industrial engineering

Industrial engineering refers to a field of work that deals with the design, planning and optimization of service creation processes in the broadest sense using engineering methods. The implementation is always about work design . Accordingly, the associated courses have study content from both engineering and management .

term

The roots of industrial engineering go back to the Scientific Management of Frederick Winslow Taylor .

The term industrial engineering has been used in Germany since the mid-1960s through the translation of Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook. In the meantime, industrial engineering has established itself as an independent term in the German-speaking area, replacing its original German word “industrial engineering”. So far, however, there is no uniform definition in either German or English.

Based on an analysis of numerous national and international descriptions, Sascha Stowasser characterizes industrial engineering as follows:

• Industrial engineering aims at high productivity of the company's management, core and support processes.
• Industrial engineering defines and develops target states and standards of the processes.
• Industrial engineering ensures a high level of transparency so that deviations from the standard can be recognized and effective countermeasures can be taken.
• Industrial engineering uses suitable methods and instruments for this and makes use of work, engineering and business management knowledge and fundamentals.

While most engineering sciences focus on very specific areas of application, that of the industrial engineer is broad and can be found in almost every industry. For example, shortening the queues in an amusement park , the efficient use of an operating room , the design of a logistics system - supply chain management - but also simply rationalizing the production of cars are part of the scope of duties. Typical in industrial engineering is the use of computer simulations , especially event-driven process chains , for system analysis and system evaluation .

In the meantime, the scope of industrial engineering has grown significantly and, in addition to the classic work planning tasks, also includes other fields of work such as work plan creation, time management , remuneration structure , planning preparation , material planning, resource planning and method planning. In the course of further development, modern industrial engineering is responsible for the productivity development system consisting of man, material and machine. Industrial engineering designs the value stream from product planning through production planning / process planning to production optimization. These belong together and holistically drive productivity development while taking human aspects into account. In addition, industrial engineering ensures the necessary transparency and supplies data for strategic management planning, for example in the context of productivity management .

In all industrial engineering efforts, the primary objective is to improve productivity and thus ensure the competitiveness of the company.

Training and further education offers

Industrial engineering courses offered in Germany are mostly industrial engineering courses with an English title. The original topics of industrial engineering are sometimes completely missing in these courses. Courses of study that do not emerge from the tradition of industrial engineering, but are originally based on the area of ​​responsibility of industrial engineers, can be found at universities in Aachen, Berlin, Kleve, Kiel and Lübeck. An equivalent at other universities would therefore be more z. B. Mechanical engineering with a focus on production or production technology.

In Berlin, the master’s degree is taken part-time by distance learning , in Kleve at the Rhein-Waal University of Applied Sciences , the bachelor’s degree is held entirely in English, and Aachen takes into account the breadth of the field of application insofar as graduates of economics degree programs also enroll in the master’s degree there who have taken specific fields of study. The Master of Science degree in Production Engineering at the University of Bremen has a specialization in "Industrial Engineering", which is offered in cooperation with the REFA Association. In cooperation with the University of Louisville , the Hamburger Fern-Hochschule offers doctoral studies there.

Further training in the field of industrial engineering is essentially and traditionally dedicated to the REFA Association, which took account of the development, among other things, by renaming its traditional trade journal REFA-Nachrichten to Industrial Engineering with issue 1 (2008) - at the same time as a Modernization of the editorial concept. The European Journal of Industrial Engineering (EJIE) was first published with 1 (2007) . The MTM Association has also started to supplement its MTM-specific training courses with other industrial engineering topics, so that MTM users not only receive specific knowledge of the methods but also broader basic knowledge.

Typical course content

Typical subjects for the industrial engineer are considered to be:

• Ergonomics particularly ergonomics
• Applied Statistics
• Workplace design
• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
• Factory planning
• logistics
• Materials management
• Operations Research
• Human resource management
• Production management
• Production planning and control (PPS and MES )
• Production systems
• Rationalization methods
• simulation
• Stochastic models
• Supply chain management
• Time and movement studies
• Controlling
• Cost and performance accounting
• Investment and finance
• Strategic planning, control and coordination
• Technical mechanics
• thermodynamics
• Fluid dynamics
• ABWL
• Typically not included are software engineering, data management, business process management, IT management, service engineering and other IT-related content.

