Criticism of Facebook

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Graffito , alluding to G. Orwell's novel " 1984 " ( Mark Zuckerberg )

From the beginning, Facebook has been criticized in numerous countries for its data protection practices . In particular, violations of data protection law were warned several times.

After numerous complaints with the Irish data protection authority (Office of the Data Protection Commissioner ), it criticized Facebook's data protection practices in a report in December 2011 in 46 points and called for improvements. Consumer advice centers in Germany advise against using the offer.

Many news agencies and media organizations criticize Facebook's increasing monopoly as a news channel. After the US presidential election in 2016 , the network came under fire in connection with the spread of false news , so-called fake news .

privacy

Spying on foreign contacts

When opening a Facebook account, there is no immediate verification that the person owns the specified email address . The registrant could enter a third-party e-mail address and use the "Find friends" function to see 20 people with whom the owner of the e-mail address had contact. To prevent this, numerous settings have to be made, as e-mail providers have built in an automatic contact connection via Facebook. The “Find friends” function can also be used to monitor contacts that other users have on Facebook, provided they are not hidden by special settings in the profile.

Use of user data

Facebook changed in February 2009, the Terms of Use ( English "Terms of Service" ) to the effect that the company was allowed to use the data from members indefinitely - even after deletion or deactivation of a user account. The regulation concerned, for example, comments, photos and videos. After massive protests by users, data and consumer advocates, the rules were initially reset to the state before the changes. The company also announced that in certain cases it would allow its users to vote on rule changes in the future. In April 2009, Facebook submitted modified terms of use to a vote in which users are assured of possession of their information. A majority of the participants supported the new rules.

Although the contents (eg. As photos) remain the property of the users, Facebook receives the right to use all the contents and commercial usage rights to third parties such as Amazon , Apple more than Microsoft to Netflix and Spotify to pass. Even after the terms of use have been changed, Facebook keeps making headlines because of its loose data processing. After an update, the company saves contact data on the mobile phone. But also via a search function, which members can use to compare and find the friends they have not yet found on Facebook with the data from the email provider's email contact list, data from non-members is stored permanently and without being asked. Most recently, Facebook's terms of use were indirectly confirmed by a judgment by the Cologne Higher Regional Court. A user has published a photo of himself in his user profile. A people search engine had taken over this. The Cologne Higher Regional Court dismissed the user’s action aimed at an omission on the grounds that he had at least implicitly declared his consent to access by the people search engine by posting his photo . In addition, he would not have made use of the option given by Facebook in the terms of use to block search engines, to which the court expressly referred.

"Big Brother Award"

In 2011 Facebook (together with Apple ) was awarded the negative “Big Brother Award” as a data octopus.

In 2015, Facebook was presented with the Big Brother Award in Austria in the category of global hunger for data , for the patent that is supposed to make credit scoring via the user's friends possible. In October 2017, Facebook was presented with the Austrian Big Brother Award in the Communication and Marketing category, for filtering target groups for advertisers according to hundreds of criteria and the possibility of dark posts or unpublished posts . In October 2018, Facebook received the Austrian Big Brother Award in the global hunger for data category for incidents ranging from the Cambridge Analytica data scandal to accidentally displayed data from 14 million users.

Facial recognition software

The activation of face recognition software that automatically searches for the faces of other Facebook users on newly uploaded photos in order to suggest appropriate markings on the images, aroused strong criticism from data protection officials. The feature was activated for all user accounts in the United States in December 2010 and in other countries in summer 2011. The service compares the faces and names in older photos with the new photos and searches for these faces there. If a user does not want to use this service, he has to switch it off manually.

Furthermore, Facebook offers users, without reference to the legal consequences, to give names to portraits isolated from group photos using facial recognition, which is prohibited without the consent of the person depicted. According to data protection experts, it is also "worrying that Facebook is building a face recognition database with millions of users in the background for this function".

