List of heads of state 1865
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Khedive (viceroy): Ismail Pasha (1863–1867)
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Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1867)
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Bunyoro
- King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)
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Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)
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Liberia
- President : Daniel Bashiel Warner (1864–1868)
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Morocco
- Sultan : Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)
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Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)
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Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
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South African Republic
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1864–1871)
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Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)
America
North America
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Confederate States of America (until May 10, disputed)
- Heads of State or Government: President Jefferson Davis (1861-10 May 1865)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Maximilian I (1864–1867) - at the same time counter-government under President Benito Juárez (1858–1872)
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United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
- President Abraham Lincoln (1861– April 15, 1865)
- President Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865–1869)
- Head of State and Government:
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Jesús Jiménez Zamora (1863–1866, 1868–1870 )
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
- President Antonio Pimentel (1861– November 14, 1865)
- President Buenaventura Báez (November 14, 1865–1866)
- Head of State and Government:
-
El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Dueñas ( 1852–1854 , 1863–1871)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
- President Rafael Carrera y Turcios ( 1844–1848 , 1851– April 14, 1865)
- (temporarily) Pedro de Aycinena (April 14 - May 3, 1865)
- President Vicente Cerna (May 3, 1865–1871)
- Head of State and Government:
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Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Fabre Geffrard (1859–1867)
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José María Medina (1863–1872)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857–1867)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Bartolomé Miter (1862–1868)
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Melgarejo (1864–1871)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President José Joaquín Pérez (1861–1871)
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
- President Gabriel García Moreno (1859– September 4, 1865)
- President Jerónimo Carrión (September 7, 1865–1867)
- Head of State and Government:
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Murillo Toro (1864–1866)
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Solano López (1862–1870)
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Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government:
- (incumbent) First Vice President Juan Antonio Pezet (1863– April 25, 1865)
- President Mariano Ignacio Prado (April 25-June 24, 1865)
- President Juan Antonio Pezet (June 24-November 8, 1865)
- (officiating) Pedro Diez Canseco (November 8 - November 28, 1865)
- President Mariano Ignacio Prado (November 28, 1865–1868)
- Head of State and Government:
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
- (incumbent) Senate President Atanasio Cruz Aguirre (1864–15 February 1865)
- (incumbent) Senate President Tomás Villalba (February 15 - February 20, 1865)
- (provisional) Venancio Flores (February 20, 1865–1868)
- Head of State and Government:
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1863–1868)
Asia
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Afghanistan
- Emir: Shir Ali Khan (1863–1866)
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Bahrain
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)
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China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Tongzhi (1861–1874)
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British India
- Viceroy : John Lawrence (1864–1869)
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Kuwait
- Emir: Sabbah II. (1859–1866)
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Oman
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)
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Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)
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Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)
Australia and Oceania
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Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha V. (1863–1872)
Europe
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- Emperor of France : Napoléon III. (1848-1870)
- Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)
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Co-princes :
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Belgium
- Head of State:
- King Leopold I (1831–10 December 1865)
- King Leopold II (December 17, 1865–1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847–1852 , 1857–1868)
- Head of State:
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Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Christian Albrecht Bluhme ( 1852–1853 , 1864–6 November 1865)
- Prime Minister Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (November 6, 1865–1870)
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German Confederation
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Austria
- Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Prime Minister: Archduke Rainer of Austria (1861–1865)
- Prime Minister: Alexander Graf von Mensdorff-Pouilly (June 26, 1865 - July 27, 1865)
- Prime Minister: Richard Graf von Belcredi (1865–1867)
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Prussia
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King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Prime Minister : Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873)
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King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
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Stop
- Duke : Leopold IV (1863–1871)
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to bathe
- Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1856–1907)
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Bavaria
- King : Ludwig II. (1864-1882)
- Braunschweig
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Bremen
- Mayor : Johann Daniel Meier (1862–1865) (1868–1871)
- Mayor: Carl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr (1857–1861) (1864–1867) (1870–1873)
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Frankfurt
- Senior Mayor : Philipp Friedrich Gwinner (1865)
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Hamburg
- Mayor : Friedrich Sieveking (1861–1862) (1865) (1868)
- Hanover
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Hessen-Darmstadt
- Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Hessen-Homburg
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Hessen-Kassel
- Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
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Holstein and Lauenburg
- under the administration of Austria and Prussia (1864–1866)
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Liechtenstein
- Prince : Johann II. (1858–1929)
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lip
- Prince : Leopold III. (1851–1873)
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Lübeck
- Mayor : Heinrich Brehmer (1849–1850) (1861–1862) (1865–1866)
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Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
- Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
- Nassau
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Oldenburg
- Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
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Reuss older line
- Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902) until 1867 under guardianship
- Regent: Caroline von Hessen-Homburg (1859–1867)
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Reuss younger line
- Prince : Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)
- Saxony
- Saxony-Altenburg
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Saxony-Meiningen
- Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
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Schaumburg-Lippe
- Prince : Adolf I. Georg (1860-1893)
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
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Waldeck-Pyrmont
- Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg
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Austria
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France
- Emperor : Napoléon III. (1851-1870)
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Italy
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)
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Monaco
- Prince Charles III (1856-1889)
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Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )
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Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold I , King of Belgium (1831–1865)
- King: Leopold II (1865–1909)
- King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)
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Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Norway
- King: Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)
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Ottoman Empire :
- Sultan: Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
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Romania (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Head of State: Prince Alexander Johann I (1862–1866)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mihail Kogălniceanu (1863–1865)
- Prime Minister Constantin Bosianu (1865)
- Prime Minister Nicolae Crețulescu ( 1862–1863 , 1865–1866)
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Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)
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Sweden
- King : Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)
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Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Mihailo Obrenović III. ( 1839-1842 , 1860-1868)
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Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)
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Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ( 1855-1858 , 1859-18 October 1865)
- Prime Minister John Russell, 1st Earl Russell ( 1846-1852 , October 29, 1865-1866)