List of heads of state 1859

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Africa

• Egypt
  • Khedive (viceroy): Muhammad Said (1854–1863)

• Ethiopia
  • Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)

• Buganda
  • King : Mutesa I. (1856-1884)

• Bunyoro
  • King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)

• Burundi
  • King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)

• Dahomey
  • King : Glélé (1856–1889)

• Liberia
  • President : Stephen Allen Benson (1856–1864)

• Morocco
  • Sultan : Mulai Abd ar-Rahman (1822-1859)
  • Sultan : Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)

• Orange Free State
  • President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1859–1863)

• Rwanda
  • King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)

• Sokoto Caliphate
  • Caliph : Aliyu Babba (1842-1859)
  • Caliph : Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)

• South African Republic
  • President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1857–1863)

• Zulu
  • King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)

America

North America

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. (temporarily) Félix María Zuloaga (1858–2 February 1859)
    2. President Miguel Miramón (February 2, 1859–1861)

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President James Buchanan (1857–1861)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President Juan Rafael Mora Porras (1849– August 14, 1859)
    2. (provisional) José María Montealegre Fernández (August 14, 1859–1863)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President José Desiderio Valverde (1858–31 January 1859)
    2. President Pedro Santana ( 1844–1848, 1853–1856 , January 31, 1859–1861)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President Miguel Santín del Castillo (1858– January 24, 1859)
    2. (officiating) Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (January 24 - February 15, 1859)
    3. (officiating) José María Peralta (February 15 - March 12, 1859)
    4. President Gerardo Barrios (March 12, 1859–1863)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President Rafael Carrera y Turcios ( 1844–1848 , 1851–1865)

• Haiti
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. Emperor Faustin I (1847–15 January 1859)
    2. President Fabre Geffrard (January 16, 1859–1867)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government: President José Santos Guardiola Bustillo (1856–1862)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857–1867)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President Justo José de Urquiza (1854–1860)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President José María Linares (1857–1861)

• Brazil
  • Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831–1889)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Manuel Montt (1851–1861)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President Francisco Robles (1856– September 17, 1859)
    2. José María Avilés Pareja (chairman of an opposing government, May to June 1859)
    3. Gabriel García Moreno (anti-head of state June to September 1859, as victor in the civil war from September de facto head of state)
    4. Jerónimo Carrión (further counter-president July / August 1859)
    5. Guillermo Franco (counter-president in the civil war, after García Moreno's victory in the original conflict with Robles)

• Granada Confederation (now Colombia )
  • Head of State and Government: President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez (1857–1861)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Carlos Antonio López ( 1841–1844 , 1844–1862)

• Peru (controversial)
  • Head of State and Government: President Ramón Castilla (1855–1862)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Gabriel Antonio Pereira (1856–1860)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government:
    1. President Julián Castro Contreras (1858-1859)
    2. President Pedro Gual Escandon (1859)
    3. President Manuel Felipe de Tovar (1859–1861)

Asia

• Abu Dhabi
  • Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

• Ajman
  • Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848–1872)

• Afghanistan
  • Emir: Dost Mohammed Khan (1842–1863)

• Bahrain
  • Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)

• China ( Qing Dynasty )
  • Emperor: Xianfeng (1850–1861)

• British India
  • Viceroy : Charles John Canning (1856–1862)

• Japan
  • Emperor : Kōmei (1846–1867)
  • Shogun : ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)

• Korea
  • King: Cheoljong (1849–1864)

• Kuwait
  • Emir: Djabir I (1814-1859)
  • Emir: Sabbah II. (1859–1866)

• Oman
  • Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)

• Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
  • Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

• Thailand
  • King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)

Australia and Oceania

• Hawaii
  • King : Kamehameha IV (1855–1863)

Europe

• Abkhazia
  • Prince: Mikheil Sharvashidze (1822–1864)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • Emperor of France : Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Leopold I (1831–1865)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847–1852 , 1857–1868)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: King : Christian VIII. Friedrich VII. (1848–1863)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Carl Christian Hall (1857–2 December 1859, 1860–1863 )
    • Prime Minister Carl Eduard Rotwitt (December 2, 1859–1860)