Like button and fan pages

The Facebook another for the party sites provided like button Button ( english "Like Button") came in summer 2011 under criticism after it was revealed that when visiting sites on which this plug-in is automatically a A cookie that is valid for two years and that was transferred to the user's computer without prior consent when viewing Facebook pages is read out. This reading takes place independently of clicking the like button and regardless of whether the visitor to a website is a member of Facebook or not. The plug-in can read information such as IP address and browser type from visitors to a page with the Like button who have not previously visited a Facebook page with their computer. For people who are themselves members of Facebook and who visit a page that contains the plug-in, the information about calling up the page can be combined with their Facebook user profile using the cookie.

Since a profile of the movements on the Internet can be created in this way, which shows all the pages with the application that a user has visited, the German Ministry of Consumer Protection decided that the application should no longer be used on websites from, until a data protection-compliant solution is ensured Authorities should be involved. Politicians were also recommended to switch off their private fan pages on Facebook, as these can be accessed by visitors who have never had contact with Facebook before and then set the cookie on their computer.

The Facebook Like button is used on 16.0% of all websites.

Publication of private user data

In November 2009, Facebook changed the default privacy settings. The default settings are now such that as much information as possible is publicly visible. In addition, certain information, including name, profile photo, friends and group affiliations, has always been publicly visible since then, even if users had previously made other settings - the previous protection options were no longer available for these points. In May 2010 these shortcomings were remedied by extensive changes and simplification of the privacy setting options. Since then, only the username and profile picture are always visible to other Facebook users, all other information can be set to non-public via the privacy or profile settings. Internet-wide discoverability, e.g. B. by search engines ("public search"), can be issued for all information. At present, some data can be protected so that it is not visible to anyone, only friends, or friends of friends. Conversely, users can view changes made by friendly users.

Storage of the data of non-members

In February 2010 it became public that Facebook also stores the data of people who are deliberately not logged in to Facebook and who were never logged in. Facebook offers smartphone users free software (“ app ”) to synchronize their contacts from their phone book with the contacts in Facebook. All surnames and first names, telephone numbers, email addresses and birthdays are uploaded and saved on Facebook by default. Users report that this also makes the links and acquaintances of citizens who are not registered become visible and that comprehensive lists of friends are suggested if the person in question registers. This type of involuntary data collection contradicts the law applicable in Germany to informational self-determination .

In June 2015, the Belgian Data Protection Commission brought an action against Facebook. The storage of information from logged-out or non-members without their consent contravenes European data protection law. At the beginning of November 2015, Facebook was ordered by a Belgian court to stop the prosecution of Belgian non-members under threat of fines of up to € 250,000. According to a Facebook spokesman, the cookie called " datr " has been in use since 2010. An appeals court overturned the decision in June 2016 in favor of Facebook. The Irish-based company does not have to comply with Belgian data protection regulations.

Personalized advertising

On October 7, 2007, Facebook announced that it would allow personalized advertising in all existing user profiles of more than 50 million registered users. The 60 corporations and companies interested so far should be provided with personal user data. In addition to age, gender, favorite occupations, place of residence, political convictions, favorite books and films, the information provided also includes the level of education and references to personal relationships.

In the United States, however, the first criticism turned, as from Facebook user Nate Weiner in an interview with AP: “What if you bought a book on Amazon called 'Dealing with AIDS' and every single one of your friends found out about it ? ”Because the problem is that a company is now storing more and more personal, difficult-to-control information from its customers (with their formal permission), but not providing information about it.

An article in the Guardian on January 14, 2008 criticized the founders and owners of the company on numerous points. Among other things, he showed how the libertarian attitude of the investor Peter Thiel , a hedge fund manager from Germany, could have an influence on the functioning and direction of the company.

After taking over the advertising platform Atlas, Facebook changed its cookie policy at the end of January 2015. Atlas also creates motion profiles of web surfers outside of Facebook. Facebook refers to the Your Online Choices page in its data protection guidelines in order to deactivate behavior-based online advertising.

In March 2016, Facebook and Universal Studios presented a tool for “racial affinity targeting” during the South by Southwest Festival, which assigns Facebook users to ethnic groups based on their preferences . Thanks to the tool, Universal Studios was able to show two different trailers of the film Straight Outta Compton , depending on the assignment , which were tailored to the interests of ethnic groups. While Facebook tried to emphasize that users are assigned based on their interests and not their own ethnicity, many users did not see this as a significant difference to racial profiling . According to a Facebook spokesman, the tool is initially only available in the USA.

