Right-wing extremism and esotericism

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This picture shows a replica of the sun wheel ornament from the Obergruppenführer hall of the Wewelsburg . The symbol charged with mythical meaning is now a popular symbol of esoteric right-wing extremists under the name Black Sun.

Occasional references and overlaps between esoteric and right-wing extremist currents are discussed under catchphrases such as right-wing extremism and esotericism , right-wing esotericism , brown esotericism or nationalistic esotericism .

In the context of ariosophy , esoteric and occult ideas found their way into the national movement in Austria and Germany in the early 20th century . Guido von List took up parts of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's theosophy and integrated them into his racist and mythological worldview. Also in the racist speculations of Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels , who coined the term ariosophy , esoteric motives flowed.

During the time of National Socialism , the Ariosophie was initially observed as a "subversive sect" and banned from 1937. Esoteric inclinations of individual important politicians such as Heinrich Himmler and Rudolf Hess were tolerated, but gained only a marginal influence on the symbolism and the external appearance of political doctrines and institutions of the Third Reich. The topic received popular interest in the 1950s through commercially successful book publications, according to which esoteric or occult influences about Lanz von Liebenfels are said to have been the basis of the rise and success of Adolf Hitler and National Socialism. In the 1990s there was yet another renaissance of the topic, as esoteric content and symbols had spread more widely in the right-wing extremist scene.

Origins

The search for a national identity led in Germany and Austria on the way to the nation state to the construct of an idealized past, the historical myth of Germanism . From the late political unification of Germany - or in Austria-Hungary parallel to the Pan-German movement - and from a " romantic counter-reaction to modernity", especially to the forced industrialization, the Völkische movement emerged . In addition to nationalistic, anti- liberal and anti-Semitic ideas, some ethnic groups also integrated occult and spiritualistic ideas that were widespread at the time .

According to Wolfram Pyta, esoteric terms that are misunderstood today, such as root race , arose from a considerably expanded race discourse practiced around 1900. This contained the idea that the fusion of certain ethnic groups promoted the higher cultural development of the entire human race and also set itself apart from the biological variant that is more present today in cultural anthropology. According to the expanded reading, race functions in such contexts as a flexible category of order of social and cultural entities . The adoption of esoteric conceptual worlds in völkisch-nationalistic circles mostly presupposed the mentioned biological interpretation, which was alien to the emphatically spiritual ideas of leading esotericists like Helena Petrovna Blavatsky or Rudolf Steiner himself.

Ariosophy

Guido von List 1913; Recording: Conrad H. Schiffer

Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke certifies occultism in the ariosophy of Guido von Lists and Jörg Lanz 'von Liebenfels the role of a “hallowed legitimation” of their fundamental rejection of modernity and materialism. The Anglo-Indian theosophy Blavatsky offered a "religious mysticism and a universal basic principle for the political attitude" of the small sectarian group of Ariosophers. The Ariosophs "described a prehistoric golden age in which wise, Gnostic priesthoods preached occult racist doctrines and ruled a superior, racially pure society." They located this in Atlantis , Thule or Hyperborea . Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's theosophy , which in her root race theory had assumed an Aryan epoch for modern times and the then present of a Germanic-Nordic lower epoch, they interpreted as a prediction of German world domination.

List combined these ideas with Germanic mythology , a neo Odinskult , runic wisdom and rune magic. Lanz von Liebenfels, on the other hand, used elements of the Judeo-Christian tradition, archeology , anthropology and physics for his own neo-Gnostic religion. The ideas and symbols of Lanz, Lists and their subsequent speakers were received by various anti-Semitic and nationalist groups in late Wilhelmine Germany, from which various right-wing groups emerged after the First World War , including the NSDAP .

In Lanz's work Theozoology or the News of the Sodomian Apes and the God Electron (1904) he claimed that the gods were only earlier forms of life. In contrast to Adam's descendants, the Anthropozoa (animal-humans), these theozoa had extraordinary electrical sense organs and thus telepathic and omniscient abilities. These were lost through racial mixing with the beastmen, but the Aryans as the closest descendants of the Godmen could regain them through a general segregation program .

