List of heads of state 1868
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Khedive : Ismail Pasha (1867–1879)
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Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)
- Emperor: Tekle Giyorgis II (1868–1871)
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Bunyoro
- King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)
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Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)
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Liberia
- President : Daniel Bashiel Warner (1864–1868)
- President: James Spriggs Payne (1868–1870)
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Morocco
- Sultan : Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)
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Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)
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Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Ahmad Rufa'i (1867–1873)
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South African Republic
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1864–1871)
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Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)
America
North America
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Canada
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1867–1901)
- Governor General: Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (1867–1869)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (1867–1873)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Benito Juárez ( 1861–1864 , 1867–1872)
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
- President José María Castro Madriz ( 1847–1849 , 1866– November 16, 1868)
- President Jesús Jiménez Zamora ( 1842–1844, 1846–1847, 1863–1866 November 16, 1868–1870)
- Head of State and Government:
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Buenaventura Báez ( 1849–1853, 1856–1858 May 1868–1873, 1876–1878 )
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Dueñas ( 1852–1854 , 1863–1871)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Vicente Cerna (1865–1871)
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Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Sylvain Salnave (1867–1869)
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José María Medina (1863–1872)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Fernando Guzmán (1867–1871)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
- President Bartolomé Miter (1862– October 12, 1868)
- President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (October 12, 1868–1874)
- Head of State and Government:
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Melgarejo (1864–1871)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President José Joaquín Pérez (1861–1871)
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
- (officiating) Pedro José de Arteta (1867–20 January 1868)
- President Juan Javier Espinosa (January 20, 1868–1869)
- Head of State and Government:
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Santos Acosta (1867– April 1, 1868)
- President Santos Gutiérrez (April 1, 1868–1870)
- Head of State and Government:
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Solano López (1862–1870)
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Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government:
- President Mariano Ignacio Prado (1865– January 7, 1868)
- (officiating) Pedro Diez Canseco (January 8 - August 2, 1868)
- President José Balta (August 2, 1868–1872)
- Head of State and Government:
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
- (provisional) Venancio Flores (1865–15 February 1868)
- (incumbent) Senate President Pedro Varela (February 15 - March 1, 1868)
- President Lorenzo Batlle y Grau (March 1, 1868–1872)
- Head of State and Government:
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
- President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1863–1868)
- President Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual (1868)
- President Guillermo Tell Villegas (1868)
- President José Ruperto Monagas (1868–1870)
- Head of State and Government:
Asia
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Afghanistan
- Emir: Shir Ali Khan (1867–1879)
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Bahrain :
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Chalifa Al Chalifa (1842–1868)
- Emir: Ali ibn Chalifa Al Chalifa (1868–1869)
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China ( Qing Dynasty ):
- Emperor: Tongzhi (1861–1874)
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Republic of Ezo
- President: Enomoto Takeaki (1868–1869)
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British India
- Viceroy : John Lawrence (1864–1869)
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Kuwait :
- Emir: Abdullah II. (1866-1892)
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Oman :
- Sultan: Salim ibn Thuwaini (1866–1868)
- Sultan: Azzan ibn Qais (1868–1871)
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Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)
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Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)
- King: Chulalongkorn , King of Thailand (1868–1910)
Australia and Oceania
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Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha V. (1863–1872)
Europe
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- Emperor of France : Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
- Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)
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Co-princes :
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to bathe
- Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1852–1907)
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Bavaria
- King : Ludwig II. (1864-1886)
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Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847-1852 , 1857-3 January 1868)
- Prime Minister Walthère Frère-Orban (January 3, 1868–1870, 1878–1884 )
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Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1865–1870)
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France
- Emperor : Napoleon III. (1851-1870)
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Italy
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)
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Monaco
- Prince Charles III. (1856-1889)
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Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )
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Neutral Moresnet
- King : Leopold II (1865–1909)
- King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)
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Netherlands
- King : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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North German Confederation
- Prussia :
- Saxony :
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Hessen-Darmstadt
- Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
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Oldenburg
- Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
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Stop
- Duke : Leopold IV (1863–1871)
- Duchy of Brunswick
- Saxony-Meiningen
- Saxony-Altenburg
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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lip
- Prince : Leopold III. (1851-1875)
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Reuss older line
- Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1867–1902)
- Reuss younger line
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Schaumburg-Lippe
- Prince : Adolf I. Georg (1860-1893)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
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Waldeck-Pyrmont
- Prince : Georg Victor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg :
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Norway
- King : Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)
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Ottoman Empire :
- Sultan: Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
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Austria-Hungary
- Emperor and King: Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
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Romania (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Head of State: Prince Karl I (1866–1914) (from 1881 King)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ștefan Golescu (1867–1868)
- Prime Minister Dimitrie Ghica (1868–1870)
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Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)
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Sweden
- King : Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)
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Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Mihailo Obrenović III. ( 1839-1842 , 1860-1868)
- Prince: Milan Obrenović IV. (1868–1889) (from 1882 king)
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Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833-30 September 1868)
- President of the Provisional Government Pascual Madoz (September 30, 1868– October 3, 1868)
- President of the Provisional Government Joaquín Aguirre de la Peña (October 3, 1868– October 8, 1868)
- President of the Provisional Government Francisco Serrano Domínguez (October 8, 1868–1869) (1869–1871 regent, 1874 president)
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Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886, 1892–1894 )