Data protectionists criticize the fact that numerous data dealers such as Acxiom provide personalized data to Facebook, which uses it to enrich its own databases in order to better tailor advertisements to the life situation and interests of its users.

In July 2012 it became known that Facebook Connect was being used to display personalized advertising to users. According to a statement by the Wall Street Journal , Facebook collects information about which apps are used particularly frequently via Facebook Connect in order to recommend similar programs. There was no way for users to object to this mechanism when using Facebook Connect.

Facebook exit

Due to the large number of controversies and criticisms of Facebook, the number of users who are leaving Facebook is increasing. A psychological study by the University of Vienna in 2013 examined the specific motivations of these users. The most common reason was concerns about their own privacy (48%), followed by general disapproval of Facebook (14%), negative experiences with Facebook friends (13%) and the feeling of being addicted to Facebook (6%) . According to the study, people who have left Facebook have higher internet addiction values ​​on average, are more worried about their privacy and are generally more conscientious than the Facebook users surveyed.

Transfer and use of WhatsApp user data

Two years after Facebook bought WhatsApp instant messaging service for $ 20 billion, WhatsApp changed its privacy policy on August 25, 2016 . In the future, phone numbers of contacts in the WhatsApp user's address book would be passed on to Facebook and used there. On September 27, 2016, the Hamburg data protection officer Johannes Caspar prohibited Facebook from using and forwarding WhatsApp data. Facebook has not obtained the clear consent of WhatsApp users to pass on and use the data. Previously stored data should be deleted. Since Facebook's German business is managed from Hamburg, Caspar has the responsibility to enforce German data protection law against Facebook and its subsidiary WhatsApp. Facebook announced that it would appeal the decision.

Handling private messages

In July 2012, Facebook came under fire for targeting not only public but also private messages from its users. Joe Sullivan, security chief at Facebook, has confirmed the use of a corresponding filter software to Reuters and other media. The aim of surveillance is to identify possible criminal offenses in advance and, if necessary, to avoid them. According to its own information, Facebook has already reported suspicious activities and users to law enforcement authorities in the US and other countries several times.

On June 7, 2018, Facebook announced that private messages from 14 million users had been publicly displayed over several days because their most recently used preferences for private messages had been changed by Facebook. The users concerned were informed and asked to check whether the relevant messages should remain public. The data protection settings of the users concerned were changed during the development and testing of a new function. The President of the Federal Office for Information Security, Arne Schönbohm, criticized the fact that Facebook has to take due diligence for the data of its customers first and that new functions that affect the privacy of users have to be thoroughly tested before publication.

Evaluation / use by third parties

Intelligence services and police

By accepting Facebook's data protection provisions, Facebook users automatically consent to the use and application of all personal data from partners who cooperate with Facebook. This also includes - according to reputable press sources via hidden user profiles - German and foreign police authorities as well as the CIA and government agencies of the USA via access as co-owners of the network. The stated political goal of the USA is to be able to screen tourists before they enter the USA.

In addition, at the end of 2007 the press reported that several Facebook investors had personal connections with the CIA.

In mid-2009, it became known that the Iranian police were using Facebook profiles during interrogations to identify friends of opponents of the regime and demonstrators and to identify them by name.

In Germany, the Federal Criminal Police Office , the Federal Police and Customs use Facebook for both open and covert investigations. In some German countries , the police use the profile pictures published on Facebook to identify traffic offenders.

The former security chief of Facebook now works for the NSA .

Edward Snowden, a whistleblower and former NSA employee, reported:

"[People would normally] be marked as a target object based on their Facebook profile, for example."

- Edward Snowden

Snowden also demonstrated that Facebook has been cooperating with the NSA since June 3, 2009 as part of the NSA PRISM program.