The anti-Semitic Reichshammerbund and its secret sister organization, the Germanic Order, were influenced by List's ideas . They were founded in 1912 on the initiative of Theodor Fritsch , who is considered to be the pioneer of Germanizing anti-Semitism in Germany and to which the Nazi chief ideologist Alfred Rosenberg later referred. Hermann Pohl, who headed the Teutonic Order for several years, was a supporter of List's runic occultism. He believed that “the Aryans” had lost their knowledge of the magical power of the runes through racial mixing, especially with Jews, and that this knowledge could be regained if the Aryan race was freed from “impurities” that were foreign to the race.

The Teutonic Order was primarily an anti-Semitic political organization. Ariosophical motifs flowed into the initiation rite, where they were connected with Masonic traditions and the music of Richard Wagner . The Order saw its main concern in responding to an alleged secret Jewish conspiracy to gather information about related activities by Jews and to make it public.

For public political activities in addition to the hidden activities of the Teutonic Order, the Thule Society was founded in 1918 . Their ideological guidelines were drafted in 1918 by the anti-Semite Rudolf von Sebottendorf , an admirer of List and Lanz. He left the Society in 1919, however, and no occult practices were practiced within it.

The Artamans represented a folkish , agrarian-romantic blood-and-soil ideology in the wake of ariosophy . Their worldview was shaped by racial ideological and esoteric ideas.

time of the nationalsocialism

German edition (1933) of Evolas Imperialismo pagano (1928)

After the seizure of power in 1933, the ethnic-religious groups with their two main tendencies, the German-Christian and the neo-pagan wing, hoped for a "new German religious spring". In the early days of the Nazi regime, there were intense disputes between neo-paganist-ethnic groups and the major churches of both denominations. Despite temporary support from the Nazi system for individual groups, these hopes were not entirely fulfilled. Adolf Hitler had already described the Ariosophs in Mein Kampf (1925/26) as a bunch of muddled heads. Although Hitler was influenced by their Manichaean and Millenarian motives, he did not share the ariosophical ideas of a prehistoric Golden Age, a Gnostic priesthood and orders guarding a secret legacy. After the seizure of power , ariosophic groups were classified as “sects hostile to the state”, along with all other occult , masonic and many religious groups and were initially observed by the security service of the Reichsführer SS . With a decree of July 1937 all such "sects" were banned. In 1938 Hitler emphasized: "The creeping in of mythically inclined occult researchers in the hereafter must therefore not be tolerated in the party."

Nevertheless, individual prominent National Socialists continued to pursue their esoteric / occult inclinations. Rudolf Hess , the deputy of the “ Führer ”, regularly used the services of astrologers , magnetic healers and clairvoyants . The Reichsführer SS and Reich Interior Minister Heinrich Himmler was also interested in occultism and Eastern religions. In 1933 he was introduced to the ariosophical “clairvoyant” Karl Maria Wiligut , who supposedly had clairvoyant knowledge of the life of the ancient Teutons . Himmler accepted Wiligut as head of the Department of Prehistory and Early History in the SS and soon consulted him as a personal advisor on questions of symbolism and the ceremonies of the SS. Wiligut contributed to the design of the skull ring of the SS and to the expansion of the Wewelsburg as a ceremonial site. Wiligut was commissioned by Himmler to sound out Julius Evola's ideology and to judge his book on pagan imperialism (1933) from the perspective of his own traditions. He came to the conclusion that Evola was working with an Aryan concept, but had no knowledge of the Germanic institutions and their meaning, whereupon the SS ordered that further activities of Evola in the Third Reich be hindered. In 1939 Wiligut resigned from the SS after it became known that he had spent several years incapacitated because of a paraphrase psychosis in a mental hospital in Salzburg .

