List of heads of state 1866
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt :
- Khedive (viceroy): Ismail Pasha (1863–1867)
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Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)
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Bunyoro :
- King: Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)
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Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)
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Morocco :
- Sultan: Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)
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Rwanda :
- King: Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)
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Sokoto Caliphate :
- Caliph: Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
- Caliph: Ali bin Bello II (1866–1867)
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South African Republic
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1864–1871)
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Zulu :
- King: Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)
America
North America
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Maximilian I (1864–1867)
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
- President Jesús Jiménez Zamora (1863–8 May 1866, 1868–1870 )
- President José María Castro Madriz ( 1847–1849 , May 8, 1866–1868)
- Head of State and Government:
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
- President Buenaventura Báez (1865– June 29, 1866)
- Head of State and Government:
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Dueñas ( 1852–1854 , 1863–1871)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Vicente Cerna (1865–1871)
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Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Fabre Geffrard (1859–1867)
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José María Medina (1863–1872)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857–1867)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Bartolomé Miter (1862–1868)
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Melgarejo (1864–1871)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President José Joaquín Pérez (1861–1871)
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Jerónimo Carrión (1865–1867)
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Manuel Murillo Toro (1864– April 1, 1866)
- (provisional) José María Rojas Garrido (April 1 - May 20, 1866)
- President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (May 20, 1866–1867)
- Head of State and Government:
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Solano López (1862–1870)
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Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Ignacio Prado (1865–1868)
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: (provisional) Venancio Flores (1865–1868)
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1863–1868)
Asia
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Afghanistan
- Emir: Shir Ali Khan (1863–1866)
- Emir: Mohammed Afzal Khan (1866–1867)
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Bahrain :
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)
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China ( Qing Dynasty ):
- Emperor: Tongzhi (1861–1874)
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British India
- Viceroy : John Lawrence (1864–1869)
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Kuwait :
- Emir: Sabbah II. (1859–1866)
- Emir: Abdullah II. (1866-1892)
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Oman :
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)
- Sultan: Salim ibn Thuwaini (1866–1868)
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Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)
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Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)
Australia and Oceania
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Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha V. (1863–1872)
Europe
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- Emperor of France : Napoléon III. (1848-1870)
- Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)
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Co-princes :
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Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847–1852 , 1857–1868)
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Denmark :
- King: Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Prime Minister: Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1865–1870)
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German Confederation (dissolution: August 23 in Augsburg) *
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Austria :
- Emperor: Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
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to bathe
- Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1852–1907)
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Bavaria :
- King: Ludwig II. (1864-1886)
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Braunschweig-Lüneburg
- Duke: George V (1851–1878)
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Free City of Frankfurt
- Senior Mayor: Karl Konstanz Viktor Fellner (1866)
- Annexation by Prussia
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Hessen-Darmstadt
- Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
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Hanover :
- King: George V (1851–1866)
- Annexation by Prussia
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Hessen-Kassel
- Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm I (1847–1866)
- Annexation by Prussia
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
- Nassau
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Oldenburg
- Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
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Prussia :
- King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
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Saxony :
- King: Johann I (1854–1873)
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Württemberg :
- King: Charles I (1864-1891)
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Austria :
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France
- Emperor : Napoléon III. (1851-1870)
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Italy
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)
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Monaco
- Prince Charles III (1856-1889)
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Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )
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Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold II (1865–1909)
- King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)
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Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Norway
- King: Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)
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Ottoman Empire :
- Sultan: Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
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Romania (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Head of State:
- Prince Alexander Johann I (1862–1866)
- Prince Karl I (1866–1914) (from 1881 king)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Nicolae Crețulescu ( 1862–1863 , 1865–1866)
- Prime Minister Ion Ghica (1866, 1866–1867, 1870–1871 )
- Prime Minister Lascăr Catargiu (1866, 1871–1876, 1889, 1891–1895 )
- Prime Minister Ion Ghica ( 1866 , 1866–1867, 1870–1871 )
- Head of State:
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Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)
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Sweden
- King : Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)
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Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Mihailo Obrenović III. ( 1839-1842 , 1860-1868)
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Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)
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Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister John Russell, 1st Earl Russell ( 1846-1852 , 1865-28 June 1866)
- Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby ( 1852, 1858–1859 , June 28, 1866–1868)