Historical development

The following essential development steps and publications are seen in the chronology:

• 1440: Ships are built and repaired in line production in Venice .
• 1474: First patent specification and other industrial laws in Venice.
• 1568: Jacques Besson publishes an illustrated work on the possibilities of replacing wooden machines and equipment with iron ones.
• 1622: William Oughtred invents the slide rule .
• 1722: Rene de Réaumur presents the first manual on steel processing.
• 1733: John Kay patents the flying shuttle - an elementary prerequisite for the transition to textile mass production .
• 1747: Jean-Rodolphe Perronet establishes the first engineering school .
• 1765: James Watt adds a separate condenser to the steam engine, thereby significantly increasing its performance.
• 1770:
  

  Model of a Jenny in the historic center of Wuppertal
  James Hargreaves patents the “ Spinning Jenny ” and Jesse Ramsden designs a screwdriver .
• 1774: John Wilkinson builds the first horizontal drilling machine .
• 1775: Richard Arkwright patents an automatic card and organizes industrial textile production.
• 1776: James Watt introduces the first effective steam engine.
• 1776: Adam Smith discusses the division of labor in "The Wealth of Nations"
• 1785: Edmond Cartwright patents the " Power Loom "
• 1793: Eli Whitney develops the egrenier for ginning cotton.
• 1797: Robert Owen introduces modern work and human resource management methods with great success in a spinning mill in New Lanark .
• 1798: Eli Whitney develops muskets with interchangeable parts.
• 1801: Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic pattern loom ( jacquard loom ) that is controlled by punch cards .
• 1802: The " Health and Morals Apprentices Act " aims to improve work situations and Isambard Brunel , Samuel Benton and Henry Maudsey develop a series of 43 machines to start the mass production of blocks for ships.
• 1818: The Institution of Civil Engineers is founded in Britain.
• 1824: With the repeal of the Combination Act , trade unions are legalized in Britain - with severe restrictions (Germany: freedom of association for the first time in 1871) .
• 1829: Charles Babbage designs his calculating machines, forerunners of today's computers.
• 1831: Charles Babbage publishes "On the Economy of Machinery And Manufactures" (1839).
• 1832: The Sadler Report illuminates the exploitation of the workers and the brutality in the factories.
• 1833: Factory laws are passed in Great Britain and in particular child labor is regulated and the General Trades Union is founded in New York .
• 1835: Andrew Ure publishes The Philosophy of Manufactures and Samuel Morse introduces his telegraph .
• 1845: Friedrich Engels publishes The Situation of the Working Class in England .
• 1847: The British " Factory Act " limits daily working hours for women and children to 10 hours and George Stephenson founded the " Institution of Mechanical Engineers ".

Bessemer system

• 1856: Henry Bessemer initiated the mass production of steel with the Bessemer pear .
• 1869: The Transcontinental Railroad is completed.
• 1871: Full Legality of Unions Act by British Parliament.
• 1876: The telephone suitable for everyday use is introduced by Alexander Graham Bell .
• 1877: The phonograph of Thomas Edison is presented.
• 1878: Frederick Winslow Taylor joins the Midvale Steel Company .
• 1880: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is founded.
• 1881: Taylor begins his time studies .
• 1885: Frank Bunker Gilbreth begins studying movement .
• 1886: Henry R. Towne publishes The Engineer as Economist , the American Federation of Labor (AFL) is founded, Vilfredo Pareto publishes Course in Political Economy and Charles Martin Hall and Paul Héroult independently discover a cost-effective method of aluminum production .
• 1888: With the development of the synchronous motor, Nikola Tesla initiates the displacement of the steam drive by electric drives and Herman Hollerith introduces the tabulating machine , the first successful data processing machine .
• 1890: The Sherman Antitrust Act (the first American competition law ) is passed.
• 1892: Gilbreth completes his movement studies on masons
• 1893: Taylor begins his career as a management consultant .
• 1895: Taylor presented the ASME A Piece-Rate System .
• 1898: Taylor begins his mission at Bethlehem Steel and developed together with Maunsel White to speed steel .