The rune occultist Rudolf John Gorsleben also made contributions to the mythological tone of the Nazi era. According to Gorsleben, the clean breeding practice of a racially pure humanity and the spiritual progress of the Aryans through the reactivation of occult forces should take place on the basis of astrology , Kabbalism and magic .

The occult inclinations of Himmler and Hess were, however, exceptions in the leadership of the NS and remained largely a private matter. The direct influences of occult circles on the rise and the practical power politics of the National Socialists belong in the field of legend, especially conspiracy theories around the Thule Society. As Goodrick-Clarke writes, ariosophy was only an extreme symptom of a state of mind in the context of the emergence of National Socialism, which included central areas of culture, and thus esotericism. It gained some influence on symbolic politics and the external appearance of political doctrines and institutions of the Third Reich.

Immediately after Hess's "England flight" in 1941, under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich, in the course of the " Action against Secret Doctrines and So-called Secret Sciences ", massive police measures against all members of such groups followed with orders to send them to concentration camps or to sentence them to forced labor. Hess was described as a mentally ill person who suffered from hallucinations due to the influence of astrologers, mesmerists and other occultists .

Right-wing extremism and esotericism since 1945

Internationally, right-wing extremist groups existed after the Second World War that modeled on Nazi Germany . Such thoughts have found more dissemination since the 1970s through the appropriation of metaphysical , transcendent justifications. Particularly ariosophy was used, with borrowings from oriental religions and European esotericism. The result was a new folk-esoteric "defensive ideology" which is directed against Western democracy, globalization , immigration as well as the toleration and promotion of ethnic minorities, while at the same time promoting unabated anti-Semitism. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke sees this as proof of the “tenacity of the demonological thought patterns of Nazism”, which follows a “ dualistic division of the world into light and dark, into good and evil”, in the tradition of Manichean , Gnostic and Chiliastic (thoroughbred Millennial Empire ) Imaginations.

René Freund writes about right-wing extremist tendencies in the New Age movement since the 1980s, which rediscovered esoteric ideas and initially emphasized libertarian and pacifist ideals. Thomas König regards this connection as marginal. Due to the loose form of organization in networks, there are only more or less large overlaps that belong to both camps.

Since the 1950s, a circle of authors has formed around the former SS members Wilhelm Landig and Rudolf Mund , which established esoteric neo-Nazism . The content discussed there has been more widespread since the 1970s, primarily through Landig's Thule trilogy . From the late 1980s onwards, the ideas of the Landig Circle were taken up and further developed mainly by a younger generation of authors around the German-Austrian Tempelhof Society . One of the motifs centrally discussed by the Landig Circle and the younger authors was the black sun , which in the 1990s became one of the hallmarks of the right esoteric scene after 1945. It consists of twelve mirrored sig runes set in a ring shape . The name for a Nazi floor ornament in the Obergruppenführer's hall of the Wewelsburg only came up after the Second World War. The ornament was first identified with the black sun in 1991 in a novel published by Arun Verlag . Many of the right-wing extremist symbols and signs from the pool of supposedly ancient Germanic myths and runes are being used again, sometimes in new contexts.

The Thule Seminar , founded in Kassel in 1980, initially provided impulses for the intellectualization of right-wing extremism and has meanwhile taken on the character of a right-wing extremist sect that nonetheless is stylized as a research center for Indo-European culture. The organization name takes up the Thule myth , which in right-wing esotericism stands for a lost Nordic empire, "whose scattered survivors later allegedly founded the Germanic and Nordic races." The Thule seminar is linked to its sun wheel and runic symbolism to National Socialism and the Thule Society.

