Chalk roof

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Chalk roof
Community Wald-Michelbach
Coordinates: 49 ° 33 ′ 52 "  N , 8 ° 48 ′ 2"  E
Height : 317 m above sea level NHN
Area : 3.02 km²
Residents : 490  (2005)
Population density : 162 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1970
Postal code : 69483
Area code : 06207

Kreidach is a district of the municipality of Wald-Michelbach in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse . The townscape is significantly shaped by the viaduct of the former railway line that led from Mörlenbach to Elections.

Geographical location

and display information about the image
140 ° panorama image with a view of parts of Kreidach (left) and the L 3120 leading in the valley to Mörlenbach-Weiher. Camera position: former mountain race track between Kreidacher Höhe and Stallenkandel.

Kreidach is located in the middle of the Odenwald west of the core community Wald-Michelbach, divided into Oberdorf and Unterdorf , in the headwaters of the Mörlenbach , a left eastern tributary of the Weschnitz . The 423 meter high Kreidacher Höhe rises between Kreidach and Wald-Michelbach. As a pass, it is the only transition from the Vorderen Odenwald to the southern Überwald .

The closest localities are Wald-Michelbach in the east, Siedelsbrunn in the south, Mackenheim in the west and Stallenkandel in the north.

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Kreidach arose in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim, which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . From here the reclamation and settlement of the area was carried out. The heyday of the Lorsch monastery, in whose area Kreidach was located, was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1232 Lorsch was subordinated to the Archdiocese of Mainz . After long disputes could Palatinate and the Archdiocese of Mainz early 14th century about the legacy of the Lorsch Abbey few and the Palatine parts, including Kreidach were fixed by Amtsvogtei managed Lindenfels.

The place was first mentioned under the name Crutehe in 1287, when the Lords of Strahlberg owned half of the place. Over the centuries there has been an eventful history of basic and sovereign rights. In the 14th century, the Ertligheim family had the place from the Electoral Palatinate as a fief . Until 1509, the Erbach Schenken also had rights to the village, but these were given to the Electoral Palatinate in exchange with the village of Hetzbach bei Beerfelden .

After the Ertligheim family died out, the fief came to the Landschaden von Steinach and in the Thirty Years' War to the General von der Horst . 1684 to Count Kastell , who soon received it as a pledge, which was later joined by Count Hamilton , who in 1698 lent his rights to War Commissioner Lothar Friedrich von Hundheim , who received it again as a fief in 1700.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place.

The oldest building document of the Gärtner brewery is dated 1576.

After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. After the Reformation, the existing church in Wald-Michelbach was used by the Reformed , while the Catholics built their own church dedicated to St. Lawrence in 1739. In 1780 the Lutherans set up a church in their schoolhouse. The places of the Zent became branches of the parishes in Wald-Michelbach.

1613 were counted 13 Huben and 12 houses , of which 6½ had Hans Ulrich, Landschaden von Steinach with interest and Gülten from the Electoral Palatinate and who appointed the mayor of the place. The large and small tithes involved the Kurmainzische Hofkammer Names Lorsch Abbey.

The double arch of the Öhlschläger brewery dates back to 1632.

At the end of the Thirty Years War (1648), the place, like the neighboring Siedelsbrunn, was likely to have been almost deserted. After the devastating war, the Electoral Palatinate pursued a policy of resettlement in its area characterized by religious tolerance. But the wars that broke out in the troubled times that followed, such as the War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) destroyed many of the efforts and tens of thousands of Palatine emigrated and the like. a. to North America and Prussia.

From a religious point of view, too, the time after the Thirty Years' War was marked by great unrest. In 1685 the Reformed Palatinate-Simmern line died out and the Catholic cousins ​​of the Palatinate-Neuburg line took over the government in the Electoral Palatinate with Elector Philipp Wilhelm . This ordered the equality of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Palatinate. Even during the War of the Palatinate Succession, France tried to advance the Counter-Reformation in the conquered areas and founded a number of Catholic parishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Peace of Rijswijk , which strengthened the position of the then reigning Catholic Elector Johann Wilhelm . This led to the decree of the Simultaneum on October 26, 1698 . According to this, the Catholics were entitled to use all reformed institutions such as churches, schools and cemeteries, while the reverse was not allowed. Furthermore, the reformed church administration, which had been independent until then, was subordinated to the sovereign. Only at the instigation of Prussia in 1705 came the so-called Palatinate church division in which the simultanum was reversed and the churches in the country, including rectories and schools, were divided between the Reformed and the Catholics in a ratio of five to two. There were special regulations for the three capitals Heidelberg , Mannheim and Frankenthal as well as the regional authorities Alzey , Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Bacharach and Weinheim . In cities with two churches, one should go to Protestants and the other to Catholics; in the others, where there was only one church, the choir was separated from the nave by a wall, and the one to the Catholics and the other to the Protestants. The Lutherans were only allowed those churches that they owned in 1624 or had built afterwards.

