List of heads of state 1859
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Khedive (viceroy): Muhammad Said (1854–1863)
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Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)
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Bunyoro
- King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)
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Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)
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Liberia
- President : Stephen Allen Benson (1856–1864)
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Morocco
- Sultan : Mulai Abd ar-Rahman (1822-1859)
- Sultan : Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)
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Orange Free State
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1859–1863)
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Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)
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Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Aliyu Babba (1842-1859)
- Caliph : Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
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South African Republic
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1857–1863)
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Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)
America
North America
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
- (temporarily) Félix María Zuloaga (1858–2 February 1859)
- President Miguel Miramón (February 2, 1859–1861)
- Head of State and Government:
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President James Buchanan (1857–1861)
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
- President Juan Rafael Mora Porras (1849– August 14, 1859)
- (provisional) José María Montealegre Fernández (August 14, 1859–1863)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
- President José Desiderio Valverde (1858–31 January 1859)
- President Pedro Santana ( 1844–1848, 1853–1856 , January 31, 1859–1861)
- Head of State and Government:
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
- President Miguel Santín del Castillo (1858– January 24, 1859)
- (officiating) Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (January 24 - February 15, 1859)
- (officiating) José María Peralta (February 15 - March 12, 1859)
- President Gerardo Barrios (March 12, 1859–1863)
- Head of State and Government:
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Carrera y Turcios ( 1844–1848 , 1851–1865)
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Haiti
- Head of State and Government:
- Emperor Faustin I (1847–15 January 1859)
- President Fabre Geffrard (January 16, 1859–1867)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José Santos Guardiola Bustillo (1856–1862)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857–1867)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Justo José de Urquiza (1854–1860)
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President José María Linares (1857–1861)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Montt (1851–1861)
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
- President Francisco Robles (1856– September 17, 1859)
- José María Avilés Pareja (chairman of an opposing government, May to June 1859)
- Gabriel García Moreno (anti-head of state June to September 1859, as victor in the civil war from September de facto head of state)
- Jerónimo Carrión (further counter-president July / August 1859)
- Guillermo Franco (counter-president in the civil war, after García Moreno's victory in the original conflict with Robles)
- Head of State and Government:
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Granada Confederation (now Colombia )
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez (1857–1861)
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Antonio López ( 1841–1844 , 1844–1862)
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Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Castilla (1855–1862)
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Gabriel Antonio Pereira (1856–1860)
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
- President Julián Castro Contreras (1858-1859)
- President Pedro Gual Escandon (1859)
- President Manuel Felipe de Tovar (1859–1861)
- Head of State and Government:
Asia
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Afghanistan
- Emir: Dost Mohammed Khan (1842–1863)
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Bahrain
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)
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China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Xianfeng (1850–1861)
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British India
- Viceroy : Charles John Canning (1856–1862)
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Kuwait
- Emir: Djabir I (1814-1859)
- Emir: Sabbah II. (1859–1866)
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Oman
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)
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Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)
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Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)
Australia and Oceania
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Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha IV (1855–1863)
Europe
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Abkhazia
- Prince: Mikheil Sharvashidze (1822–1864)
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- Emperor of France : Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
- Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)
-
Co-princes :
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Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold I (1831–1865)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847–1852 , 1857–1868)
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Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian VIII. Friedrich VII. (1848–1863)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Carl Christian Hall (1857–2 December 1859, 1860–1863 )
- Prime Minister Carl Eduard Rotwitt (December 2, 1859–1860)
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German Confederation
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Austria
-
Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Prime Minister: Karl Ferdinand Graf von Buol-Schauenstein (1852-1859)
- Prime Minister: Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg and Rothenlöwen (1859–1861)
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Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
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Prussia
-
King : Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1840–1861)
- Prime Minister : Karl Anton Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1858–1862)