Julius Evola

In Southern and Eastern Europe, leading neo-fascists such as Roberto Fiore , the founder of the extreme right-wing third-position ideology and Secretary General of the European National Front , rely on local ideological pioneers such as Julius Evola and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu . Neither Evola nor Codreanu held a government position in Italian fascism like the Romanian royal dictatorship , but they were important ideologues. Along with Savitri Devi , Miguel Serrano and Jan Udo Holey, Evola is the most important author for circles that combine esotericism and neo-Nazism . Evola's racist and anti-Semitic theses are symbolically overloaded and exaggerated into the mythical, which makes them attractive to today's right-wing extremists who want to avoid being directly equated with the National Socialist extermination policy. Evola's Aryan-Nordic esotericism had a lasting impact on the first generation of neo-fascists: if right-wing extremist Italian terrorists had to flee to another European country, they fertilized the right-wing extremist parties and groups there with Evola's ideas, making the little-known author posthumously “an icon of the opposition to democracy and Liberalism in the West ”.

Invention of an esoteric National Socialism and an esoteric Hitler cult

Savitri Devi

Born in Lyon in 1905, Savitri Devi traveled to India in 1932 to find traces of the Aryan Vedic culture, which she saw as the only remnant of Indo-European paganism that National Socialism was reviving. She lived there until 1948, adopted Bal Gangadhar Tilak's doctrine of the Arctic origins of the Aryans and was fascinated by the caste system as the guarantor of the racial purity of the Brahmins descended from them . From the Puranas she adopted the doctrine of the cycle of ages, a decay from a golden age to Kali-Yuga , into which the world around 3000 BC. Had occurred. Hitler saw them as an avatar and “people against time”, who wisely and brutally forced the inevitable catastrophe in order to make a new golden age possible. This includes the worldwide rebirth of an Aryan caste system and the annihilation of the Jews as their opponents. She took over the Bhakti of Orthodox Hindus, which, in addition to Vishnu and Shiva, also addressed Hitler and Stalin in opposition to the British colonial regime . She practiced such a Hitler cult on a propaganda trip through Germany in 1948 and on a “pilgrimage” in 1953 to important places in Hitler's life and to the Externsteine . Through her contacts with old and new National Socialists like Hans-Ulrich Rudel , especially as a co-founder of the World Union of National Socialists , she became internationally known in the scene. Matt Koehl arranged for her urn to be set up in Milwaukee , in the "neo-Nazi Walhalla " of the former American Nazi Party .

Miguel Serrano

From the 1970s onwards, the Chilean diplomat Miguel Serrano developed a very influential form of the Hitler cult ("esoteric Hitlerism") . He joined the Movimento National Socialista de Chile in 1939 and soon - after reading the Protocols of the Elders of Zion - championed ideas of a Jewish world conspiracy . In 1941 he joined the esoteric order Hugo Gallos, who practiced ritual magic as well as tantric and Kundalini yoga . The yogic experience of ascension related this to Nietzsche's will to power ; he saw Hitler as a being of the highest willpower and an initiate of Vedic- Aryan teachings. After the end of the war, Serrano did not come forward with these thoughts, but turned back to National Socialism after he was retired in 1970 by the socialist President Salvador Allende . He took CG Jung “more literally than he takes himself” and saw in the archetypes gods who ruled their races. He interpreted the collective unconscious biologically and racially as the "memory of the Aryan blood". The Aryan archetype recognized Hitler as a medium of influence on the world. Serrano adopted Devi's imagination from Hitler as the avatar of Vishnus, Shivas or Wotan ; his goal was to restore the lost divinity of the Aryans. Serrano inspired the scene, mainly active in England, France and New Zealand, of the so-called Nazi Satanists, who are loosely networked under names like Black Order and Infernal Alliance .

The Viennese group around Landig

The former Austrian SS members Wilhelm Landig and Rudolf Mund and the Viennese engineer Erich Halik had been discussing esoteric ideas in connection with National Socialism since the 1950s . The focus was on the idea of ​​an esoteric SS that continued to exist in hidden bases under the Poles even after the German defeat in World War II and operated under the sign of the Black Sun, an energy source that could regenerate the Aryan race. These forces, according to Landig, had advanced technology such as flying disks , which had already been discussed by Halik in the 1950s. In his well-known Thule trilogy , Landig successfully spread these ideas in novel form.

