover (Delaware) | 1891 | public | Founded as The State College for Colored Students | |
Howard University | Washington, DC | 1867 | Private | ||
University of the District of Columbia | Washington, DC | 1851 | public | Founded as Miner Normal School | |
Bethune-Cookman University | Daytona Beach ( Florida ) | 1904 | Private | United Methodist Church | Founded as the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls |
Edward Waters College | Jacksonville (Florida) | 1866 | Private | African Methodist Episcopal Church | Founded as the Brown Theological Institute |
Florida Memorial University | Miami Gardens (Florida) | 1879 | Private | American Baptist Home Mission Society | Founded as the Florida Baptist Institute in Live Oak |
Florida A&M | Tallahassee (Florida) | 1887 | public | Founded as the State Normal College for Colored Students | |
Clark Atlanta University | Atlanta ( Georgia ) | 1865 | Private | Methodist Episcopal Church | |
Interdenominational Theological Center | Atlanta (Georgia) | 1958 | Private | Ecumenical movement | |
Morehouse College | Georgia, Atlanta | 1867 | Private | Baptists | Founded as the Augusta Institute |
Morehouse School of Medicine | Atlanta (Georgia) | 1975 | Private | Originally built as part of Morehouse College | |
Morris Brown College | Vine City (Georgia) | 1881 | Private | African Methodist Episcopal Church | |
Paine College | Augusta (Georgia) | 1882 | Private | United Methodist Church and Christian Methodist Episcopal Church | Founded as the Paine Institute |
Spelman College | Atlanta (Georgia) | 1881 | Private | Founded as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary | |
Albany State University | Albany (Georgia) | 1903 | public | Founded as the Albany Bible and Manual Training Institute | |
Fort Valley State University | Fort Valley (Georgia) | 1895 | public | Founded as Fort Valley High and Industrial School | |
Savannah State University | Savannah (Georgia) | 1890 | public | Founded as Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth | |
Kentucky State University | Frankfort (Kentucky) | 1886 | public | Founded as the State Normal School for Colored Persons | |
Dillard University | New Orleans ( Louisiana ) | 1869 | Private | United Church of Christ and United Methodist Church | Originated from Straight University and Union Normal School |
Xavier University of Louisiana | New Orleans, Louisiana | 1915 | Private | Roman Catholic Church | Originated from St. Katharine Drexel and the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament |
Grambling State University | Grambling (Louisiana) | 1901 | public | Founded as Colored Industrial and Agricultural School | |
Southern University and A&M College | Baton Rouge (Louisiana) | 1881 | public | Founded on the initiative of PBS Pinchback , TT Allain and Henry Demas | |
Southern University at New Orleans | New Orleans, Louisiana | 1959 | public | Founded as a branch of Southern University in Baton Rouge | |
Southern University at Shreveport | Shreveport, Louisiana | 1967 | public | Part of the Southern University System | |
Bowie State University | Prince George's County ( Maryland ) | 1865 | public | Founded as the Baltimore Normal School | |
Coppin State University | Baltimore, Maryland | 1900 | public | Founded as a Colored High School | |
Morgan State University | Baltimore, Maryland | 1867 | public | Originally: Methodist Episcopal | Founded as the Centenary Biblical Institute |
University of Maryland Eastern Shore | Princess Anne (Maryland) | 1886 | public | Originally: Methodist Episcopal | Founded as the Delaware Conference Academy |
Lewis College of Business | Detroit ( Michigan ) | 1928 | Private | Founded as a Lewis Business College | |
Rust College | Holly Springs, Mississippi | 1866 | Private | United Methodist Church | Until 1882 as Shaw University |
Tougaloo College | Madison County, Mississippi | 1869 | Private | American Missionary Association | Founded as Tougaloo University |
Alcorn State University | Lorman (Mississippi) | 1871 | public | Founded as Alcorn University in honor of James L. Alcorn | |
Coahoma Community College | Coahoma County, Mississippi | 1924 | public | Founded as a Coahoma County Agricultural High School | |
Hinds Community College at Utica | Utica (Mississippi) | 1903 | public | Founded as Utica Junior College | |
Jackson State University | Jackson (Mississippi) | 1877 | public | American Baptist Home Mission Society | Founded as Natchez Seminary |
Mississippi Valley State University | Itta Bena (Mississippi) | 1950 | public | Founded as the Mississippi Vocational College | |
Harris-Stowe State University | St. Louis, Missouri | 1857 | public | Founded as the St. Louis Normal School | |
Lincoln University of Missouri | Jefferson City | 1866 | public | Founded as the Lincoln Institute | |
Bennett College | Greensboro, North Carolina | 1873 | Private | United Methodist Church | |