Access to user data and functions through Facebook applications

On October 18, 2010, the Wall Street Journal published a report on the disclosure of user IDs to third parties. Many Facebook applications allow conclusions to be drawn about their real identity through referrer data from the browser and reading out the ID of the user.

In 2013, the show stern TV demonstrated how an app for Christmas greetings could be used to access the personal mailbox. The user was ostensibly offered to send a Christmas card, while at the same time allowing third parties access to his mailbox without his knowledge.

Although Facebook users can be harassed and spied on with malicious scripts, Facebook does not provide sufficient information and is mainly limited to the often unnoticed removal of the malicious code.

On March 17, 2018, it became known that the data collector and big data specialist Cambridge Analytica had misused the private data of more than 50 million Facebook members by 2015 without informing them about the further use and without obtaining consent. A Facebook application also offered a personality test. Data was collected from the user who installed the app and from his friends in order to influence the 2016 presidential election in the United States and the Brexit vote , among other things . In the course of court hearings on the scandal, Facebook emphasized that by using the Facebook page you are giving up your right to privacy worldwide.

In July 2019, it was announced that Facebook had to pay a fine of more than five billion US dollars and change its internal structure for data protection violations.

At the beginning of April 2019, the US IT security company UpGuard explained that the private data of a few hundred million Facebook users was on servers in a freely accessible Amazon cloud . These were recorded by the mobile app At the pool , which used Facebook services, and the Mexican website Cultura Colectiva . It was criticized that this data could be made publicly available.

User data sent to device manufacturer

In early June 2018, the New York Times reported that Facebook had contracted data from two billion users, including those who had objected to disclosure, to 60 companies. These included manufacturers of smartphones and other end devices as well as Chinese companies such as Huawei , Lenovo , Oppo Electronics and TCL . Some of the companies have close ties with the Chinese government and US authorities have raised concerns about the resulting opportunities for international espionage and cyberattacks .

Content and content controls

Extremist and hateful entries

There are numerous user pages on Facebook with extremist content, e.g. B. Pages on dictators. On April 17, 2009, Deutsche Telekom stopped advertising on Facebook with reference to “ right-wing extremist ” websites on the portal. The Federal Agency for Civic Education also watched Facebook. Facebook then declared that it did not want to scare users off with censorship, but that it took the terms of use very seriously and would delete groups.

Facebook regards the denial of the Holocaust , which is punishable in German-speaking countries among other places , by user groups as compatible with its guidelines, provided that these users do not emit any “hateful or threatening comments”. This corporate policy of Facebook towards Holocaust deniers is criticized, for example by a group of Holocaust survivors at the Simon Wiesenthal Center or the publicist Matthias Küntzel .

In July 2015, the star reported an increase in racist hate speech on Facebook. The spokesman for the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Saxony , Martin Döring , said that the xenophobic and racist statements mostly concern asylum policy . The hate comments would not only increase in quantity but also in intensity. Clemens Schwender , media psychologist and professor at the SRH University of Popular Arts , was of the opinion that the spiral of silence was no longer valid. Frank Schwab , media psychologist and professor at the University of Würzburg , said that not only educated classes, but also population groups who do not express themselves, have access to the Internet; This would mean that people, in order to behave in accordance with the group, pounded on them and punished deviants. Matthias Meisner from Tagesspiegel said that the radicalization and the dissemination of inhumane posts mainly take place in anti-asylum groups and neither Facebook nor the group administrators would do anything about it. Meisner and activists who fight against the hate comments said it was new that criminal offenses were being openly called for using real names. According to Stern (unspecified) "Experts [...] assume that neo-Nazis and hooligans feel encouraged to act through agitation." The spokeswoman for the State Criminal Police Office of Saxony , Kathlen Zink , reported that until 2015 the politically motivated crimes on the Internet predominantly concerned the glorification of National Socialism ; From 2015 there would be a shift towards xenophobic content, with the issue of asylum coming to the fore. Facebook reported in the summer of 2015 that a community operations team was checking hundreds of thousands of reports a week; The company did not provide exact figures. A spokeswoman emphasized the company's claim: “However, content such as hate speech, calls for violence or the glorification of violence violate Facebook's community standards and will be deleted immediately.” Zuckerberg himself also admitted failures in Germany at the beginning of 2016 and promised increased efforts. In Germany, this is done by the external IT service provider Arvato , where currently (as of 2017) around 600 employees in shift work identify and delete hateful comments .

