List of heads of state 1868

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Africa

Egypt
- Khedive : Ismail Pasha (1867–1879)

Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)
- Emperor: Tekle Giyorgis II (1868–1871)

Buganda
- King : Mutesa I. (1856-1884)

Bunyoro
- King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)

Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)

Dahomey
- King : Glélé (1856–1889)

Liberia
- President : Daniel Bashiel Warner (1864–1868)
- President: James Spriggs Payne (1868–1870)

Morocco
- Sultan : Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)

Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)

Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Ahmad Rufa'i (1867–1873)

South African Republic
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1864–1871)

Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1867–1901)
- Governor General: Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (1867–1869)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (1867–1873)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Benito Juárez ( 1861–1864 , 1867–1872)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President José María Castro Madriz ( 1847–1849 , 1866– November 16, 1868)
  2. President Jesús Jiménez Zamora ( 1842–1844, 1846–1847, 1863–1866 November 16, 1868–1870)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Buenaventura Báez ( 1849–1853, 1856–1858 May 1868–1873, 1876–1878 )

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Dueñas ( 1852–1854 , 1863–1871)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Vicente Cerna (1865–1871)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Sylvain Salnave (1867–1869)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José María Medina (1863–1872)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Fernando Guzmán (1867–1871)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Bartolomé Miter (1862– October 12, 1868)
  2. President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (October 12, 1868–1874)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Melgarejo (1864–1871)

Brazil
- Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831–1889)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President José Joaquín Pérez (1861–1871)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
  1. (officiating) Pedro José de Arteta (1867–20 January 1868)
  2. President Juan Javier Espinosa (January 20, 1868–1869)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Santos Acosta (1867– April 1, 1868)
  2. President Santos Gutiérrez (April 1, 1868–1870)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Solano López (1862–1870)

Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Mariano Ignacio Prado (1865– January 7, 1868)
  2. (officiating) Pedro Diez Canseco (January 8 - August 2, 1868)
  3. President José Balta (August 2, 1868–1872)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
  1. (provisional) Venancio Flores (1865–15 February 1868)
  2. (incumbent) Senate President Pedro Varela (February 15 - March 1, 1868)
  3. President Lorenzo Batlle y Grau (March 1, 1868–1872)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1863–1868)
  2. President Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual (1868)
  3. President Guillermo Tell Villegas (1868)
  4. President José Ruperto Monagas (1868–1870)

Asia

Abu Dhabi :
- Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

Ajman :
- Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848–1872)

Afghanistan
- Emir: Shir Ali Khan (1867–1879)

Bahrain :
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Chalifa Al Chalifa (1842–1868)
- Emir: Ali ibn Chalifa Al Chalifa (1868–1869)

China ( Qing Dynasty ):
- Emperor: Tongzhi (1861–1874)

Republic of Ezo
- President: Enomoto Takeaki (1868–1869)

British India
- Viceroy : John Lawrence (1864–1869)

Japan :
- Emperor : Mutsuhito (1867–1912)
- Shogun : ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1867–1868)

Korea :
- King: Gojong (1864-1897)

Kuwait :
- Emir: Abdullah II. (1866-1892)

Oman :
- Sultan: Salim ibn Thuwaini (1866–1868)
- Sultan: Azzan ibn Qais (1868–1871)

Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)
- King: Chulalongkorn , King of Thailand (1868–1910)

Australia and Oceania

Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha V. (1863–1872)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - Emperor of France : Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)

to bathe
- Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1852–1907)

Bavaria
- King : Ludwig II. (1864-1886)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847-1852 , 1857-3 January 1868)
  - Prime Minister Walthère Frère-Orban (January 3, 1868–1870, 1878–1884 )

Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1865–1870)

France
- Emperor : Napoleon III. (1851-1870)

Greece
- King : George I (1863–1913)

Italy
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)

Monaco
- Prince Charles III. (1856-1889)

Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

Neutral Moresnet
- King : Leopold II (1865–1909)
- King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)

Netherlands
- King : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

North German Confederation
- Prussia :
  - King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Saxony :
  - King : Johann I (1854–1873)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
- Stop
  - Duke : Leopold IV (1863–1871)
- Duchy of Brunswick
  - Duke : Wilhelm (1830-1884)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : George II (1866–1914)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Ernst II (1844-1893)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold III. (1851-1875)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1867–1902)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XIV.
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Adolf I. Georg (1860-1893)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Georg I. Albert
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
  - Prince : Günther Friedrich Carl II.
- Waldeck-Pyrmont
  - Prince : Georg Victor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg :
  - King : Charles I (1864-1891)

Norway
- King : Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)

Ottoman Empire :
- Sultan: Abdülaziz (1861–1876)

Austria-Hungary
- Emperor and King: Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)

Portugal
- King : Ludwig I (1861–1889)

Romania (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Head of State: Prince Karl I (1866–1914) (from 1881 King)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ștefan Golescu (1867–1868)
  - Prime Minister Dimitrie Ghica (1868–1870)

Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)

Sweden
- King : Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)

Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Mihailo Obrenović III. ( 1839-1842 , 1860-1868)
- Prince: Milan Obrenović IV. (1868–1889) (from 1882 king)

Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833-30 September 1868)
- President of the Provisional Government Pascual Madoz (September 30, 1868– October 3, 1868)
- President of the Provisional Government Joaquín Aguirre de la Peña (October 3, 1868– October 8, 1868)
- President of the Provisional Government Francisco Serrano Domínguez (October 8, 1868–1869) (1869–1871 regent, 1874 president)

Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886, 1892–1894 )