With reference to Evola's philosophy, Landig argued that Hitler's steep rise to power was made possible by Thulean support; he also refers to esoteric Atlantis theories and the world ice theory . However, Hitler and all Germans were left to their own devices after taking the wrong path, as all protagonists of the materialistic and power-hungry Shambala , whose symbol was the beast with the number 666 , deserved it. Landig garnishes his novel with other contemporary myths, such as underground realms, the Cathars , the Holy Grail, secret cells of the SS, Tibetan masters and racial myths as well as all kinds of political and occult international conspiracies.

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mouth is not at goodrick-clarke s. 13. who knows where? - Jwollbold ( discussion ) 23:14, May 23, 2018 (CEST)

The ideas of the “Vienna Circle” refer on the one hand to authors such as Julius Evola, Herman Wirth and Otto Rahn , on the other hand to older folk and ariosophical content. These continuities with ariosophy become particularly clear in the person of Rudolf Mund, since he joined the New Templar Order in the 1950s and rose to its prior in 1979.

The Tempelhof Society and the Causa Nostra

As Julian Strube has shown, a younger generation of authors took up the ideas of the “Vienna Circle” and expanded them further. The publications by Ralf Ettl and Norbert Jürgen-Ratthofer should be mentioned here in particular. These were members of the Tempelhof Society, which had been active since the 1980s under the aegis of their "Grand Commander" Hans-Günter Fröhlich. She had connections in the German-speaking right-wing extremist network. The first comprehensive publication of the Tempelhof Society appeared in 1987 under the title Insight into the magical worldview and the magical processes . Excerpts from this publication and from articles in the right-wing extremist magazine CODE show that an exchange took place between the members of the Tempelhof Society and the circle around Wilhelm Landig, which mainly revolved around the Sumerian / Babylonian origins of the Germans and the concept of the black sun.

The most influential publication of the Tempelhof Society appeared in the early 1990s under the title The Vril Project and had a decisive influence on the development of a right-wing ufology.

In the 1990s Ralt Ettl left the Tempelhof Society and subsequently founded the Causa Nostra Circle of Friends, which continues to disseminate such ideas, sometimes in modified form, to this day. The Causa Nostra maintains connections with the Swiss Unitall publishing house, among others, whose publications process the ideas of the Tempelhof Society / Causa Nostra in the form of novels ( Stahlfront , Aldebaran ) and non-fiction books ( e.g. about Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels).

Since HGFröhlich's death in 2014, his successor has continued his work without any public journalistic work.

United States

Esoteric elements in racist odinism

A radical “front line of racist paganism ” forms a form of the Odin (Wotan) cult, the origins of which lie in the German and Austrian völkisch movement, with Guido von List, the Armanenorden and the German- believing community . It was founded in the USA in 1969 with the Odinist Fellowship Else Christensens, who had belonged to the left Strasser wing of the Danish National Socialist Workers' Party in the 1930s . These include the Ásatrú Free Assembly (AFA) and the neo-Nazi organization White Aryan Resistance . This Wotan cult also has followers in Europe, South Africa and Australia.

Jost Turner, who had been expelled from the AFA, had lived within the hippie movement for two years and founded the rural commune Volksberg in the mountains of Northern California in the 1980s . He took up Christensen's idea that archetypes of the unconscious in the sense of Carl Gustav Jung are anchored in a race-specific way. In it he integrated end-time New Age ideas that came from yoga and Hinduism . In his teaching Aryan Krya he combined ario- vedische beliefs, Nordic mythology and Tantrismus with the complex model of history Savitri Devi and a view Hitler as martyrs. The oncoming Kali-Yuga or wolf age obscures the "cosmic truth [...] that neither individuals nor races are the same". With Krya , Aryan individuals could recognize a higher level of spiritual development and prevent the world from descending into degeneration, back to harmony with nature and into the golden age predicted by Adolf Hitler.