In May 2016, Facebook signed a code of conduct alongside Twitter , YouTube and Microsoft together with the European Union, represented by the EU Commission for Justice, Consumer Protection and Equality, Věra Jourová . In the document, which is not legally binding, the undersigned companies are against racism and xenophobia and agree on a definition of the term "hateful language". They confirm their will to process the “majority of valid reports on the removal of hateful language” within 24 hours of reporting. The undersigned companies praised the code as a good result of “co- and self-regulation” and a good compromise between fundamental freedoms and state protection obligations.

In July 2016, Facebook received the negative price for closed oyster from the journalists' association Netzwerk Recherche . Laudator Thilo Weichert justified this with the company's intransparent handling of hateful comments. The business model of Facebook is based on "that uncontrolled opinions are spread. In the process, data is collected and used commercially. Transparency and control would be poison for this business model. "

As Federal Minister of Justice , Heiko Maas wrote an open letter to Facebook in 2015, criticizing inadequate standards for dealing with racist and xenophobic contributions.

Dissemination of hoax

The emergence, dissemination and refutation of false reports, so-called fake news , by Facebook was a phenomenon that was being worked on early on. In January 2015, the function of reporting news reports as "false" was introduced, which had a negative impact on the algorithmic evaluation of a report. Already at that time it was criticized that the labeling of a report as "false" was strained by satire, worldview and political views.

During the 2016 US presidential election campaign , fake news came into focus on social networks. The news that Pope Francis had declared his support for Donald Trump was false. Shortly after Trump's victory, a message was circulated that the incumbent US President Barack Obama had given the Democratic candidate and loser in the election Hillary Clinton a pardon for her use of private e-mail servers as US Secretary of State. Trump was mistakenly credited with a quote condescending to speak of Republican voters in 1998.

An analysis by the Pew Research Center concluded that 64% of Americans use Facebook as a news channel. BuzzFeed investigated the truthfulness of reports from three right-wing and three left-wing websites and concluded that 38% of the right-wing and 19% of the left-wing reports contained false or misleading information. In addition, a survey by the YouGov portal came to the conclusion that 72 of the respondents would like Facebook to be more committed to countering false reports.

Immediately after the election, Facebook and founder Mark Zuckerberg denied the influence of the election. On November 10, 2016, Zuckerberg called the effect a “crazy idea”, defended the horizons-broadening aspect of the network and blamed the occurrence of echo chambers and filter bubbles on the “human pursuit of confirmation.” In September 2017, Zuckerberg said he regretted the comment from November 2016. Just a week after the US election, the network admitted to print advertising companies that the metrics that measure interaction with content and pages were skewed. The number of users per month on a site was overestimated by 55%. One month after the election, Zuckerberg himself said that “99 percent” of the network's content was authentic. In November, the technology blog Gizmodo reported that Facebook had put together a secret task force to curb and control the handling of false reports. An improvement to the algorithm of the news feed module, which controlled the truthfulness of reports, excessively blocked reports from right-wing conservative websites and was therefore discarded.

The American journalist Olivia Solon, who investigated the effect of false reports on Facebook for the Guardian , wrote in a comment after the election: “At the moment, the truth of a piece of content is less important than the question of whether it is shared, liked and monetary is recycled. This influence metric distorts the media landscape and allows the dissemination of bait, exaggeration and misinformation. "

Critics of the network do not believe that Facebook will take effective measures to stop the spread of hoaxes. Fil Menczer, professor of computer science and computer science at Indiana University, sees no incentive for Facebook to do this: If the algorithms are changed so that there is less interaction with hoaxes, it means less interaction with the spreaders of the hoax. The social network thus loses its attractiveness. According to Menczer, this is not in Facebook's interest. Other critics complain that Facebook only censors content that contains nudity, violence and harassment. False reports would not have anything to do with any of these categories.