Johnson C. Smith University | Charlotte, North Carolina | 1867 | Private | Presbyterian Church (USA) | Founded as the Biddle Memorial Institute |
Livingstone College | Salisbury, North Carolina | 1879 | Private | African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church | Founded as the Zion Wesley Institute |
St. Augustine's College | Raleigh, North Carolina | 1867 | Private | Episcopal Church of the United States of America | |
Shaw University | Raleigh, North Carolina | 1865 | Private | National Baptist Convention | |
Elizabeth City State University | Elizabeth City | 1891 | public | ||
Fayetteville State University | Fayetteville, North Carolina | 1867 | public | Founded as the Howard School | |
North Carolina A&T State University | Greensboro, North Carolina | 1891 | public | ||
North Carolina Central University | Durham, North Carolina | 1910 | public | Founded as the National Religious Training School and Chautauqua | |
Winston-Salem State University | Winston-Salem, North Carolina | 1892 | public | Founded as Slater Industrial and State Normal School | |
Wilberforce University | Wilberforce (Ohio) | 1856 | Private | African Methodist Episcopal Church | Named after William Wilberforce |
Central State University | Wilberforce (Ohio) | 1887 | public | African Methodist Episcopal Church | Originally a faculty at Wilberforce University |
Langston University | Langston, Oklahoma | 1897 | public | Founded as Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University | |
Cheyney University of Pennsylvania | Cheyney ( Pennsylvania ) | 1837 | public | Founded as the Institute for Colored Youth | |
Lincoln University | Chester County, Pennsylvania | 1854 | public | Founded as the Ashmun Institute | |
Allen University | Columbia, South Carolina | 1870 | Private | African Methodist Episcopal Church | Founded as the Payne Institute |
Benedict College | Columbia, South Carolina | 1870 | Private | American Baptist Churches USA | Founded as the Benedict Institute |
Claflin University | Orangeburg, South Carolina | 1869 | Private | United Methodist Church | |
Clinton Junior College | Rock Hill, South Carolina | 1894 | Private | African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church | Founded as the Clinton Institute |
Denmark Technical College | Denmark (South Carolina) | 1947 | Private | Founded as the Denmark Area Trade School | |
Morris College | Sumter ( South Carolina ) | 1908 | Private | Baptist Educational and Missionary Convention | |
Voorhees College | Denmark (South Carolina) | 1897 | Private | Episcopal Church | Founded as Denmark Industrial School |
South Carolina State University | Orangeburg, South Carolina | 1896 | public | Founded as Colored, Normal, Industrial, Agricultural, and Mechanical College of South Carolina | |
Fisk University | Nashville ( Tennessee ) | 1866 | Private | Churches of Christ | Named after Clinton Bowen Fisk |
Knoxville College | Knoxville, Tennessee | 1875 | Private | United Presbyterian Church of North America | |
Lane College | Jackson (Tennessee) | 1882 | Private | Christian Methodist Episcopal Church | Founded as Colored Methodist Episcopal High School |
LeMoyne-Owen College | Memphis (Tennessee) | 1862 | Private | United Church of Christ | Founded as LeMoyne Normal and Commercial School |
Meharry Medical College | Nashville (Tennessee) | 1876 | Private | United Methodist Church | Founded as the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College |
Tennessee State University | Nashville (Tennessee) | 1912 | public | Founded as an Agricultural and Industrial State Normal School | |
Huston-Tillotson University | Austin (Texas) | 1881 | Private | United Methodist Church / United Church of Christ | Founded as the Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute |
Jarvis Christian College | Hawkins (Texas) | 1912 | Private | The Disciples | |
Paul Quinn College | Dallas (Texas) | 1872 | Private | African Methodist Episcopal Church | Named after William Paul Quinn |
SSt. Philip's College | San Antonio (Texas) | 1898 | Private | Episcopal Church | Founded as St. Philip's Sewing Class for Girls |
Southwestern Christian College | Terrell (Texas) | 1948 | Private | Churches of Christ | Founded as the Southern Bible Institute |
Texas College | Tyler (Texas) | 1894 | Private | Christian Methodist Episcopal Church | |
Wiley College | Marshall (Texas) | 1873 | Private | Methodist Episcopal Church | Named after Isaac William Wiley |
Prairie View A&M University | Prairie View (Texas) | 1876 | public | Founded as Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College for Colored Youth | |
Texas Southern University | Houston (Texas) | 1947 | public | Founded as the Texas State University for Negroes | |
University of the Virgin Islands | United States Virgin Islands | 1962 | public | Founded as the College of the Virgin Islands | |