Slide rule for filming

• 1899: Carl Georg Barth develops a slide rule to determine cutting speeds during turning work.
• 1901: National American standards emerge and Yawata Steel starts in Japan.
• 1903: Taylor presents ASME Shop Management , Henry Laurence Gantt introduces the Gantt chart , Hugo Diemer writes Factory organization and administration and the Ford Motor Company is founded.
• 1904: Harrington Emerson implements improvements on the Santa Fe Railroad and Thorstein Veblen publishes The Theory of Business Enterprise .
• 1906: Taylor presents his theory of cutting metals. and Pareto publishes Manual of Political Economy
• 1907: Gilbreth uses time studies in construction.
• 1908: The Ford Model T is launched and Industrial Engineering is introduced as a subject at Pennsylvania State University .
• 1909: Agner Krarup Erlang publishes the first queuing theory .
• 1911: Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management , the Gilbreths Motion Study and the first factory laws come into force in Japan.
• 1912: Harrington Emerson writes The Twelve Principles of Efficiency , Frank and Lillian Gilbreth present the concept of Therbligs, and Yokokawa translates Scientific Management and Shop Management into Japanese.
• 1913: In the Highland Park Ford Plant , the assembly line goes into operation, a requirement of which is uniformity and interchangeability of parts , and Hugo Münsterberg publishes Psychology of Industrial Efficiency .
• 1914: First World War . Clarence B. Thompson edited Taylor's Scientific Management as a series of articles for American Magazine and achieved great popularity with it.
• 1915: Taylor's Scientific Management is used in the Japanese Niigata Engineering's Kamata plans and Robert Franklin Hoxie 's Scientific Management and Labor out.
• 1916: Lillian Gilbreth publishes The Psychology of Management , the Taylor Society is founded in the USA and Charles Bedaux founds his consulting company.
• 1917: The Gilbreths publish the Applied Motion Study and the Society of Industrial Engineers is formed.
• 1918: Mary Parker Follett publishes The new state: group organization the solution of popular government .
• 1919: Gantt publishes Organization for Work .

Poster from 1939

• 1920: Merrick Hataway presents the work Time Study as a Basis for Rate Settings , General Electric introduces the Divisional Organization and Karel Čapek publishes "Rossum's Universal Robots" ( RUR ) and thus coined the term robot.
• 1921: The Gilbreths introduce symbols for process analysis at ASME.
• 1922: Toyoda Sakichi develops his automatic loom and Henry Ford publishes My life and Work .
• 1924: The Gilbreths announce the results of movement studies with Therbligs , Elton Mayo carries out the lighting experiments at the Western Electric Company and in Germany the REFA - Association for Work Design, Business Organization and Corporate Development is founded as the "Reich Committee for Working Time Determination".
• 1926: Ford publishes Today and Tomorrow .
• 1927: Mayo and co-workers begin part two of Hawthorne's studies in relay assembly.
• 1929: Great Depression , the first international scientific management conference takes place in France.
• 1930: Hathaway: Machining and Standard Times , Allan H. Mogensen discusses 11 principles of work simplification in Work Simplification and Ford publishes Moving Forward .
• 1931: Walter A. Shewhart publishes Economic control of quality of manufactured product .
• 1932: Aldous Huxley publishes Brave New World , a dystopia that prophesies a dire industrial future.
• 1934: General Electric conducts motion studies.
• 1936: General Motors ' DS Harder coined the term ' Automation ' to denote the use of transfer devices to link systems to form transfer lines and Charlie Chaplin produces Modern Times , which shows an assembly line worker going insane through routine and incessant work pressure.
• 1937: Ralph M. Barnes publishes Motion and time study .
• 1941: Robert Lee Morrow publishes Ratio Delay Study in Mechanical Engineering and Fritz Roethlisberger publishes Management and Morale .
• 1943: The ASME Labor Standards Committee publishes a glossary of industrial engineering terms.
• 1944: Kurt Lewin becomes head of the Research Center of Group Dynamics at MIT .
• 1945: Marvin E. Mundel develops the memo-motion study , a form of work study with the help of time-lapse recordings , Josef Quick develops the WORK-FACTOR system and Shigeo Shingō presents a concept of production to the Japan Management Association as a network of work processes and Functions and identifies many waiting times, especially between work processes.
• 1946: The first electronic universal computer, ENIAC , is presented at the University of Pennsylvania and the first fully automated assembly line is put into operation at Ford.
• 1947:
  