The US initiative The Trust Project has developed indicators that measure the trustworthiness of news agencies. This includes verifying truthfulness, an ethics guideline, an anti-discrimination guideline and disclosure of the ownership structure and sources of income. According to the Trust Project, Facebook could base its algorithm on these indicators.

In Germany, too, the issue of false reports and fake news came into the focus of politics and civil society in the aftermath of the US elections: In December 2016, the Green MP Renate Künast filed a criminal complaint against the operator of the Facebook page "Resistance of German Patriots". On the side, Künast was misquoted after the arrest of a refugee on suspicion of murdering Maria Ladenburger in Freiburg . The quote was then wrongly stated as being taken from the Süddeutsche Zeitung . Only three days after Künast complained about the false report to Facebook was the post deleted and Facebook apologized in a letter to the member of the Bundestag.

Non-informative, non-educational medium

At least in the political arena, Facebook has an adverse effect on being informed: In two studies from the USA with a total of over 2,000 participants, the influence of social media on general knowledge on political topics was examined as part of two US presidential elections. The results showed that the frequency of Facebook usage was moderately negatively linked to general political knowledge. This also applied when considering demographic, political-ideological variables and previous political knowledge at an earlier point in time. Corresponding to the latter, a causal relationship is obvious: the higher the Facebook consumption, the more general political knowledge decreases as a result.

Censorship and monopoly

In addition, Facebook has been criticized for the excessive deletion of pictures and videos due to the unauthorized representation of nudity. A historical war photo of a naked girl fleeing from a napalm attack during the Vietnam War , contributions to health education about mammography and images of Venus von Willendorf were deleted on the basis of these guidelines. In some cases the deletion was later withdrawn.

In May 2016, allegations were raised that Facebook was suppressing messages and reports from politically conservative organizations in the USA and that they were not appearing in the “trending” newsbar. This assumption was made by a former Facebook employee in an article for the technology blog Gizmodo . Since the riots in Ferguson (Missouri) in August 2014, no purely algorithmic approach has been used for the newsbar, but rather managed by a group of “curators”. Shortly after the Gizmondo article appeared, internal documents were leaked to the press that set out guidelines for the use of the newsbar. It describes how topics in the Newsbar "injected" or on a blacklist can be set. The documents also include a list of 10 preferred news sources and an additional 1000 trusted news sources.

It generated a lot of reaction from conservatives. The US Senator and then chairman of the commerce committee John Thune sent a clear letter to Mark Zuckerberg asking for clarification. Facebook denied the allegations. In a statement, Mark Zuckerberg invited leading conservatives and other politicians to discuss the allegations.

In response to the allegations, Facebook announced that it would change “internal processes”, for example through better controls. In addition, the guidelines for the trending topics are to be made more transparent. At the end of August 2016, Facebook announced all “curators” of the “trending” module. Within 24 hours of the decision, the hoax that TV presenter Megyn Kelly was fired after her support for Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton became known was recognized and spread as a trend. The source of the report was not on the list of 1000 trusted news sources.

In May 2016, the Australian, applied feminist group "Cherchez la femme" an event entitled "Cherchez la femme: Feminism and fat" ( German: Locate the woman: Feminism and fat) with a picture of plus-size models Tess Holliday in Bikini . The picture was censored by Facebook shortly afterwards because it did not meet health and fitness guidelines. After the group's first objection, Facebook initially defended the decision. Only later was the decision referred to as a mistake and withdrawn.

In September 2016, Facebook deleted a post in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten , in which the picture The Terror of War was shown, for unauthorized depiction of nudity. The image is a historical war photo of a naked girl fleeing from a napalm attack during the Vietnam War . The deletion was received very critically in the media and led to the accusation that Facebook stubbornly wanted to enforce its worldwide rules. Due to the public reaction, Facebook released a press release recognizing the importance of the image as a historical document. At the same time, the deletion of the image was withdrawn. In October 2016, the company's two vice presidents, Joel Kaplan and Justin Osofsky, signed a declaration that Facebook would pay more attention to public interest and “reportability” in the future.