Until 1737 the " Amtsvogtei Lindenfels" was subordinate to the Oberamt Heidelberg , after which it became an independent Oberamt . The jurisdiction and the sovereign administration over Kreidach lay with the Cent Waldmichelbach of the Oberamt Lindenfels of the "Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein" (in the "Kurfürstentum Pfalzbayern" from 1777).

In 1784 14 houses were counted and the district contained 453 acres of fields, 154 acres of meadows, 22 acres of gardens, 100 acres of pasture and 170 acres of forest. 118 acres of the forest belong to the community, the rest belong to the Hubengüter. In addition, there were 800 acres of forest that was shared by the Zent Wald-Michelbach. There was an electoral forester who was in charge of both these and all of the other forests in the Cent Wald-Michelbach and the Cent Hammelbach .

From the 19th century until today

Kreidach becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the " Left Bank of the Rhine " and thus the left bank of the Rhine were annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . The Oberamt Lindenfels and with it Kereidach also came to Hessen-Darmstadt. There the Oberamt was temporarily continued as the Hessian District Bailiwick.

Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion.

In 1812, the area of ​​the "Amt Lindenfels" was split up and Kreidach was assigned to the newly established " Amt Waldmichelbach ", which had already functioned as a center. The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” .

In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and administrative districts were introduced, with Kreidach becoming part of the Lindenfels district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Siedelsbrunn was also responsible for Kreidach. According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Kreidach now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district.

In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Kreidach became part of the newly created district of Lindenfels .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Kreidach: Reformatory branch village with 261 inhabitants and three mills. The district consists of 1208 acres , of which 637 acres of arable land, 234 acres of meadows and 317 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, for the branch village Kreidach consisting of Upper and Lower Kreidach with the mayor of Siedelsbrunn, 42 houses, 285 inhabitants, the district of Lindenfels, the district court of Wald-Michelbach, the Protestant Reformed parish of Wald- Michelbach of the deanery Lindenfels and the Catholic parish Wald-Michelbach of the deanery Heppenheim.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit.

After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of Kreidach into the Heppenheim district .

In the period before the First World War with the beginning of industrialization, the following events are reported for Kreidach:

  • 1890 the construction of the state road, which leads from the Neckar in Neckarsteinach via Abtsteinach and Siedelsbrunn to the Kreidacher Höhe .
  • The railway viaduct of the Überwaldbahn , which went into operation in 1901, was built between 1896 and 1900 .
  • The oldest club in the town was founded in 1905 with the “Liederkranz Men's Choir”.

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out and put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Kreidach also had many casualties to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In 1920 the place was connected to the electrical supply.

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

post war period

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 302  ha , 99 ha of which were forest.

In the run-up to the regional reform in Hesse , the community joined the community of Wald-Michelbach on December 31, 1970. A local district with a local advisory board and a local mayor was set up for Kreidach .

In 1971 the place received a kindergarten and in 1975 the multi-purpose house was inaugurated, which also housed the communal kindergarten and the fire department.

Courts in Hessen

The jurisdiction of the Oberamt Lindenfels was transferred to the new justice office in Fürth in 1813. With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . In 1853 a new district court was created, the seat of which was in Wald-Michelbach and to which Kreidach also belonged.

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Wald-Michelbach District Court and assigned to the district of the Darmstadt Regional Court .

On July 1, 1968, the district court district was added to the district court of Fürth and the district court of Wald-Michelbach was dissolved.

Historical descriptions

In the attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Pfalz am Rheine is found in 1786 above Kreidach:

'Is also a small village of 14 houses, and is four hours south of Lindenfels; has neighbors towards east Wald-Michelbach, towards south Siedelsbrunn; towards the west the following little village Vöckelsbach, and towards the north the Mengelmoss farm. [...] The Kirbisbach, which rises at Siegelsbrunn, runs through the village, takes in a different little brook, drives three grinding mills, flows to the Kurmainzischer Dorfe Weiher, and there falls into the Mörlenbach. "

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Kreidach in 1829:

»Kreidach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) reform. Filialdorf, is 2 1 ⁄ 2   St. from Lindenfels and has 27 houses and 231 Enw. which except for 12 Luth. and 3 Cath. are reformed. These include 22 farmers and day laborers and 13 artisans. There are 3 grinding and 1 oil mill. In a radiation Bergisch charter of 1287 the place is Crutehe and in the old Zinsbuch 1369 Crudech called. The Lords of Strahlberg initially owned half of this place. In the 14th century, the Erlikheim called Hornbach von Churpfalz were enfeoffed with it and after a lot of changes Kreidach finally came to the barons of Hundheim. The house of Erbach also had to refer to a gradient here, but this had already come to Churpfalz in 1509. In 1802 the place came from Churpfalz to Hesse. "

The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845 states:

“Kreidach near Lindenfels. - village, for evangel., Resp. Catholic parish Waldmichelbach belongs. - 27 H. 231 (mostly reform.) E. - Grand Duchy of Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Landger. Fuerth. - Darmftadt Court of Justice. - The village of Kreidach has 1 oil and 3 grinding mills and was transferred from Churpfalz to Hesse in 1802. "

Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther states the following in The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality for the end of 1852:

“Kreidach, ref. Fld. with 261 inhabitants and 3 mills, appears in documents from the 13th and 14th centuries under the names Crutehe and Crudech and was given as a fief by the Electoral Palatinate. The gradients that Erbach referred had already come to the Electoral Palatinate in 1509. In 1802 it became Hessian. Gem. 1208 M. (637 A., 234 Wi., 317 Wa.) "

Population development

 Source: Historical local dictionary

• 1613: 12 house seats
• 1961: 265 Protestant (= 74.23%), 92 Catholic (= 25.77%) residents
Kreidach: Population from 1829 to 1970
year     Residents
1829
  
 231
1834
  
 268
1840
  
 306
1846
  
 305
1852
  
 251
1858
  
 244
1864
  
 255
1871
  
 284
1875
  
 303
1885
  
 281
1895
  
 263
1905
  
 279
1910
  
 313
1925
  
 303
1939
  
 270
1946
  
 383
1950
  
 408
1956
  
 366
1961
  
 357
1967
  
 381
1970
  
 400
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Other sources:

Culture and sights

A historic timber-framed building dating from 1640, formerly the Hofreite Germannshof duly was in Laudenau mined knowledgeable and 2008 on the grounds Mörlen Straße 15a in Kreidach under professional restoration of the old structure translocated . The building retained its status as a monument .

Transport and infrastructure

The state road L 3120 runs through the village, which leads from Mörlenbach in the northwest via Weiher up the valley to Kreidach and then winds up the Kreidacher Höhe in an easterly direction and then leads down to the core community of Wald-Michelbach. On the Kreidacher Höhe , the L 535 joins this street from Siedelsbrunn in the south and the L 3409 from Stallenkandel in the northwest.

Kreidach is circled on three sides, from northwest to south to southeast, by the Überwaldbahn , which has been shut down for good since 1994, but which is a listed building and which had a station here. Two of the most spectacular structures on the railway line, the 80-meter-long Kreidacher Viaduct and the 679-meter-long Waldmichelbacher Tunnel under the Kreidacher Höhe are also located here.

literature

  • Johann Goswin Widder: Attempt of a complete geographic-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine. Volume 1 , Leipzig 1786–1788. ( Online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  • Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg. Volume October 1 , 1829.
  • Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858 ( online at google books ).
  • Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse by history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854. ( Online at google books )
  • Literature on Kreidach in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Kreidach, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ Information about the whole congregation ( Memento from February 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ^ Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, p. 406f
  4. ^ A b Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 50 ( online at google books ).
  5. ↑ Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 49 ( online at google books ).
  6. ^ Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 513 ( online at googe books ).
  7. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  8. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  9. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  10. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  11. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  12. ↑ Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854, p. 344 ( online at google books )
  13. ↑ Alphabetical list of places to live in the Grand Duchy of Hesse , 1869, p. 82 ( online at google books )
  14. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  15. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  16. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  17. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 348 .
  18. ↑ Committees & Tasks. Information on the local councils ( Memento from August 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  20. ↑ Second law amending the Court Organization Act (Amends GVBl. II 210–16) of February 12, 1968 . In: The Hessian Minister of Justice (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1968 No. 4 , p. 41–44 , Article 1, Paragraph 1 g) and Article 2, Paragraph 1 c) ( online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 298 kB ]).
  21. ^ Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 517 f ., 4) Kreidach ( online at googe books ).
  22. ↑ Georg W. Wagner: Volume 1, p. 130 ( online at Google Books )
  23. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states , Naumburg 1845, Volume 1, p. 800 ( online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  24. ^ Philipp AF Walther, p. 344
  25. ↑ Changed owner and location  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Odenwälder Zeitung, October 21, 2011.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.wnoz.de