List of Heads of State 1856

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Africa

Egypt
- Khedive (viceroy): Muhammad Said (1854–1863)

Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1868)

Buganda
- King : Suna II (1836-1856)
- King: Mutesa I. (1856-1884)

Bunyoro
- King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)

Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)

Dahomey
- King : Gézo (1818-1856)
- King: Glélé (1856–1889)

Liberia
- President : Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1847–1856)
- President: Stephen Allen Benson (1856–1864)

Morocco
- Sultan : Mulai Abd ar-Rahman (1822-1859)

Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)

Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Aliyu Babba (1842-1859)

Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)

America

North America

Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
  1. (temporarily) Juan Álvarez Benítez (1855–15 September 1856)
  2. President Ignacio Comonfort (September 15, 1856-1858)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Rafael Mora Porras (1849-1859)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Pedro Santana ( 1844–1848 , 1853 – June 1856, 1859–1861 )
  2. President Manuel de Regla Mota (June – October 6, 1856)
  3. President Buenaventura Báez ( 1849–1853 , October 6, 1856–1858, 1868–1873, 1876–1878 )

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President José María San Martín (1854– February 1, 1856)
  2. (officiating) Francisco Dueñas (February 1 - February 12, 1856)
  3. President Rafael Campo (February 12, 1856-1858)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Carrera y Turcios ( 1844–1848 , 1851–1865)

Haiti
- Ruler: Emperor Faustin I (1847-1859)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Francisco de Aguilar (1855– February 17, 1856)
  2. President José Santos Guardiola Bustillo (February 17, 1856–1862)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: (provisional) Patricio Rivas (1855–1857)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Justo José de Urquiza (1854–1860)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Jorge Córdoba (1855–1857)

Brazil
- Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831–1889)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Montt (1851–1861)

Ecuador
- Head of State or Government: President Francisco Robles (1856-1859)

New Granada (now Colombia )
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel María Mallarino (1855–1857)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Antonio López ( 1841–1844 , 1844–1862)

Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Castilla (1855–1862)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
  1. (provisional) Manuel Basilio Bustamante (1855–15 February 1856)
  2. (incumbent) Senate President José María Plá (February 15 – March 1, 1856)
  3. President Gabriel Antonio Pereira (March 1, 1856–1860)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President José Tadeo Monagas (1855–1858)

Asia

Abu Dhabi
- Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

Ajman
- Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848–1872)

Afghanistan
- Emir: Dost Mohammed Khan (1842–1863)

Bahrain
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)

China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Xianfeng (1850–1861)

British India
- Governor General :
  - James Andrew Broun-Ramsay (1848-1856)
  - Charles John Canning (1856-1862)

Japan
- Emperor : Kōmei (1846–1867)
- Shogun : ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Iesada (1853-1858)

Korea
- King: Cheoljong (1849–1864)

Kuwait
- Emir: Djabir I (1814-1859)

Oman
- Sultan: Said ibn Sultan (1804-1856)
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)

Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)

Australia and Oceania

Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha IV (1855–1863)

Europe

Abkhazia
- Prince: Mikheil Sharvashidze (1822–1864)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - Emperor of France : Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold I (1831–1865)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pieter de Decker (1855-1857)

Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian VIII. Friedrich VII. (1848–1863)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Peter Georg Bang (1854-18 October 1856)
  - Prime Minister Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ (October 18, 1856–1857)

German Confederation
- Austria
  - Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
    - Prime Minister: Karl Ferdinand Graf von Buol-Schauenstein (1852-1859)
- Prussia
  - King : Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1840–1861)
    - Prime Minister : Otto Theodor Freiherr von Manteuffel (1850–1858)
- Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
  - Duke : Alexander Karl (1834–1863)
- Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
  - Duke : Leopold IV (1817–1871)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Ludwig II (1852-1856) unable to rule
  - Grand Duke: Frederick I (1856-1907) Regent (1852-1856)
- Bavaria
  - King : Maximilian II (1848–1864)
- Braunschweig
  - Duke : Wilhelm (1831-1884)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Johann Smidt (1821–1857)
- Frankfurt
  - Elderly Mayor : Johann Georg Neuburg (1852) (1854) (1856) (1858) (1862)
- Hamburg
  - Mayor : Heinrich Kellinghusen (1843–1844) (1845–1846) (1847–1848) (1851–1852) (1853–1854) (1855–1856) (1857–1858) (1859–1860)
- Hanover
  - King : George V (1851–1866)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Hessen-Homburg
  - Landgrave : Ferdinand (1848–1866)
- Hessen-Kassel
  - Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
- Holstein and Lauenburg (personal union with Denmark 1815–1864)
  - Duke: Friedrich II. (1848–1863)
- Liechtenstein
  - Prince : Alois II. (1836-1858)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold III. (1851–1873)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Karl Ludwig Roeck (1855–1856) (1859–1860) (1863–1864) (1867–1868)
- Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Georg (1816–1860)
- Nassau
  - Duke : Adolf I (1839–1866)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XX. (1836-1859)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)
- Saxony
  - King : Johann (1854–1873)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Ernst II (1844-1893)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Georg Wilhelm (1787–1860) until 1807 Count
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
  - Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
- Waldeck-Pyrmont
  - Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg
  - King : Wilhelm I (1816–1864)

France :
- Emperor : Napoleon III. (1851-1870)

Greece
- King : Otto I (1832–1862)

Italian states
- Papal States
  - Pope : Pius IX (1846–1870) (1870 dissolution of the Papal States - pontificate ends in 1878)
- Lombardy-Veneto (personal union with Austria 1815–1859 / 66)
  - King : Franz Joseph (1848–1859 / 66)
- Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Franz V (1846-1859)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Robert I (1854–1860) underage
  - Regent: Louise Marie Thérèse de Bourbon-Artois (1854–1860)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti : Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi , Marino Masi (October 1, 1855– April 1, 1856)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Giuseppe Filippi , Pietro Righi (April 1, 1856– October 1, 1856)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Melchiorre Filippi , Gaetano Simoncini (October 1, 1856– April 1, 1857)
- Sardinia
  - King : Victor Emanuel II (1849–1861)
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
  - King : Ferdinand II (1830-1859)
- Tuscany
  - Grand Duke Leopold II (1824-1859)

Monaco
- Prince : Florestan (1841-1856)
- Prince: Charles III. (1856-1889)

Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Danilo II. Petrović-Njegoš (1851–1860) (until 1852 Prince-Bishop )

Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold I , King of Belgium (1831–1865)
- Ruler: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , King of Prussia (1840–1861)
- Mayor: Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx (1817-1859)

Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

Norway
- King: Oskar I (1844-1859) (identical to Oskar I of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan: Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)

Portugal
- King : Peter V (1853–1861)

Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)

Sweden
- King : Oskar I (1844-1859) (1844-1859 King of Norway)

Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Aleksandar Karađorđević (1842–1858)

Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)

Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1855–1858, 1859–1865 )

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei ( 1849–1853 , 1854–1856)
- Prince: Alexandru II Ghica ( 1834–1842 , 1856–1858)