In October 2016, the French daily Le Monde advertised an article on mammography . The featured picture showed a woman whose right breast and nipple were visible while her left breast is being examined. Facebook censored the article. When the newspaper re-advertised the post with the featured image of a naked male torso with visible nipples, the post was not censored. Shortly afterwards, the Swedish Cancer Society published an educational video demonstrating techniques for manual palpation of breasts, which are shown in simplified form as circles. The video was censored and a warning was issued not to advertise sexual services. The Cancer Society then published a version of the video in which the breasts were simplified as squares. The changed version was not censored again.

At the end of 2017, Facebook classified photos of the 30,000-year-old Venus von Willendorf that a user had shared as pornography and censored them. The company later apologized and announced that there was an exception for statues.

Critics fear that Facebook could censor messages due to its monopoly position and strong function as a filter bubble . The algorithms according to which information is selected and disseminated are also incomprehensible.

In 2018, in the fight against fakenews, Facebook asked its users to decide which news source they trust and which not. To this end, tests are to be started: News reports that are classified as trustworthy by users are to receive a higher priority in the news feed in the future. Less well-rated news sources, on the other hand, should appear less often.

Criticism of internet.org / Free Basics

In 2010, Facebook began a growth and partnership program with mobile operators in the Philippines , Latin America, Africa and India under the working title Apollo . The aim was to make data traffic from and via Facebook free of charge by means of a zero rating . In the Philippines, Facebook began cooperating with the provider Globe from 2012 , which gave its users free access to Facebook. After 15 months, in February 2014, Globe had grown from the second largest to the largest wireless operator in the Philippines.

In February 2014, Mark Zuckerberg presented the internet.org platform at a conference in Brazil . 36 pages in addition to Facebook can be accessed via the platform. The pages include a weather app and the search engine Bing . Apart from Facebook, no social network is included. The decision as to which pages can be accessed via internet.org rests solely with internet.org , a wholly owned subsidiary of Facebook.

In Zambia , the internet.org service was available for the first time worldwide from July 2014.

Since October 2015 the services of internet.org are also called Free Basics and are advertised by Facebook under this name.

India

As of 2014, Facebook had 100 million users in India and still saw great growth potential: According to internal analyzes, 30 percent of new users should come from India by 2020. The Indian job portal babajob.com should be added to the accessible services of internet.org . In February 2015, Facebook announced the collaboration with the wireless operator Reliance Mobile , which was the fourth largest operator in India at the time. At the same time, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) sought a resolution on net neutrality . From the point of view of many interest groups, the exclusivity of internet.org's services , in particular the addition of babajob.com , represented a breach of net neutrality. A coalition of the opponents of internet.org attracted national attention in April and the regulatory authority's decision was possible in December 2015 move. From March to December 2015, Facebook invested 2.9 billion  Indian rupees (38.1 million euros). Chris Daniels, vice president of internet.org , promoted the idea on six visits to India. After registering, every Indian Facebook user received a message about the consequences of choosing internet.org or Free Basics . On December 28, two days before the deadline for public comments on the resolution, an editorial by Mark Zuckerberg appeared in the English-language daily Times of India . On February 8, 2016, the TRAI decided that services such as Free Basics violate network neutrality and are therefore prohibited.

Egypt

In Egypt launched internet.org in October 2015. In addition to the services of Facebook Wikipedia, the BBC and one was astrology -Dienstes available for free. According to Facebook, three million people in Egypt took advantage of the offer. At the end of the year, the Egyptian Ministry of Telecommunications did not renew the portal's approval. No reasons were given for the decision.

Others

Deletion of users with unusual names

The user is expressly advised to register with his real first and last name and his / her date of birth: "Facebook users give their real names and data." Therefore, Facebook has already blocked profiles with unusual names several times in an automated manner without warning who were suspected of being falsified, although they were profiles of real people.

