List of heads of state 1849

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Africa

Egypt
- Viceroy : Abbas Hilmi I (1849–1854)

Ethiopia
- Kaiser : Sahle Dengel (1845–1850)

Buganda
- King : Suna II (1836-1856)

Bunyoro
- King : Olimi V. (1848-1852)

Burundi
- King : Ntare IV. Rugamba (1796-1852)

Dahomey
- King : Gézo (1818-1856)

Liberia
- President : Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1847–1856)

Madagascar
- Queen: Ranavalona I (1782–1861)
- Prime Minister : Rainiharo († 1852)

Morocco
- Sultan : Mulai Abd ar-Rahman (1822-1859)

Rwanda
- King : Mutara II (1830-1853)

Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Aliyu Babba (1842-1859)

Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)

America

North America

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President José Joaquín de Herrera (1848-1851)

United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President James K. Polk (1845– March 4, 1849)
  2. President Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849–1850)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President José María Castro Madriz (1847– November 16, 1849, 1866–1868 )
  2. (temporarily) Miguel Mora Porras (November 16 - November 26, 1849)
  3. President Juan Rafael Mora Porras (November 26, 1849-1859)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Manuel Jimenez (1848– May 2, 1849)
  2. President Pedro Santana (May 30-September 23, 1849)
  3. President Buenaventura Báez (September 24, 1849–1853, 1856–1858, 1868–1873, 1876–1878 )

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Doroteo Vasconcelos (1848–1851)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: (temporarily) Mariano Paredes (January 1, 1849–1851)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Faustin-Élie Soulouque (1847-1859, from August 26th as Emperor Faustin I )

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Nepomucemo Fernández Lindo (1847-1852)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government:
  1. Chief Director José María Guerrero (1847–1 January 1849)
  2. Chief Director Toribio Terán (January 1 - March 1849)
  3. Chief Executive Benito Rosales (March – April 1, 1849)
  4. Chief Director Norberto Ramírez (April 1, 1849-1851)

South America

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Isidoro Belzu (1848–1855)

Brazil
- Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831–1889)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Bulnes Prieto (1841-1851)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Vicente Ramón Roca (1845– October 15, 1849)
  2. (officiating) Manuel de Ascásubi (October 15, 1849–1850)

New Granada (now Colombia )
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (1845–1 April 1849, 1861–1863, 1866–1867 )
  2. President José Hilario López (April 1, 1849-1853)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Antonio López ( 1841–1844 , 1844–1862)

Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Castilla (1845-1851)

Río de la Plata (now Argentina )
- Head of State and Government: (vacant)
- Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires: General Juan Manuel de Rosas (1835-1852)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Joaquín Suárez (1843-1852)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President José Tadeo Monagas (1847–1851)

Asia

Abu Dhabi
- Emir: Sa'id (1845–1855)

Ajman
- Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848–1872)

Afghanistan
- Emir: Dost Mohammed Khan (1842–1863)

Bahrain
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)

Brunei
- Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II († 1852)

China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Daoguang (1821–1850)

British India
- Governor General : James Andrew Broun-Ramsay (1848-1856)

Japan
- Emperor : Kōmei (1846–1867)
- Shogun : ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1837-1853)

Korea
- King: Heonjong (1834–1849)
- King: Cheoljong (1849–1864)

Kuwait
- Emir: Djabir I (1814-1859)

Oman
- Sultan: Said ibn Sultan (1804-1856)

Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

Thailand
- King: Rama III. , King of Thailand (1824-1851)

Australia and Oceania

Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha III. (1825-1854)

Europe

Abkhazia
- Prince: Mikheil Sharvashidze (1822–1864)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1848–1870)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Simó de Guardiola i Hortoneda (1828-1851)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold I (1831–1865)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier (1847–1852, 1857–1868 )

Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian VIII. Friedrich VII. (1848–1863)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Adam Wilhelm Moltke (1848–1852)