  ENIAC on a picture of the US Army (in the foreground Betty Snyder , in the background Glen Beck )
  Norbert Wiener writes cybernetics .
• 1948: Harold Bright Maynard and others introduce Methods-Time Measurement (MTM), Lawrence D. Miles establishes value analysis at General Electric, Shigeo Shingo introduces the flow-oriented workshop layout, and the American Institute of Industrial Engineering is formed.
• 1950: Marvin E. Mundel's book Motion and time study appears internationally.
• 1951: Statistical methods of quality control come from the USA and are used in Japan.
• 1952: Multi-moment study presented to ASME.
• 1953: BF Skinner : Science and human behavior .
• 1956: A new definition of IE is presented at a convention of the American Institute of Industrial Engineering.
• 1957: Chris Argyris : "Personality and organization" Herbert A. Simon : "Organizations" Robert Lee Morrow: "Motion and Time Study" Shigeo Shingō introduces STM ("scientific thinking mechanism") for improvements and the European Economic Community is founded.
• 1960: Douglas McGregor : "The Human Side of Enterprise"
• 1961: Rensis Likert : "New Patterns of Management" Shigeo Shingō invents ZQC ( supplier evaluation and Poka Yoke ) and Texas Instruments patents the integrated circuits .
• 1963: Harold Bright Maynard: "Industrial Engineering Handbook" and Gerald Nadler : "Work Design"
• 1964: Abraham Maslow : "Motivation and Personality"
• 1965: Transistors are introduced into integrated circuits.
• 1966: Frederick Herzberg : "Work and the Nature of Man"
• 1968: Roethlisberger: "Man in Organization" and US Department of Defense : "Principles and Applications of Value Engineering "
• 1969: Shigeo Shingō develops “ Single Minute Exchange of Dies ” (SMED) and introduces “preautomation” and Wickham Skinner : “Manufacturing: missing link in corporate strategy” in Harvard Business Review 3 (1969) .
• 1971: Taiichi Ōno completes the Toyota production system and Intel Corporation introduces the first microprocessor .
• 1973: First annual "Systems Engineering Conference" of the AIIE ; Winfried Hacker publishes general industrial and engineering psychology and thus spreads the theory of action regulation .
• 1975: Shigeo Shingō promotes the NSP-SS (nonstock production) system and Joseph Orlicky introduces "MRP: Material Requirements Planning ".
• 1976: Apple markets the first personal computer.
• 1979: Start of the " International Motor Vehicle Program " (IMVP) .
• 1980: Matsushita Electric uses the Mikuni method in the production of their washing machines, Shigeo Shingō: "A study of the Toyota production system from an industrial engineering viewpoint", Goldratt comes onto the market with OPT and Hackman / Oldham : "Work redesign" with the JDS .
• 1981: Oliver Wight : " Manufacturing Resources Planning : MRP II" and first supply chain management project at Landis & Gyr .
• 1982: Gavriel Salvendy : "Handbook of Industrial Engineering"
• 1984: Shigeo Shingō: "A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System", Goldratt: "The Goal"
• 1990: Womack , Jones and Roos from the IMVP publish “The Machine that Changed the World”, making the term “ Lean Production ” popular.
• 1993: Hammer and Champy publish "Reengineering the corporation" and thus spread the concept of " Business Process Reengineering ".
• 1998: Charles H. Fine : " Clockspeed ".
• 2010: ifaa - Institute for Applied Ergonomics , together with managers of industrial engineering from various German companies under the direction of Sascha Stowasser, publishes a collection of theses for modern industrial engineering at the beginning of the 21st century .
• 2014: Martin Dorner describes productivity management in industrial engineering in indirect areas .

See also

• advanced industrial engineering
• Ergonomics
• ESTIEM - European Students of Industrial Engineering & Management
• Methods-Time Measurement
• Operations Research
• REFA
• Scientific management
• System Dynamics
• Systems engineering
• industrial engineering

