List of Heads of State 1863

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Africa

• Egypt
  • Khedive (viceroy): Muhammad Said (1854–1863)
  • Khedive (viceroy): Ismail Pasha (1863–1867)

• Ethiopia
  • Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)

• Buganda
  • King : Mutesa I. (1856-1884)

• Bunyoro
  • King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)

• Burundi
  • King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)

• Dahomey
  • King : Glélé (1856–1889)

• Liberia
  • President : Stephen Allen Benson (1856–1864)

• Morocco
  • Sultan : Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)

• Orange Free State
  • President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1859–1863)

• Rwanda
  • King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)

• Sokoto Caliphate
  • Caliph : Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)

• South African Republic
  • President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1857–1863)

• Zulu
  • King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)

America

North America

• Confederate States of America (disputed)
  • Head of State or Government: President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865)

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President Benito Juárez (1861–1864, 1867–1872 )

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. (provisional) José María Montealegre Fernández (1859–8 May 1863)
    2. President Jesús Jiménez Zamora (May 8, 1863–1866, 1868–1870 )

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government: President Antonio Pimentel (1861–1865)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President Gerardo Barrios (1859– October 26, 1863)
    2. President Francisco Dueñas ( 1852–1854 ; October 26, 1863–1871)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President Rafael Carrera y Turcios ( 1844–1848 , 1851–1865)

• Haiti
  • Head of State and Government: President Fabre Geffrard (1859–1867)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President José Francisco Montes Fonseca (1862– June 21, 1863)
    2. President José María Medina (June 21, 1863–1872)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857–1867)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President Bartolomé Miter (1862–1868)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President José Maria de Achá (1861–1864)

• Brazil
  • Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831–1889)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President José Joaquín Pérez (1861–1871)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: President Gabriel García Moreno (1859–1865)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (1861-10 February 1863)
    2. President Froilán Largacha (February 10-May 14, 1863)
    3. President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (May 14, 1863–1864)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Francisco Solano López (1862–1870)

• Peru (controversial)
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President Miguel de San Román (1862– April 3, 1863)
    2. President Ramón Castilla (April 3-April 9, 1863)
    3. (incumbent) Second Vice President Pedro Diez Canseco (April 9 – August 5, 1863)
    4. (incumbent) First Vice President Juan Antonio Pezet (August 5, 1863–1865)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Bernardo Prudencio Berro (1860–1864)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President José Antonio Páez (1861– June 15, 1863)
    2. President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1863–1868)

Asia

• Abu Dhabi
  • Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

• Ajman
  • Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848–1872)

• Afghanistan
  • Emir: Dost Mohammed Khan (1842–1863)
  • Emir: Shir Ali Khan (1863–1866)

• Bahrain
  • Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)

• China ( Qing Dynasty )
  • Emperor: Tongzhi (1861–1874)

• British India
  • Viceroy :
    • James Bruce (1862–1863)
    • Robert Napier (1863) (temporarily)
    • William Denison (1863–1864) (temporarily)

• Japan
  • Emperor : Kōmei (1846–1867)
  • Shogun : ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)

• Korea
  • King: Cheoljong (1849–1864)

• Kuwait
  • Emir: Sabbah II. (1859–1866)

• Oman
  • Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)

• Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
  • Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

• Thailand
  • King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)

Australia and Oceania

• Hawaii
  • King : Kamehameha IV (1855-30 November 1863)
  • King: Kamehameha V (November 30, 1863–1872)

Europe

• Abkhazia
  • Prince: Mikheil Sharvashidze (1822–1864)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • Emperor of France : Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Leopold I (1831–1865)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847–1852 , 1857–1868)

• Denmark
  • Head of State:
    • King : Christian VIII. Friedrich VII. (1848–15 November 1863)
    • King: Christian IX. (November 15, 1863–1906)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Carl Christian Hall ( 1857–1859 , 1860–31 December 1863)
    • Prime Minister Ditlev Gothard Monrad (December 31, 1863–1864)

• German Confederation
  • Austria
    • Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
    • Prime Minister: Archduke Rainer of Austria (1861–1865)
  • Prussia
    • King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
      • Prime Minister : Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873)
  • Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg united with Dessau in 1863
    • Duke : Alexander Karl (1834–1863)
  • Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
    • Duke : Leopold IV (1817–1871)
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    • Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1856–1907)
  • Bavaria
    • King : Maximilian II (1848–1864)
  • Braunschweig
    • Duke : Wilhelm (1831-1884)
  • Bremen
    • Mayor : Arnold Duckwitz (1857–1863) (1866–1869)
    • Mayor: Johann Daniel Meier (1862–1865) (1868–1871)
  • Frankfurt
    • Elderly mayor : Samuel Gottlieb Müller (1849) (1860) (1863)
  • Hamburg
    • Mayor : Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller (1863–1864) (1866–1867) (1870) (1873)
  • Hanover
    • King : George V (1851–1866)
  • Hessen-Darmstadt
    • Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
  • Hessen-Homburg
    • Landgrave : Ferdinand (1848–1866)
  • Hessen-Kassel
    • Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
  • Holstein and Lauenburg (personal union with Denmark 1815–1864)
    • Duke: Friedrich II. (1848–1863)
    • Duke: Christian II (1863–1864)
  • Liechtenstein
    • Prince : Johann II. (1858–1929)
  • lip
    • Prince : Leopold III. (1851–1873)
  • Lübeck
    • Mayor : Karl Ludwig Roeck (1855–1856) (1859–1860) (1863–1864) (1867–1868)
  • Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
    • Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
  • Mecklenburg-Schwerin
    • Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
  • Mecklenburg-Strelitz
    • Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
  • Nassau
    • Duke : Adolf I (1839–1866)
  • Oldenburg
    • Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
  • Reuss older line
    • Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902) until 1867 under guardianship
    • Regent: Caroline von Hessen-Homburg (1859–1867)
  • Reuss younger line
    • Prince : Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)
  • Saxony
    • King : Johann (1854–1873)
  • Saxony-Altenburg
    • Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
  • Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
    • Duke : Ernst II (1844-1893)
  • Saxony-Meiningen
    • Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
  • Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
    • Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
  • Schaumburg-Lippe
    • Prince : Adolf I. Georg (1860-1893)
  • Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
    • Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
  • Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
    • Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
  • Waldeck-Pyrmont
    • Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
  • Württemberg
    • King : Wilhelm I (1816–1864)

• France
  • Emperor : Napoleon III. (1851-1870)

• Greece
  • King : George I (1863–1913)

• Italy
  • King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)

• Monaco
  • Prince Charles III (1856-1889)

• Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
  • Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

• Neutral Moresnet
  • Ruler: Leopold I , King of Belgium (1831–1865)
  • King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
  • Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)

• Netherlands
  • King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

• Norway
  • King: Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)

• Ottoman Empire :
  • Sultan: Abdülaziz (1861–1876)

• Portugal
  • King : Ludwig I (1861–1889)

• Romania (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
  • Head of State: Prince Alexander Johann I (1862–1866)
  • Government chief:
    • Prime Minister Nicolae Crețulescu (1862–1863, 1865–1866, 1867 )
    • Prime Minister Mihail Kogălniceanu (1863–1865)

• Russia
  • Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)

• Sweden
  • King : Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)

• Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
  • Prince : Mihailo Obrenović III. ( 1839-1842 , 1860-1868)

• Spain
  • Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)

• Hungary
  • King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ( 1855–1858 , 1859–1865)