National Renaissance Party and New Atlantis

The neo-Nazi National Renaissance Party , founded in 1949, caused a sensation in the 1960s and 70s with targeted demonstrations in New York neighborhoods that were mainly inhabited by Jews and blacks, which regularly led to violent clashes. Its chairman James H. Madole (1927–1979) was influenced by science fiction , neo-paganism and Satanism , but especially by Indian teachings and the theosophy of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky . From this he took over - like Lanz von Liebenfels - the story of the racial mixture of the deepest root race, the Lemurians, which produced true monsters. He propagated the caste society of Vedic India as a model of a National Socialist state New Atlantis to be established on the soil of the USA . This hierarchical model comes from the lost Atlantis, where Aryans were revered as "white gods", and continued in ancient Egypt and Rome as well as in the Celtic Europe of the Druids . For Madole, it was far more than a romantic longing for a golden age; he wanted to force his authoritarian utopia through violence, the selection and promotion of suitable people, the training of Aryan philosopher kings and the elimination of racial elements defined as inferior by means of euthanasia and eugenics . For him hierarchy and racial segregation were an expression of a harmony between macrocosm (universe) and microcosm (human body). The “ chaotic democracy that breeds anarchy ” is “a true picture of the Judeo-Christian rebellion against nature”. Goodrick-Clarke judges beyond Madole on the connection between right-wing extremism and esotericism: "Anyone who plans such totalitarianism usually looks for the most powerful justification possible, preferably deriving it from transcendence ."

Right-wing ufology

An anti-Semitic conspiracy theory is behind Ufology in the wake of Jan Udo Holeys (Jan van Helsing). After that, "good" aliens were active in Germany, which Holey associates with an "Illuminati conspiracy". In this context, the continued existence of the Order of the Illuminati , founded by Adam Weishaupt in 1776 and dissolved in 1785, is cited , which is often claimed in esoteric and right-wing extremist circles . The National Socialist Germany was innocent of the outbreak of the Second World War and victims of a war-mongering by a Jewish controlled press. Another myth propagated by neo-Nazis, among others, are the so-called Reichsflugplatten . According to this, saucer-shaped aircraft and space vehicles are said to have been built and tested in the National Socialist German Reich under the influence of the fictitious Vril Society .

Holey based his claims largely on the publications of the Tempelhof Society discussed above, whose ideas and graphics he used for his publications. The publications of THG members Ralf Ettl and Norbert Jürgen-Ratthofer contributed significantly to the development of this right-wing ufology. The right-wing UFO authors DH Haarmann and O. Bergmann used alleged drawings of German UFOs that had been distributed by Ralf Ettl's Abraxas Videofilm Produktionsgesellschaft mbH in the 1980s. The drawings are apparently inspired by photos in George Adamski's UFO classics.

See also: Connection between ufology, esotericism and right-wing extremism

Other authors

The publisher and author Dieter Rüggeberg wrote books on secret politics in which, following on from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , he spreads anti-Semitic-anti-Masonic conspiracy theories. In support of his claims, he quotes extensively from the National Socialist and Volkish literature of the 1920s to 1940s. Rüggeberg makes use of typical revisionist argumentation models, comments benevolently on Holocaust deniers and refers to other right-wing extremist works with approval . In addition, he often refers approvingly to Rudolf Steiner .

The author Jo Conrad sees himself as the spiritual follower of Holey's conspiracy theories, which serve him as a source. Conrad refers positively to the Protocols of Zion and represents several views in the sense of right-wing extremist revisionism.

