List of Heads of State 1856
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Khedive (viceroy): Muhammad Said (1854–1863)
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Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)
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Bunyoro
- King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)
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Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)
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Liberia
- President : Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1847–1856)
- President: Stephen Allen Benson (1856–1864)
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Morocco
- Sultan : Mulai Abd ar-Rahman (1822-1859)
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Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)
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Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Aliyu Babba (1842-1859)
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Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)
America
North America
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
- (temporarily) Juan Álvarez Benítez (1855–15 September 1856)
- President Ignacio Comonfort (September 15, 1856-1858)
- Head of State and Government:
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)
Central America
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Rafael Mora Porras (1849-1859)
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
- President Pedro Santana ( 1844–1848 , 1853 – June 1856, 1859–1861 )
- President Manuel de Regla Mota (June – October 6, 1856)
- President Buenaventura Báez ( 1849–1853 , October 6, 1856–1858, 1868–1873, 1876–1878 )
- Head of State and Government:
-
El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
- President José María San Martín (1854– February 1, 1856)
- (officiating) Francisco Dueñas (February 1 - February 12, 1856)
- President Rafael Campo (February 12, 1856-1858)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Carrera y Turcios ( 1844–1848 , 1851–1865)
-
Honduras
- Head of State and Government:
- President Francisco de Aguilar (1855– February 17, 1856)
- President José Santos Guardiola Bustillo (February 17, 1856–1862)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: (provisional) Patricio Rivas (1855–1857)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Justo José de Urquiza (1854–1860)
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Jorge Córdoba (1855–1857)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Montt (1851–1861)
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Ecuador
- Head of State or Government: President Francisco Robles (1856-1859)
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New Granada (now Colombia )
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel María Mallarino (1855–1857)
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Antonio López ( 1841–1844 , 1844–1862)
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Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Castilla (1855–1862)
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
- (provisional) Manuel Basilio Bustamante (1855–15 February 1856)
- (incumbent) Senate President José María Plá (February 15 – March 1, 1856)
- President Gabriel Antonio Pereira (March 1, 1856–1860)
- Head of State and Government:
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President José Tadeo Monagas (1855–1858)
Asia
-
Afghanistan
- Emir: Dost Mohammed Khan (1842–1863)
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Bahrain
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)
-
China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Xianfeng (1850–1861)
-
British India
-
Governor General :
- James Andrew Broun-Ramsay (1848-1856)
- Charles John Canning (1856-1862)
-
Governor General :
-
Oman
- Sultan: Said ibn Sultan (1804-1856)
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)
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Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)
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Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)
Australia and Oceania
-
Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha IV (1855–1863)
Europe
-
Abkhazia
- Prince: Mikheil Sharvashidze (1822–1864)
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Andorra
-
Co-princes :
- Emperor of France : Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
- Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)
-
Co-princes :
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Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold I (1831–1865)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pieter de Decker (1855-1857)
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Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian VIII. Friedrich VII. (1848–1863)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Peter Georg Bang (1854-18 October 1856)
- Prime Minister Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ (October 18, 1856–1857)
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German Confederation
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Austria
-
Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Prime Minister: Karl Ferdinand Graf von Buol-Schauenstein (1852-1859)
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Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
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Prussia
-
King : Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1840–1861)
- Prime Minister : Otto Theodor Freiherr von Manteuffel (1850–1858)
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King : Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1840–1861)
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Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Duke : Alexander Karl (1834–1863)
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Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
- Duke : Leopold IV (1817–1871)
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to bathe
- Grand Duke : Ludwig II (1852-1856) unable to rule
- Grand Duke: Frederick I (1856-1907) Regent (1852-1856)
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Bavaria
- King : Maximilian II (1848–1864)
- Braunschweig
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Bremen
- Mayor : Johann Smidt (1821–1857)
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Frankfurt
- Elderly Mayor : Johann Georg Neuburg (1852) (1854) (1856) (1858) (1862)
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Hamburg
- Mayor : Heinrich Kellinghusen (1843–1844) (1845–1846) (1847–1848) (1851–1852) (1853–1854) (1855–1856) (1857–1858) (1859–1860)
- Hanover
-
Hessen-Darmstadt
- Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Hessen-Homburg
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Hessen-Kassel
- Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
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Holstein and Lauenburg (personal union with Denmark 1815–1864)
- Duke: Friedrich II. (1848–1863)
- Liechtenstein
-
lip
- Prince : Leopold III. (1851–1873)
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Lübeck
- Mayor : Karl Ludwig Roeck (1855–1856) (1859–1860) (1863–1864) (1867–1868)
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Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
- Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Georg (1816–1860)
- Nassau
-
Oldenburg
- Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
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Reuss older line
- Prince : Heinrich XX. (1836-1859)
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Reuss younger line
- Prince : Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)
- Saxony
- Saxony-Altenburg
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Saxony-Meiningen
- Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
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Schaumburg-Lippe
- Prince : Georg Wilhelm (1787–1860) until 1807 Count
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
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Waldeck-Pyrmont
- Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg
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Austria
-
France :
- Emperor : Napoleon III. (1851-1870)
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Italian states
- Papal States
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Lombardy-Veneto (personal union with Austria 1815–1859 / 66)
- King : Franz Joseph (1848–1859 / 66)
- Modena and Reggio
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Parma and Piacenza
- Duke : Robert I (1854–1860) underage
- Regent: Louise Marie Thérèse de Bourbon-Artois (1854–1860)
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San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti : Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi , Marino Masi (October 1, 1855– April 1, 1856)
- Capitani Reggenti: Giuseppe Filippi , Pietro Righi (April 1, 1856– October 1, 1856)
- Capitani Reggenti: Melchiorre Filippi , Gaetano Simoncini (October 1, 1856– April 1, 1857)
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Sardinia
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1849–1861)
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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
- King : Ferdinand II (1830-1859)
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Tuscany
- Grand Duke Leopold II (1824-1859)
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Monaco
- Prince : Florestan (1841-1856)
- Prince: Charles III. (1856-1889)
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Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Danilo II. Petrović-Njegoš (1851–1860) (until 1852 Prince-Bishop )
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Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold I , King of Belgium (1831–1865)
- Ruler: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , King of Prussia (1840–1861)
- Mayor: Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx (1817-1859)
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Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
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Ottoman Empire
- Sultan: Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)
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Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)
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Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Aleksandar Karađorđević (1842–1858)
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Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)
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Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1855–1858, 1859–1865 )
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Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei ( 1849–1853 , 1854–1856)
- Prince: Alexandru II Ghica ( 1834–1842 , 1856–1858)