literature

• Sven Hinrichsen: Labor rationalization using methods of industrial engineering in service companies. Shaker, Aachen 2007 (Diss. IAW RWTH Aachen). ISBN 978-3-8322-6636-3 .
• Adedeji B. Badiru: Handbook of industrial and systems engineering. CRC, Boca Raton, Fla. 2006, ISBN 0-8493-2719-9 .
• Benjamin S. Blanchard, Wolter J. Fabrycky: Systems Engineering and Analysis. 4th edition. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 2006, ISBN 0-13-196326-0 .
• Gavriel Salvendy: Handbook of industrial engineering: Technology and operations management. Wiley, New York 2001, ISBN 0-471-33057-4 .
• Wayne C. Turner: Introduction to industrial and systems engineering. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1993, ISBN 0-13-481789-3 .
• Sascha Stowasser: Productivity and Industrial Engineering. In: Applied ergonomics. Journal for business practice. 47 (204), 2010, pp. 7-20.
• Martin Dorner: The productivity management of industrial engineering with special consideration of the work productivity and the indirect areas. Dissertation. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 2014.
• Video: What is Industrial Engineering? Retrieved July 21, 2011.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ HB Maynard (Ed.): Industrial Engineering Handbook. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York 1956.
2. ^ Sascha Stowasser: Productivity and Industrial Engineering. In: Applied ergonomics - journal for corporate practice. 47 (204), 2010, p. 8.
3. ↑ Sascha Stowasser: Productivity management as a core task of modern work organization and industrial engineering. In: Journal of Ergonomics. 65 (1), p. 64.
4. ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: Industrial Engineering at the FH Aachen )
5. ↑ Industrial Engineering at the Beuth University of Applied Sciences in Berlin
6. ↑ hochschule-rhein-waal.de ( Memento from July 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
7. ↑ Industrial Engineering at the Universities of Kiel and Lübeck
8. ↑ Rolf Grap: Together with engineers and business administrators to become an industrial engineer. In: Industrial Engineering. 62, 2, 2009, pp. 10-12.
9. ↑ Michael Bosch, Uwe Ploch: Doctoral degree in Industrial Engineering: Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.). Doctoral program at the University of Louisville (USA) in cooperation with the HFH, Hamburger Fern-Hochschule. HFH, Hamburg 2008.
10. ↑ Title change: Since issue 1/2008 the REFA news has been called Industrial Engineering. ( Memento from May 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
11. ^ European Journal of Industrial Engineering (EJIE).
12. ↑ The list is based on: Adedeji B. Badiru, Olufemi A. Omitaomu: Handbook of industrial engineering equations, formulas, and calculations. CRC, Boca Raton, Fl. 2011, ISBN 978-1-4200-7627-1 , pp. 1–10 to 1–14. Freely translated into German and partially supplemented. Apparently, Badiru / Omitaomu have essentially copied the list with small additions, not quoted, from: Shigeo Shingō , Norman Bodek (ed.): Non-stock production: the Shingo system for continuous improvement. Productivity Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1988, ISBN 0-915299-30-5 , which explains its actual end around 1984. This is only followed by references to Badirus and Omitaomus' own works.
13. ↑ René Antoine de Réaumur, Cyril Stanley Smith, Anneliese Grünhaldt Sisco: Réaumur's memoirs on steel and iron: A translation from the original printed in 1722. Chicago 1956.
14. ↑ Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. W. Strahan and T. Cadell, London 1776. German: Adam Smith, Max Stirner (trans.), Heinrich Schmidt (ed.): Prosperity of the nations. Anaconda, Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-86647-410-9 .
15. ↑ In English the term stands for the mechanical loom.
16. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Italic statement is not covered by Badiru / Omitaomu.
17. ↑ There are two machines, the difference machine and the analytical engine . Neither of the two is given 1829 as the development date, but instead 1822 and 1837.
18. ^ Charles Babbage : On the Economy of Machinery And Manufactures. Charles Knight, London 1833. German: Charles Babbage: Ueber machines and factories. Stuhrsche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1833.
19. ^ Andrew Ure: The Philosophy of Manufactures, or an Exposition of the Scientific, Moral and Commercial Economy of the Factory System of Great Britain. Knight, London 1835. ( PDF ( February 14, 2012 memento from the Internet Archive ), accessed April 22, 2011)
20. ^ Friedrich Engels: The situation of the working class in England: according to our own view and authentic sources. Wigand, Leipzig 1845.
21. ^ Henry R. Towne, Lawrence Gantt, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Harold F. Smiddy (eds.): Some classic contributions to professional managing. Volume 1: Selected papers. General electric Company, Schenectady, NY 1956.
22. ^ Vilfredo Pareto: Manuale di economia politica. (= The Handelsblatt library “Classics of Political Economy” ). Publishing house economy and finance, Düsseldorf 1992, ISBN 3-87881-070-9 . (Faculty edition from 1901)