• German Confederation
  • Austria
    • Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
      • Prime Minister: Karl Ferdinand Graf von Buol-Schauenstein (1852-1859)
      • Prime Minister: Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg and Rothenlöwen (1859–1861)
  • Prussia
    • King : Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1840–1861)
      • Prime Minister : Karl Anton Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1858–1862)
  • Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
    • Duke : Alexander Karl (1834–1863)
  • Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
    • Duke : Leopold IV (1817–1871)
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    • Grand Duke : Frederick I (1856-1907) Regent (1852-1856)
  • Bavaria
    • King : Maximilian II (1848–1864)
  • Braunschweig
    • Duke : Wilhelm (1831-1884)
  • Bremen
    • Mayor : Arnold Duckwitz (1857–1863) (1866–1869)
    • Mayor: Carl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr (1857–1861) (1864–1867) (1870–1873)
  • Frankfurt
    • Senior mayor : Eduard Ludwig von Harnier (1855) (1857) (1859)
  • Hamburg
    • Mayor : Nicolaus Binder (1855) (1857) (1859) (1861)
    • Mayor: Heinrich Kellinghusen (1843–1844) (1845–1846) (1847–1848) (1851–1852) (1853–1854) (1855–1856) (1857–1858) (1859–1860)
  • Hanover
    • King : George V (1851–1866)
  • Hessen-Darmstadt
    • Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
  • Hessen-Homburg
    • Landgrave : Ferdinand (1848–1866)
  • Hessen-Kassel
    • Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
  • Holstein and Lauenburg (personal union with Denmark 1815–1864)
    • Duke: Friedrich II. (1848–1863)
  • Liechtenstein
    • Prince : Johann II. (1858–1929)
  • lip
    • Prince : Leopold III. (1851–1873)
  • Lübeck
    • Mayor : Karl Ludwig Roeck (1855–1856) (1859–1860) (1863–1864) (1867–1868)
  • Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
    • Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
  • Mecklenburg-Schwerin
    • Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
  • Mecklenburg-Strelitz
    • Grand Duke : Georg (1816–1860)
  • Nassau
    • Duke : Adolf I (1839–1866)
  • Oldenburg
    • Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
  • Reuss older line
    • Prince : Heinrich XX. (1836-1859)
    • Prince: Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902) until 1867 under guardianship
    • Regent: Caroline von Hessen-Homburg (1859–1867)
  • Reuss younger line
    • Prince : Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)
  • Saxony
    • King : Johann (1854–1873)
  • Saxony-Altenburg
    • Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
  • Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
    • Duke : Ernst II (1844-1893)
  • Saxony-Meiningen
    • Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
  • Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
    • Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
  • Schaumburg-Lippe
    • Prince : Georg Wilhelm (1787–1860) until 1807 Count
  • Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
    • Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
  • Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
    • Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
  • Waldeck-Pyrmont
    • Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
  • Württemberg
    • King : Wilhelm I (1816–1864)

• France
  • Emperor : Napoleon III. (1851-1870)

• Greece
  • King : Otto I (1832–1862)

• Italian states
  • Papal States
    • Pope : Pius IX (1846–1870) (1870 dissolution of the Papal States - pontificate ends in 1878)
  • Lombardy-Veneto (personal union with Austria 1815–1859 / 66) (Lombardy ceded to Sardinia except for Mantua in 1859)
    • King : Franz Joseph (1848–1859 / 66)
  • Modena and Reggio
    • Duke : Franz V (1846-1859)
    • Dictator: Luigi Carlo Farini (1859–1860)
  • Parma and Piacenza
    • Duke : Robert I (1854-1859) underage
    • Regent: Louise Marie Thérèse de Bourbon-Artois (1854-1859)
    • Dictator: Luigi Carlo Farini (1859–1860)
  • San Marino
    • Capitani Reggenti : Filippo Belluzzi , Pasquale Marcucci (October 1, 1858– April 1, 1859)
    • Capitani Reggenti: Giuliano Belluzzi , Michele Ceccoli (April 1, 1859– October 1, 1859)
    • Capitani Reggenti: Palamede Malpeli , Pier Matteo Berti (October 1, 1859– April 1, 1860)
  • Sardinia
    • King : Victor Emanuel II (1849–1861)
  • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
    • King : Ferdinand II (1830-1859)
    • King: Franz II. (1859-1860)
  • Tuscany
    • Grand Duke Leopold II (1824-1859)
    • Grand Duke: Ferdinand IV. (1859-1860)

• Moldova under Ottoman suzerainty (1859–1862 in personalunionwith Wallachia,unitedto Romania in1862)
  • Prince : Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1862)

• Monaco
  • Prince Charles III (1856-1889)

• Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
  • Prince : Danilo II. Petrović-Njegoš (1851–1860) (until 1852 Prince-Bishop )

• Neutral Moresnet
  • Ruler: Leopold I , King of Belgium (1831–1865)
  • Ruler: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , King of Prussia (1840–1861)
  • Mayor: Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx (1817-1859)
  • Mayor: Adolf Hubert van Scherpenzeel-Thim (1859)
  • Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)

• Netherlands
  • King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

• Norway
  • King: Oskar I (1844-1859) (identical to Oskar I of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)
  • King: Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)

• Ottoman Empire
  • Sultan: Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)

• Portugal
  • King : Peter V (1853–1861)

• Russia
  • Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)

• Sweden
  • King : Oskar I (1844-1859) (1844-1859 King of Norway)
  • King: Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)

• Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
  • Prince : Miloš Obrenović ( 1815–1839 , 1858–1860)

• Spain
  • Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)

• Hungary
  • King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby ( 1852 , 1858–12 June 1859, 1866–1868 )
    • Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ( 1855–1858 ; June 12, 1859–1865)

• Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
  • Prince : Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1861) (1859–1861 Prince of Moldova, 1861–1866 Prince of Romania)