Hampton University | Hampton (Virginia) | 1868 | Private | Founded as the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute | |
Saint Paul's College | Lawrenceville, Virginia | 1888 | Private | Episcopal Church of the United States of America | Founded as Saint Paul Normal and Industrial School |
Virginia Union University | Richmond, Virginia | 1865 | Private | American Baptist Churches USA | Founded as Wayland Seminary |
Virginia University of Lynchburg | Lynchburg, Virginia | 1886 | Private | Baptists | Founded as Lynchburg Baptist Seminary |
Norfolk State University | Norfolk (Virginia) | 1935 | public | Founded as the Norfolk Unit of Virginia Union University | |
Virginia State University | Petersburg (Virginia) | 1882 | public | Founded as the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg | |
Bluefield State College | Bluefield, West Virginia | 1895 | public | Founded as the Bluefield Colored Institute | |
West Virginia State University | Kanawha County, West Virginia | 1891 | public | Founded as the West Virginia Colored Institute |
Former HBCUS
University | Seat | founding | Art | Denomination | comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barber-Scotia College | Concord, North Carolina | 1867 | Private | Presbyterian churches | Closed in 1955 |
Bishop College | Dallas (Texas) | 1881 | Private | Baptist Home Mission Society | Closing in 1988 |
Mount Hermon Female Seminary | Clinton, Mississippi | 1875 | Private | American Missionary Association | Closing in 1924 |
Storer College | Harpers Ferry, West Virginia | 1865 | public | Closed in 1955 |
Individual evidence
- ^ White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities . April 11, 2008. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
- ↑ "... any historically black college or university that was established prior to 1964, whose principal mission was, and is, the education of black Americans, and that is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association determined by the Secretary [of Education] to be a reliable authority as to the quality of training offered or is, according to such an agency or association, making reasonable progress toward accreditation. " HBCUs: A National Resource . In: White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities . January 15, 2008. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ List of HBCUs . In: White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities . United States Department of Education. August 17, 2007. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ History of Cheyney University
- ↑ Trenholm State Technical College Website ( Memento of February 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Arkansas Baptist College website
- ↑ Lewis College of Business Website ( Memento of the original from June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Harris-Stowe State University website
- ↑ Lincoln University of Missouri website ( Memento of the original from January 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Central State University History ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Clinton Junior College History ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2012 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Denmark Technical College History Website ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ History of Fisk . Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
- ↑ Lane College History Website ( Memento of the original from June 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ LeMoyne-Owen College History Website ( memento of the original from June 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ St. Philip's College History ( Memento of the original from January 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Southwestern Christian College History ( December 4, 2004 memento in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Prairie View A&M University History ( Memento of the original from October 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Virginia Union University History ( Memento of the original from March 17, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Norfolk State University History ( March 9, 2009 memento in the Internet Archive )
literature
- Rodney T. Cohen: The Black Colleges of Atlanta , Arcadia Publishing, 2000, ISBN 0-7385-0554-4 .
- Stephen Provasnik, Linda L. Shafer: Historically Black Colleges and Universities, 1976 to 2001 , US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2004 ( PDF )
Web links
- Twilight and Reason: Higher Education and the African American Experience
- HBCU Network: The History of HBCUs
- White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities - Fehler link
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities in the United States of America (A – Z)
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities Ranking 2012