German Confederation
- Austria
  - Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
    - Prime Minister: Felix Prinz zu Schwarzenberg (November 21, 1848–1852)
- Prussia
  - King : Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1840–1861)
    - Prime Minister : Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Brandenburg (1848–1850)
- Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
  - Duke : Alexander Karl (1834–1863)
- Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
  - Duke : Leopold IV (1817–1871)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Leopold (1830-1852)
- Bavaria
  - King : Maximilian II (1848–1864)
- Braunschweig
  - Duke : Wilhelm (1831-1884)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Johann Smidt (1821–1857)
  - Mayor: Johann Daniel Noltenius (1839-1852)
  - Mayor: Isak Hermann Albrecht Schumacher (1847-1853)
- Frankfurt
  - Elderly mayor : Samuel Gottlieb Müller (1849) (1860) (1863)
- Hamburg
  - Mayor : Johann Heinrich Bartels (1820–1850)
  - Mayor: Christian Daniel Benecke (1835–1851)
  - Mayor: Johann Ludewig Dammert (1843–1855)
- Hanover
  - King : Ernst August (1837-1851)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Hessen-Homburg
  - Landgrave : Ferdinand (1848–1866)
- Hessen-Kassel
  - Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
- Hohenzollern-Hechingen waiver in 1849 falls to Prussia
  - Prince : Constantine (1838–1849)
- Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen waiver in 1849 falls to Prussia
  - Prince : Karl Anton (1848–1849)
- Holstein and Lauenburg (personal union with Denmark 1815–1864)
  - Duke: Friedrich II. (1848–1863)
- Liechtenstein
  - Prince : Alois II. (1836-1858)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold II (1802-1851)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Heinrich Brehmer (1849–1850) (1861–1862) (1865–1866)
- Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm II (1840–1849)
  - Grand Duke: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Georg (1816–1860)
- Nassau
  - Duke : Adolf I (1839–1866)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Paul Friedrich August (1829-1853)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XX. (1836-1859)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich LXII. (1848-1854)
- Saxony
  - King : Friedrich August II. (1836-1854)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Georg (1848-1853)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Ernst II (1844-1893)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Carl Friedrich (1828-1853)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Georg Wilhelm (1787–1860) until 1807 Count
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
  - Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
- Waldeck-Pyrmont
  - Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg
  - King : Wilhelm I (1816–1864)

France
- President : Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1848-1851)

Greece
- King : Otto I (1832–1862)

Italian states
- Papal States
  - Pope : Pius IX (1846–1870) (1870 dissolution of the Papal States - pontificate ends in 1878)
- Lombardy-Veneto (personal union with Austria 1815–1859 / 66)
  - King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1859 / 66)
- Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Franz V (1846-1859)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Karl II. Ludwig (1847–1849)
  - Duke: Charles III. (1849-1854)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti : Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi , Pietro Righi (October 1, 1848– April 1, 1849)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Domenico Maria Belzoppi , Pier Matteo Berti (April 1, 1849– October 1, 1849)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Giambattista Braschi , Marino Lonfernini (October 1, 1849– April 1, 1850)
- Sardinia
  - King : Karl Albert (1831–1849)
  - King: Victor Emanuel II (1849–1861)
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
  - King : Ferdinand II (1830-1859)
- Tuscany
  - Grand Duke Leopold II (1824-1859)

Monaco
- Prince Florestan (1841-1856)

Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince-Bishop (Vladika) : Petar II. Petrović-Njegoš (1830-1851)

Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold I , King of Belgium (1831–1865)
- Ruler: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , King of Prussia (1840–1861)
- Mayor: Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx (1817-1859)

Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm II. (1840–1849)
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

Norway
- King: Oskar I (1844-1859) (identical to Oskar I of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan: Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)

Portugal (common rule 1837-1853)
- Queen : Mary II ( 1826–1828 , 1834–1853)
- King: Ferdinand II. (1837-1853) (1853-1855 regent)

Russia
- Emperor : Nicholas I (1825–1855)

Sweden
- King : Oskar I (1844-1859) (1844-1859 King of Norway)

Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Aleksandar Karađorđević (1842–1858)

Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)

Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Russell (1846–1852, 1865–1866 )

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei (1849–1853, 1854–1856 )