List of heads of state 1866

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Africa

Egypt :
- Khedive (viceroy): Ismail Pasha (1863–1867)

Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)

Buganda :
- King: Mutesa I. (1856-1884)

Bunyoro :
- King: Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)

Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)

Dahomey
- King : Glélé (1856–1889)

Morocco :
- Sultan: Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)

Rwanda :
- King: Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)

Sokoto Caliphate :
- Caliph: Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
- Caliph: Ali bin Bello II (1866–1867)

South African Republic
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1864–1871)

Zulu :
- King: Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)

America

North America

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Maximilian I (1864–1867)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Jesús Jiménez Zamora (1863–8 May 1866, 1868–1870 )
  2. President José María Castro Madriz ( 1847–1849 , May 8, 1866–1868)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Buenaventura Báez (1865– June 29, 1866)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Dueñas ( 1852–1854 , 1863–1871)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Vicente Cerna (1865–1871)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Fabre Geffrard (1859–1867)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José María Medina (1863–1872)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857–1867)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Bartolomé Miter (1862–1868)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Melgarejo (1864–1871)

Brazil
- Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831–1889)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President José Joaquín Pérez (1861–1871)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Jerónimo Carrión (1865–1867)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Manuel Murillo Toro (1864– April 1, 1866)
  2. (provisional) José María Rojas Garrido (April 1 - May 20, 1866)
  3. President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (May 20, 1866–1867)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Solano López (1862–1870)

Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Ignacio Prado (1865–1868)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: (provisional) Venancio Flores (1865–1868)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1863–1868)

Asia

Abu Dhabi :
- Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

Ajman :
- Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848–1872)

Afghanistan
- Emir: Shir Ali Khan (1863–1866)
- Emir: Mohammed Afzal Khan (1866–1867)

Bahrain :
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)

China ( Qing Dynasty ):
- Emperor: Tongzhi (1861–1874)

British India
- Viceroy : John Lawrence (1864–1869)

Japan :
- Emperor : Kōmei (1846–1867)
- Shogun : ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)

Korea :
- King: Gojong (1864-1897)

Kuwait :
- Emir: Sabbah II. (1859–1866)
- Emir: Abdullah II. (1866-1892)

Oman :
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)
- Sultan: Salim ibn Thuwaini (1866–1868)

Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)

Australia and Oceania

Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha V. (1863–1872)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - Emperor of France : Napoléon III. (1848-1870)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847–1852 , 1857–1868)

Denmark :
- King: Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Prime Minister: Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1865–1870)

German Confederation (dissolution: August 23 in Augsburg) *
- Austria :
  - Emperor: Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1852–1907)
- Bavaria :
  - King: Ludwig II. (1864-1886)
- Braunschweig-Lüneburg
  - Duke: George V (1851–1878)
- Free City of Frankfurt
  - Senior Mayor: Karl Konstanz Viktor Fellner (1866)
  - Annexation by Prussia
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Hanover :
  - King: George V (1851–1866)
  - Annexation by Prussia
- Hessen-Kassel
  - Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm I (1847–1866)
  - Annexation by Prussia
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
- Nassau
  - Duke : Adolf I (1839–1866)
  - Annexation by Prussia
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
- Prussia :
  - King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Saxony :
  - King: Johann I (1854–1873)
- Württemberg :
  - King: Charles I (1864-1891)

France
- Emperor : Napoléon III. (1851-1870)

Greece
- King : George I (1863–1913)

Italy
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)

Monaco
- Prince Charles III (1856-1889)

Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold II (1865–1909)
- King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)

Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

Norway
- King: Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)

Ottoman Empire :
- Sultan: Abdülaziz (1861–1876)

Portugal
- King : Ludwig I (1861–1889)

Romania (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Head of State:
  - Prince Alexander Johann I (1862–1866)
  - Prince Karl I (1866–1914) (from 1881 king)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nicolae Crețulescu ( 1862–1863 , 1865–1866)
  - Prime Minister Ion Ghica (1866, 1866–1867, 1870–1871 )
  - Prime Minister Lascăr Catargiu (1866, 1871–1876, 1889, 1891–1895 )
  - Prime Minister Ion Ghica ( 1866 , 1866–1867, 1870–1871 )

Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)

Sweden
- King : Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)

Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Mihailo Obrenović III. ( 1839-1842 , 1860-1868)

Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)

Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister John Russell, 1st Earl Russell ( 1846-1852 , 1865-28 June 1866)
  - Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby ( 1852, 1858–1859 , June 28, 1866–1868)