23. ^ Frederick Winslow Taylor: A Piece Rate System: Being a Step Toward Partial solution of the Labor Problem. In: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Ed.): Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Vol. XXIV, The Society, New York City 1895, pp. 856-903. (Reprinted in: Morgan Witzel: Human resource management. Thoemmes Press, Bristol 2000, ISBN 1-85506-629-7 )
24. ↑ Not to be confused with the sauce manufacturer
25. ↑ The American National Standards Institute , the equivalent of the German DIN (1917), was not founded until 1919.
26. ^ Frederick W. Taylor: Shop Management. In: Transactions, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Volume XXVIII, 1903, pp. 1337-1480. German: The management in particular of the workshops. Springer, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-72147-5 . (Reprint of the 3rd, increased edition Berlin 1914; 2nd, unchanged new print. 1919)
27. ^ Hugo Diemer: Factory organization and administration. McGraw-Hill, London 1910.
28. ↑ Thorstein Veblen: The theory of business enterprise. (= Kessinger Publishing's rare reprints ). Kessinger Publishing , Whitefish, MT 2006, ISBN 1-4254-9658-X . ( de.geocities.com ( Memento of July 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
29. ^ Frederick Winslow Taylor: On the Art of Cutting Metals. In: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Ed.): Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Vol. XXIV, The Society, New York City 1906/7, pp. 31-280, 281-350.
30. ↑ Vilfredo Pareto, Ann S. Schwier (trans.), Alfred N. Page (ed.): Manual of political economy. Macmillan, London 1972.
31. ↑ Agner Krarup Erlang : Sandsynlighedsberegning og telefonsamtaler. In: Nyt TidsskriJt for Matematik. B. 20, 1909, pp. 33-39
    English: The theory of probabilities and telephone. In: E. Brockmeyer, HL Halstrøm, A. Jensen: The life and works of AK Erlang. Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber, København 1948.
32. ↑ Frederick W. Taylor: The principles of scientific management. Cosimo, New York 2006, ISBN 1-59605-889-7 . (Reprint of London: Harper & Brothers, 1911). German: The principles of scientific management. Salzwasser, Paderborn 2011, ISBN 978-3-86195-713-3 .
33. ^ Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Robert Thurston Kent: Motion study: a method for increasing the efficiency of the workman. D. Van Nostrand, New York 1911.
34. ↑ Harrington Emerson: The twelve principles of efficiency. Routledge, London 1993. (Reprinted from 1913, Classics in management).
35. ^ Frank Bunker Gilbreth: Primer of scientific management. D. Van Nostrand, New York 1912.
36. ^ Hugo Münsterberg: Psychology of Industrial Efficiency. Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1913. Currently at Seattle: Public Domain Books, 2005 (Amazon Kindle).
37. ^ Robert Franklin Hoxie: Scientific management and labor. Appleton, New York 1915. In Germany one should be careful not to label this book with “John P. Frey: Scientific management and labor. Rosenthal, Cincinnati 1918. ”, since the latter was also published in German. Frey was the union representative on the Hoxie Commission and what he said is his own personal opinion. (Compare: Walter Hebeisen: FW Taylor und der Taylorismus: on the work and teachings of Taylor and the criticism of Taylorism. Vdf, Zurich 1999, ISBN 3-7281-2521-0 , p. 116.)
38. ↑ Lillian Moller Gilbreth: The Psychology of management: the function of the mind in determining, teaching and installing methods of least waste. Macmillan, New York 1919. German: Frank B. Gilbreth, Lillian M. Gilbreth, Irene M. Witte (transl.): Administrative psychology: the ergonomic fundamentals for the determination and introduction of procedures that enable the greatest efficiency with the least amount of effort; a manual for the adolescent technician, engineer and operations manager. Publishing house d. Association of German Engineers, Berlin 1922.
39. ↑ Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Lillian Moller Gilbreth: Applied motion study: a collection of papers on efficient method to industrial preparedness. Macmillan, New York 1919. German: Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Lillian Moller Gilbreth, Irene. M. Witte (translator): Applied movement studies: nine lectures from the practice of scientific management. Publishing house of the Association of German Engineers, Berlin 1920.
40. ^ Mary Parker Follett: The new state: group organization the solution of popular government. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park Penn 1998.
41. ^ Henry Laurence Gantt: Organizing for work. Harcourt, Brace and Howe, New York 1919. German: Henry Laurence Gantt, F. v. Meyenberg (transl.): Organization of work: thoughts of an American engineer on the economic consequences of the world war. Springer, Berlin 1922.
42. ↑ The source seems to have an error here. An article from this title is referred to as: Dwight V. Merrick, Carl G. Barth: Time Studies as a basis for rate setting. In: The Engineering Magazine. New York proven in 1920. Current edition: Mon. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-1-163-86407-4 .
