List of heads of state 1861
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Wali (viceroy) under Ottoman suzerainty: Muhammad Said (1854–1863)
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Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)
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Bunyoro
- King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)
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Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)
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Liberia
- President : Stephen Allen Benson (1856–1864)
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Morocco
- Sultan : Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)
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Oman
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)
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Orange Free State
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1859–1863)
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Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)
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Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
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South African Republic
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1857–1863)
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Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)
America
North America
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Confederate States of America (from February 4th, disputed)
- Head of State or Government: President Jefferson Davis (February 25, 1861–1865)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
- President Miguel Miramón (1859-March 1861)
- President Benito Juárez (March 1861–1864, 1867–1872 )
- Head of State and Government:
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United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
- President James Buchanan (1857– March 4, 1861)
- President Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861–1865)
- Head of State and Government:
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: (provisional) José María Montealegre Fernández (1859–1863)
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
- President Pedro Santana ( 1844–1848, 1853–1856 , 1859– May 1, 1861)
- President Antonio Pimentel (May 1, 1861–1865)
- Head of State and Government:
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Gerardo Barrios (1859–1863)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Carrera y Turcios ( 1844–1848 , 1851–1865)
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Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Fabre Geffrard (1859–1867)
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José Santos Guardiola Bustillo (1856–1862)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857–1867)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
- President Santiago Derqui (1860– November 5, 1861)
- (officiating) Juan Esteban Pedernera (November 5 - December 12, 1861)
- Head of State and Government:
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government:
- President José María Linares (1857–14 January 1861)
- Government junta José María Achá , Ruperto Fernández , Manuel Antonio Sánchez (14 January – 4 May 1861)
- President José Maria de Achá (May 4, 1861–1864)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Chile
- Head of State and Government:
- President Manuel Montt (1851– September 18, 1861)
- President José Joaquín Pérez (September 18, 1861–1871)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Gabriel García Moreno (1859–1865)
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Granada Confederation (from July 18, Colombia )
- Head of State and Government:
- President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez (1857-18 July 1861)
- President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (July 18, 1861–1863)
- Head of State and Government:
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Antonio López ( 1841–1844 , 1844–1862)
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Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Castilla (1855–1862)
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Bernardo Prudencio Berro (1860–1864)
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
- President Manuel Felipe de Tovar (1859–1861)
- President Pedro Gual Escandon (1861-10 September 1861)
- President José Antonio Páez (September 10, 1861–1863)
- Head of State and Government:
Asia
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Afghanistan
- Emir: Dost Mohammed Khan (1842–1863)
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Bahrain
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)
- China ( Qing Dynasty )
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British India
- Viceroy : Charles John Canning (1856–1862)
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Kuwait
- Emir: Sabbah II. (1859–1866)
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Oman
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)
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Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)
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Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)
Australia and Oceania
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Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha IV (1855–1863)
Europe
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Abkhazia
- Prince: Mikheil Sharvashidze (1822–1864)
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- Emperor of France : Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
- Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)
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Co-princes :
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Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold I (1831–1865)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847–1852 , 1857–1868)
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Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian VIII. Friedrich VII. (1848–1863)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Christian Hall ( 1857–1859 , 1860–1863)
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German Confederation
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Austria
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Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Prime Minister: Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg and Rothenlöwen (1859–1861)
- Prime Minister: Archduke Rainer of Austria (1861–1865)
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Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
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Prussia
- King : Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1840–1861)
- King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Prime Minister : Karl Anton Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1858–1862)
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Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Duke : Alexander Karl (1834–1863)
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Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
- Duke : Leopold IV (1817–1871)
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to bathe
- Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1856–1907)
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Bavaria
- King : Maximilian II (1848–1864)
- Braunschweig
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Bremen
- Mayor : Arnold Duckwitz (1857–1863) (1866–1869)
- Mayor: Carl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr (1857–1861) (1864–1867) (1870–1873)
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Frankfurt
- Senior Mayor : Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm Freiherr von Günderrode called von Kellner (1841) (1847) (1851) (1861)
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Hamburg
- Mayor : Friedrich Sieveking (1861–1862) (1865) (1868)
- Hanover
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Hessen-Darmstadt
- Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Hessen-Homburg
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Hessen-Kassel
- Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
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Holstein and Lauenburg (personal union with Denmark 1815–1864)
- Duke: Friedrich II. (1848–1863)
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Liechtenstein
- Prince : Johann II. (1858–1929)
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lip
- Prince : Leopold III. (1851–1873)
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Lübeck
- Mayor : Heinrich Brehmer (1849–1850) (1861–1862) (1865–1866)
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Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
- Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
- Nassau
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Oldenburg
- Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
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Reuss older line
- Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902) until 1867 under guardianship
- Regent: Caroline von Hessen-Homburg (1859–1867)
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Reuss younger line
- Prince : Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)
- Saxony
- Saxony-Altenburg
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Saxony-Meiningen
- Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
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Schaumburg-Lippe
- Prince : Adolf I. Georg (1860-1893)
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
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Waldeck-Pyrmont
- Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg
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Austria
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France
- Emperor : Napoleon III. (1851-1870)
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Italian states
- Papal States
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Lombardy-Veneto (personal union with Austria 1815–1859 / 66) (Lombardy ceded to Sardinia except for Mantua in 1859)
- King : Franz Joseph (1848–1859 / 66)
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Kingdom of Italy (created March 17, 1861 from the Kingdom of Sardinia)
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)
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San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti : Gaetano Belluzzi , Costanzo Damiani (October 1, 1860– April 1, 1861)
- Capitani Reggenti: Settimio Belluzzi , Giacomo Berti (April 1, 1861– October 1, 1861)
- Capitani Reggenti: Melchiorre Filippi , Domenico Fattori (October 1, 1861– April 1, 1862)
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Sardinia (annexed Sicily in 1861, called the Kingdom of Italy from March 17, 1861)
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1849–1861)
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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (annexed by Sardinia in 1861)
- Dictator: Giuseppe Garibaldi (1860–1861)
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Moldova under Ottoman suzerainty (1859–1862 in personalunionwith Wallachia,unitedto Romania in1862)
- Prince : Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1862)
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Monaco
- Prince Charles III (1856-1889)
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Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )
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Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold I , King of the Belgians (1831–1865)
- Ruler: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , King of Prussia (1840–1861)
- King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)
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Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Norway :
- King: Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)
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Ottoman Empire
- Sultan: Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)
- Sultan: Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
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Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)
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Sweden
- King : Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)
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Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Mihailo Obrenović III. ( 1839-1842 , 1860-1868)
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Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)
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Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ( 1855–1858 , 1859–1865)
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Wallachia (under Ottoman rule) (united with Moldavia to form Romania in 1861)
- Prince : Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1861) (1859–1861 Prince of Moldova, 1861–1866 Prince of Romania)