Facebook parties

There is the possibility of inviting to events via Facebook. A user has two options: he can advertise an event publicly or invite it privately. The option “public” must be deactivated by removing a tick ( opt-out ). Incorrect operation often leads to accidents in which invitations planned as private unintentionally trigger a mass influx, in which a large number of users appear at the specified location without being asked. These have been in the media as so-called “Facebook parties” since 2011, although they are neither organized by Facebook nor have Facebook as a topic.

Facebook had not responded to the problems for a long time. Not least because of the increased public and political pressure and the appearance of its competitor Google+ in the summer of 2011 (in which the user can control the settings relatively precisely), Facebook has for the first time expressed understanding for the regulatory authorities: In a conversation with the Federal Minister of the Interior on March 8th In September 2011, Ricard Allen (Director European Policy Facebook) offered to develop a guideline that should give the authorities quick contact details on Facebook as well as measures.

Tax evasion

Facebook avoids billions in tax payments with legal tax planning such as the Double Irish With a Dutch Sandwich principle . This practice is increasingly criticized.

In the tax dispute with France in August 2020, Facebook agreed on a payment of more than 100 million euros. One takes the tax obligations seriously, said a spokesman for the company. The French subsidiary of Facebook has therefore agreed to pay 106 million euros - the additional payment affects the years 2009 to 2018. In 2020, 8.46 million euros will be paid in income tax, an increase of almost 50 percent compared to 2019 However, according to calculations by the French magazine "Capital", Facebook would have to pay almost 150 million euros in taxes - if the company were to declare all of its turnover in France. "Capital" estimates that at 1.3 billion euros with 34 million monthly Facebook users.

Support for climate change deniers

At a fundraising event in June 2013, Facebook was one of the main sponsors of the Competitive Enterprise Institute - a US think tank that denies human-made global warming . Facebook was also a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council until 2014 . a. speaks out against the expansion of renewable energies and refers to the Heartland Institute , which denies human-made climate change . Facebook was one of the sponsors of a conference taking place in January 2019, which was also funded by climate change denial organizations ( CO2 Coalition , The Heartland Institute ), which also distributed advertising material and gave lectures there. One of the six fact check companies commissioned by Facebook , Check Your Fact , also has connections to the US news and opinion website The Daily Caller , which repeatedly denies the scientific status of research on climate change.

Paid PR campaigns against critics

The PR firm Definers was commissioned to point out to journalists who express themselves critical of Facebook that competing companies might work in a similar way. Specifically, it was pointed out that the organization Freedom from Facebook is allegedly financed by George Soros . Facebook boss Mark Zuckerberg said he knew nothing about it and that someone from the communications team had hired the company.

Unintentional purchases by minors in online games

Facebook is accused of having enabled minors to make in -game purchases without asking for credit card details between 2010 and 2014 . The games Angry Birds, PetVille, Happy Aquarium and Ninja Saga were particularly affected. Programmers were encouraged to use this friendly fraud practice to maximize profits. A class action lawsuit has been pending in a US district court since 2012.

literature

  • Sascha Adamek : The facebook trap: How the social network sells our lives . Heyne, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-453-60180-2 .
  • Sherry Turkle: Lost among 100 friends: How we mentally atrophy in the digital world (original title: Alone Together , translated by Joannis Stefanidis). Riemann, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-570-50138-2 .
  • Anders Albrechtslund: Online Social Networking as Participatory Surveillance in: First Monday, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2008.
  • Karin Bruns, Ramón Reichert (Ed.): Reader New Media. Texts on digital culture and communication, transcript, Bielefeld 2007.
  • Oliver Leistert, Theo Röhle (Ed.): Generation Facebook. About life in the Social Net , transcript, Bielefeld 2011, ISBN 978-3-8376-1859-4 .
  • Geert Lovink, Pit Schultz: “From the treasure trove of network criticism” in: Rudolf Maresch, Niels Werber (ed.): Kommunikation, Medien, Macht, Frankfurt / M .: Suhrkamp, ​​1999, pp. 299–329.
  • Ulrich Hottelet: Social networks - attacks in the guise of friendship . In: The time . No. 31/2009 , July 23, 2009 ( zeit.de [accessed March 15, 2020]).

Web links

Commons : Facebook  collection of images

Individual evidence

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