43. ^ Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Lillian Moller Gilbreth: Process charts. ASME, New York 1921.
44. ↑ Toyoda Automatic Loom Works , which he founded , later became the Toyota Motor Corporation.
45. ↑ Henry Ford, Samuel Crowther (collaborator): My Life and work. Doubleday, Garden City, NY 1922. German: Henry Ford, Samuel Crowther (collaborators): My life and work: the autobiography. Deltus, Leipzig 2008.
46. ↑ The publication did not appear that way. Frank Bunker Gilbreth died of a heart attack in June of this year.
47. ↑ Henry Ford, Samuel Crowther (collabor.), Norman Bodek (ed.): Today and tomorrow. Productivity press, Portland, Or. 1988, ISBN 0-915299-36-4 . (Special ed. Of Ford's 1926 classic). German: Henry Ford, Samuel Crowther (collaborators): The big today, the bigger tomorrow. List, Leipzig 1926.
48. ↑ The work is not listed in the current (antiquarian) online catalogs. The publisher was probably the Hathaway Mills .
49. ↑ The work is often but vaguely cited in relevant literature and cannot be found in the catalogs. The full title is believed to be " HP Hood & Sons Work Simplification Program". In the Library of Congress it is called a work simplification program. [from old catalog] [New York?], 1951 (Work Simplification Conference) . More often to be found: "Common sense applied to motion and time study" from 1932.
50. ↑ Henry Ford, Samuel Crowther (collaborators): Moving Forward. Doubleday, Garden City, NY 1930. German: Henry Ford, Samuel Crowther (collaborators): And still forward! List, Leipzig 1930.
51. ↑ Walter A. Shewhart: Economic control of quality of manufactured product. Van Nostrand, New York 1931.
52. ^ Aldous Huxley: Brave New World. Chatto & Windus, London 1932. German: Aldous Huxley, Herberth E. Herlitschka (transl.): World - where ?: a novel of the future. Insel-Verlag, Leipzig 1932. Current: Aldous Huxley, Herberth E. Herlitschka (transl.): Brave new world: A novel of the future. Fischer, Frankfurt 2011.
53. ^ Ralph M. Barnes: Motion and time stud. Wiley, New York 1937.
54. ↑ Later processed in: Robert Lee Morrow: Time study and motion economy: with procedures for methods improvement. Ronald Press, New York 1946, pp. 175-193. Is considered the forerunner of the multi-moment study .
55. ^ Fritz Jules Roethlisberger: Management and Morale. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1941. German: Fritz J. Roethlisberger, Karl Hax (Hrsg.): Management and work ethic. (= The people in the company. Volume 4). West German Publishing house, Cologne 1954.
56. ↑ Italics is not in the list of Badiru / Omitaomu, but in the template by Shigeo Shingo - albeit with 1945 - listed.
57. ↑ Marvin Everett Mundel: Systematic motion and time study. Prentice-Hall, New York 1947. No established German translation is known for “memo-motion-study”. More on "Memo-Motion": Clifford J. Norbury: The Application of Memo-Motion to Industrial Operations. College of Aeronautics, Cranfield 1954.
58. ^ Norbert Wiener: Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine. Wiley, New York 1948. German: Norbert Wiener: Cybernetics: Regulation and transmission of messages in living beings and in machines. Econ, Düsseldorf 1992, ISBN 3-430-19652-3 .
59. ↑ Harold Bright Maynard, Gustave J. Stegemerten, John L. Schwab: Methods-time measurement. McGraw-Hill, New York 1948.
60. ↑ Lawrence Delos Miles: Techniques of Value: Analysis and Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York 1961. German: Lawrence Delos Miles: Value Engineering: Value analysis, the practical method for reducing costs. Modern industry, Munich 1964.
61. ^ Marvin Everett Mundel, David Danner: Motion and time study: improving productivity. 7th edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1994, ISBN 0-13-588369-5 . It was published as "Systematic motion and time study" with 232 pages as early as 1947 by Prentice-Hall. Up until 1994 it was constantly updated and reissued, and it is considered the methodical classic.
62. ↑ The German standard work is Ernst Haller-Wedel: The multi-moment method in theory and practice: a statistical method for the investigation of processes in industry, economy and administration. 2nd Edition. Hanser, Munich 1969, ISBN 3-446-10543-3 .
63. ^ Burrhus Frederic Skinner: Science and human behavior. Macmillan, New York 1953. German: Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Edwin Ortmann (transl.): Science and human behavior. Kindler, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-463-00562-X .
64. ↑ Chris Argyris: Personality and organization: the conflict between system and the individual. Harper, New York 1957.
65. ↑ James Gardner March, Herbert Alexander Simon, Harold Steere Guetzkow (Mitarb.): Organizations. Wiley, New York 1958.
66. ^ For 1957 only Robert Lee Morrow can be found: Motion economy and work measurement. Ronald, New York 1957 as the second edition of Time study and motion economy. 1946.
67. ^ Douglas McGregor: The human side of enterprise. MacGraw-Hill, New York 1960. German: Douglas McGregor, A. Wolter (translator), G. Nessler (escort): The human being in the company. MacGraw-Hill, Hamburg 1986, ISBN 3-89028-063-3 .
