List of heads of state 1878

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Africa

Egypt (part of the Ottoman Empire)
- Khedive : Ismail Pasha (1867–1879)

Ethiopia
- Emperor : Yohannes IV. (1871-1889)

Buganda
- Kabaka : Mutesa I. (1856-1884)

Bunyoro
- Omukama : Kabalega (1869–1898)

Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)

Dahomey
- King : Glélé (1856–1889)

Liberia
- President : James Spriggs Payne ( 1868–1870 , 1876–1878)
- President: Anthony W. Gardiner (1878–1883)

Morocco
- Sultan: Mulai al-Hassan I (1873-1894)

Rwanda
- King: Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)

Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph: Mu'azu Ahmad (1877-1881)

Zulu
- King: Cetshwayo kaMpande (1872–1884)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen : Victoria (1867–1901)
- Governor General :
  1. Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin (1872–1878)
  2. John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne (1878-1883)
- Head of Government:
  1. Prime Minister : Alexander Mackenzie (1873-1878)
  2. Prime Minister: John A. Macdonald ( 1867–1873 , October 17, 1878–1891)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President : Porfirio Díaz (1876–1880, 1884–1911 )

United States of America
- Head of State or Government : President : Rutherford B. Hayes (March 4, 1877–1881)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez ( 1870–1876 , 1877–1882)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Buenaventura Báez ( 1849–1853, 1856–1858, 1868–1873 , 1876–24 February 1878)
  2. President Cesáreo Guillermo (April 12, 1878–1879)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Zaldívar (1876–1884)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Justo Rufino Barrios (1873–1885)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal (1876–1879)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Marco Aurelio Soto Martínez (1876–1883)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Pedro Joaquín Chamorro y Alfaro (1875–1879)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President : Nicolás Avellaneda (1874–1880)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President : Hilarión Daza (1876–1879)

Brazil
- Ruler: Emperor : Peter II (1831–1889)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President : Aníbal Pinto Garmendia (1876–1881)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: (temporarily) Ignacio de Veintemilla (1876–1883)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Aquileo Parra (1876– April 1, 1878)
  2. President Julián Trujillo Largacha (April 1, 1878–1880)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Higinio Uriarte (1877– November 25, 1878)
  2. President Cándido Bareiro (November 27, 1878–1880)

Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Ignacio Prado (1876–1879)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: (provisional) Lorenzo Latorre (1876–1880)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Antonio Guzmán Blanco (1870–1884, 1886–1888 )

Asia

Abu Dhabi :
- Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

Ajman :
- Sheikh: Raschid II. (1872-1891)

Afghanistan
- Emir: Shir Ali Khan (1867–1879)

Bahrain :
- Emir: Isa I. (1869-1932)

China ( Qing Dynasty ):
- Emperor: Guangxu (1875-1908)

British India
- Empress : Victoria (1877–1901)
- Viceroy : Robert Bulwer-Lytton (1876–1880)

Japan
- Emperor : Mutsuhito (1867–1912)

Korea :
- King: Gojong (1864-1897)

Kuwait :
- Emir: Abdullah II. (1866-1892)

Oman :
- Sultan: Turki ibn Said (1871–1888)

Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

Thailand
- King: Chulalongkorn , King of Thailand (1868–1910)

Australia and Oceania

Hawaii
- King : David Kalākaua (1874-1891)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Patrice de Mac-Mahon (1873–1879)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold II (1865–1909)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jules Malou (1874-19 June 1878, 1884 )
  - Prime Minister Walthère Frère-Orban ( 1868–1870 , June 19, 1878–1884)

Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup (1875–1894)

German Empire
- Kaiser : Wilhelm I (January 18, 1871–1888)
  - Imperial Chancellor : Otto von Bismarck (1871–1890)
- Stop
  - Duke : Friedrich I (1871–1904)
    - Minister of State : Anton von Krosigk (1875-1892)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1856–1907)
    - Minister of State: Ludwig Turban the Elder (1876-1893)
- Bavaria :
  - King : Ludwig II. (1864-1886)
    - Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Adolph von Pfretzschner (1872–1880)
- Braunschweig
  - Duke : Wilhelm (1831-1884)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Friedrich Pfeiffer (1875–1879)
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine (administered directly by the Reich until 1879)
  - Upper President: Eduard von Möller (1871–1879)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer (1871–1872) (1875) (1878) (1881) (1884) (1887)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ludwig IV. (1877-1892)
    - President of the entire ministry : Julius Rinck Freiherr von Starck (1876–1879)
- lip
  - Prince : Woldemar (1875–1895)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Theodor Curtius (1869–1870) (1873–1874) (1877–1878)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
    - Minister of State : Friedrich Andreas Ruhstrat (1876–1890)
- Prussia :
  - King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
    - Prime Minister : Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873) (1873–1890)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)
- Saxony :
  - King : Albert (1873–1902)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry : Georg Friedrich Alfred Graf von Fabrice (1876–1891)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Ernst II (1844-1893)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : George II (1866–1914)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Adolf I. Georg (1860-1893)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Georg Albert (1869–1890)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
  - Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
  - Prince : Georg Victor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg :
  - King : Charles I (1864-1891)
    - President of the State Ministry : Hermann von Mittnacht (1876–1900)

France
- Presidents : Patrice de Mac-Mahon (1873–1879)

Greece
- King : George I (1863–1913)

Italy
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)
- King: Umberto I (1878–1900)

Monaco
- Prince Charles III (1856-1889)

Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

Neutral Moresnet
- King : Leopold II (1865–1909)
- King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)

Netherlands
- King : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

Norway
- King : Oskar II. (1872–1905) (identical to Oskar II. Of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)

Ottoman Empire :
- Sultan : Abdülhamid II. (1876-1909)

Austria-Hungary
- Emperor and King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)

Portugal
- King : Ludwig I (1861–1889)

Romania (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Head of State: Prince Karl I (1866–1914) (from 1881 King)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ion C. Brătianu ( 1868 , 1876–1881, 1881–1888 )

Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)

Sweden
- King : Oskar II. (1872–1907) (1872–1905 King of Norway)

Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Milan Obrenović IV. (1868–1889) (from 1882 king)

Spain
- King : Alfonso XII. (1874-1885)

Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield ( 1868 , 1874–1880)