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King : Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1840–1861)
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Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Duke : Alexander Karl (1834–1863)
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Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
- Duke : Leopold IV (1817–1871)
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to bathe
- Grand Duke : Frederick I (1856-1907) Regent (1852-1856)
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Bavaria
- King : Maximilian II (1848–1864)
- Braunschweig
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Bremen
- Mayor : Arnold Duckwitz (1857–1863) (1866–1869)
- Mayor: Carl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr (1857–1861) (1864–1867) (1870–1873)
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Frankfurt
- Senior mayor : Eduard Ludwig von Harnier (1855) (1857) (1859)
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Hamburg
- Mayor : Nicolaus Binder (1855) (1857) (1859) (1861)
- Mayor: Heinrich Kellinghusen (1843–1844) (1845–1846) (1847–1848) (1851–1852) (1853–1854) (1855–1856) (1857–1858) (1859–1860)
- Hanover
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Hessen-Darmstadt
- Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Hessen-Homburg
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Hessen-Kassel
- Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
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Holstein and Lauenburg (personal union with Denmark 1815–1864)
- Duke: Friedrich II. (1848–1863)
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Liechtenstein
- Prince : Johann II. (1858–1929)
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lip
- Prince : Leopold III. (1851–1873)
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Lübeck
- Mayor : Karl Ludwig Roeck (1855–1856) (1859–1860) (1863–1864) (1867–1868)
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Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
- Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Georg (1816–1860)
- Nassau
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Oldenburg
- Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
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Reuss older line
- Prince : Heinrich XX. (1836-1859)
- Prince: Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902) until 1867 under guardianship
- Regent: Caroline von Hessen-Homburg (1859–1867)
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Reuss younger line
- Prince : Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)
- Saxony
- Saxony-Altenburg
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Saxony-Meiningen
- Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
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Schaumburg-Lippe
- Prince : Georg Wilhelm (1787–1860) until 1807 Count
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
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Waldeck-Pyrmont
- Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg
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Austria
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France
- Emperor : Napoleon III. (1851-1870)
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Italian states
- Papal States
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Lombardy-Veneto (personal union with Austria 1815–1859 / 66) (Lombardy ceded to Sardinia except for Mantua in 1859)
- King : Franz Joseph (1848–1859 / 66)
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Modena and Reggio
- Duke : Franz V (1846-1859)
- Dictator: Luigi Carlo Farini (1859–1860)
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Parma and Piacenza
- Duke : Robert I (1854-1859) underage
- Regent: Louise Marie Thérèse de Bourbon-Artois (1854-1859)
- Dictator: Luigi Carlo Farini (1859–1860)
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San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti : Filippo Belluzzi , Pasquale Marcucci (October 1, 1858– April 1, 1859)
- Capitani Reggenti: Giuliano Belluzzi , Michele Ceccoli (April 1, 1859– October 1, 1859)
- Capitani Reggenti: Palamede Malpeli , Pier Matteo Berti (October 1, 1859– April 1, 1860)
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Sardinia
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1849–1861)
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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
- King : Ferdinand II (1830-1859)
- King: Franz II. (1859-1860)
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Tuscany
- Grand Duke Leopold II (1824-1859)
- Grand Duke: Ferdinand IV. (1859-1860)
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Moldova under Ottoman suzerainty (1859–1862 in personalunionwith Wallachia,unitedto Romania in1862)
- Prince : Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1862)
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Monaco
- Prince Charles III (1856-1889)
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Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Danilo II. Petrović-Njegoš (1851–1860) (until 1852 Prince-Bishop )
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Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold I , King of Belgium (1831–1865)
- Ruler: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , King of Prussia (1840–1861)
- Mayor: Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx (1817-1859)
- Mayor: Adolf Hubert van Scherpenzeel-Thim (1859)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)
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Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Norway
- King: Oskar I (1844-1859) (identical to Oskar I of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)
- King: Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)
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Ottoman Empire
- Sultan: Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)
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Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)
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Sweden
- King : Oskar I (1844-1859) (1844-1859 King of Norway)
- King: Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)
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Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Miloš Obrenović ( 1815–1839 , 1858–1860)
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Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)
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Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby ( 1852 , 1858–12 June 1859, 1866–1868 )
- Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ( 1855–1858 ; June 12, 1859–1865)
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Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1861) (1859–1861 Prince of Moldova, 1861–1866 Prince of Romania)