68. ^ Rensis Likert: New patterns of management. McGraw-Hill, New York 1961. German: Rensis Likert: New approaches of corporate management. Haupt, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-258-02065-5 .
69. ↑ Shigeo Shingō : Zero quality control: Source inspection and the Poka-yoke system. 5th edition. Productivity Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1992, ISBN 0-915299-07-0 . German: Shigeo Shingō, Jochen Peter Sondermann ( transl .): POKA-YOKE: Principle and technology for zero-defect production. gfmt, St. Gallen 1991, ISBN 3-906156-15-X .
70. ↑ Harold Bright Maynard (Ed.): Industrial engineering handbook. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York 1963, ISBN 0-07-041084-4 . The book was translated into German from 1956 by Kurt Krüger on behalf of the Kurt Hegner Institute f. Ergonomics d. Association f. Working studies - REFA - e. V., Darmstadt in 8 volumes plus an additional volume published by Beuth Verlag in Berlin.
71. ↑ Gerald Nadler: Work design. Irwin, Homewood, Ill. 1965. German: Gerald Nadler: Work design - future-conscious: creative design and systematic development of effective systems. Hanser, Munich 1969.
72. ↑ Abraham Harold Maslow: Motivation and personality. Harper & Row, New York 1954 (!). German: Abraham Harold Maslow, Paul Kruntorad (transl.): Motivation and personality. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1999, ISBN 3-499-17395-6 .
73. ^ Frederick Herzberg: Work and the nature of man. World Publishing, Cleveland 1966.
74. ^ Fritz Jules Roethlisberger: Man-in-organization: Essays from 1928 to 1968. Belknap Pr. Of Harvard Univ. Pr., Cambridge, Mass. 1968.
75. ↑ United States, Department of Defense (Ed.): Raining guide supplement MP to the management of value engineering programs in defense contracts and principles and applications of value engineering. Springfield, Va .: Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, 1964 (!)
76. ↑ Common in German: Autonomation or Jidōka
77. ↑ Winfried Hacker : General work and engineering psychology: psychological structure and regulation of work activities. VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1973.
78. ↑ Shigeo Shingō , Norman Bodek (Ed.): Non-stock production: the Shingo system for continuous improvement. Productivity Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1988, ISBN 0-915299-30-5 .
79. ↑ Joseph Orlicky: Material requirements planning: the new way of life in production and inventory management. McGraw-Hill, New York 1975, ISBN 0-07-047708-6 .
80. ↑ Badiru / Omitaomu write from IBM . Since this is definitely wrong, this has been changed.
81. ↑ Entry is not covered by Badiru / Omitaomu.
82. ↑ Shigeo Shingō , Andrew P. Dillon (transl.), Norman Bodek (ed.): A study of the Toyota production system from an industrial engineering viewpoint. Productivity Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1989, ISBN 0-915299-17-8 .
83. ^ J. Richard Hackman , Greg R. Oldham: Work redesign. Addison-Wesley, Reading (Mass.) 1980, ISBN 0-201-02779-8 .
84. ↑ Oliver W. Wight: MRP II: unlocking America's productivity potential. Oliver Wight Publications, Williston, VT 1981, ISBN 0-8436-0820-X .
85. ↑ Gavriel Salvendy (eds.): Handbook of industrial engineering. Wiley, New York 1982, ISBN 0-471-05841-6 .
86. ↑ Shingo, Shigeo , Andrew P. Dillon (transl.), Norman Bodek (ed.): A revolution in manufacturing: the SMED system. Productivity press, Portland 1985, ISBN 0-915299-03-8 .
87. ^ Eliyahu M. Goldratt , Jeff Cox: The Goal: Excellence in Manufacturing. North River Press, Great Barrington (MA) 1984.
    German: Eliyahu M. Goldratt: The goal: a novel about process optimization. 4th edition. Campus, Frankfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-593-38568-6 .
88. ↑ James P. Womack , Daniel Jones, Daniel Roos: The Machine that Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production. HarperCollins, New York 1990, ISBN 0-06-097417-6 .
    German: James Womack, Daniel Jones, Daniel Roos: The second revolution in the auto industry: Consequences from the global study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Campus, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-593-34548-X .
89. ↑ Information from here on is added to Badiru / Omitaomu.
90. ↑ Michael Hammer , James Champy: Reengineering the corporation: a manifesto for business revolution. Harper Business, New York (NY) 1993, ISBN 0-88730-640-3 .
    German: Michael Hammer, James Champy: Business Reengineering: the radical cure for the company. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-593-35017-3 .
91. ^ Charles H. Fine : Clockspeed: winning industry control in the age of temporary advantage. Basic Books, New York (NY) 1998, ISBN 0-7382-0153-7 .
    German: Charles Fine, Birgit Lamerz-Beckschäfer (transl.): Clockspeed: how companies can react quickly to market changes. Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-455-11264-1 .
92. ↑ Increase productivity - successful with industrial engineering. ifaa - Institute for Applied Ergonomics, 2010, accessed on March 27, 2019 . 
93. ↑ Martin Dorner: The productivity management of industrial engineering with special consideration of the work productivity and the indirect areas. KIT Library, Karlsruhe, 2015, accessed on March 27, 2019 .