Like Holey and other falsifiers of history, the ( pseudonymous ) author E. R. Carmin draws in his book The Black Empire. Secret societies and politics in the 20th century approached the Protocols of Zion as a credible source. Carmin mixes references from serious and right-wing extremist authors to create a magical worldview. Accordingly, the shaping historical events of the 20th century are based on a master plan based on strict esotericism as a driving force for achieving the goals of power.

music

There is a connection of right-wing extremist worldview with esoteric elements in the metal sub-stream NSBM as well as partly in Viking Metal and Pagan Metal . In the NSBM, according to Johannes Baldauf in a brochure about neo-Nazi strategies in social networks of the Amadeu Antonio Foundation , “[t] he Nazi era [...] is transfigured in an occult-esoteric way. Norse mythology and blood-and-soil ideology play an important role and are combined into a construct of 'Aryan supremacy'. "The Australian NSBM band Spear of Longinus defines their music as" occult Nazi metal ". The New Zealand fanzine Key of Alocer publishes articles on Nazism and Satanism, among other things, the Dutch counterpart Trumpeter of Evil glorifies the Dutch SS .

The neofolk / post-industrial musician and publisher Michael Moynihan is regarded as a “'guru' of neo-pagan and right-wing esotericism”. He is interested in the Mithras cult and myths of the Celtic and Germanic past and sees Charles Manson in a positive sense as a Gnostic with ideas similar to Alfred Rosenberg. Therefore he represents values ​​such as honor, truthfulness, sacrifice, hierarchy and a conception of existence in which "fight and war are accepted as natural obstacles on the way to higher development". An associated lack of pity led him to relativize the Holocaust and the demand for the reopening of the gas chambers . Because of the public protests, he later distanced himself from political groups.

Doctrine of Karma and Holocaust

The caste system , which comes from Hinduism , allows racist adaptations of Eastern spirituality, especially in connection with ideas of karma and rebirth . When the social, ecological and economic conditions in which a person lives are influenced by his karma, i. H. If his behavior in past lives is traced back, people are no longer regarded as victims of natural events or human misdeeds, but their misfortune or the injustice done to them becomes a karmic necessity. This view is related to the Holocaust with Beatrice Flemming, Erhard F. Freitag and Thorwald Dethlefsen .

In 1996, the "reincarnation therapist" Trutz Hardo published a book in his series of color novels with the title Each his own, expressly referring to the slogan at the entrance to the Buchenwald concentration camp . In it he wrote: “But remember, it was not he who gave the Jews the fate of the gas chambers, but they chose it for themselves, because nothing happened against their wishes and their will. Hitler is only the executor of their will! ”Because of this statement, Hardo was sentenced to a fine in 1998 for incitement to hatred in unity with insult and denigration of the memory of the deceased . The book was banned in the same year and the judgment was basically confirmed in the second instance.

Fantasies about occult influences on National Socialism

In addition to the actual intersection between right-wing extremism and esotericism, the myth is spread in popular literature that the rise and success of the National Socialists and especially Hitler was largely due to "occult" influences. In 1997, Hans Thomas Hakl showed that such speculations can be traced back to the 1930s: In 1939, the book Hitler m'a dit by the ex-Nazi Hermann Rauschning was published in Paris ; a German translation was published in 1940 in Zurich entitled Talks with Hitler . In these "conversations", which are fictitious as far as we know today, Rauschning claimed that Hitler was under the influence of destructive magical powers. These alleged conversations were broadcast over the radio in France while German troops were advancing into Paris, and gained considerable publicity. A number of comparable writings appeared in France and Great Britain around 1940.

This motif of an “occult” influence on Hitler was taken up by various authors in the 1960s and further developed, one of which is the book Le matin des magiciens by Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier , which was also published in Paris in 1960 (German: Aufbruch ins Third Millennium , 1962) Played a key role. Pauwels and Bergier resorted to the old Thule myth and the notion of a “vril energy” coined by the English writer Edward Bulwer-Lytton ( The Coming Race , 1871) and constructed various occult activities as the basis of Adolf Hitler's power. The Munich Thule Society was "the magical center of the Nazi movement", and in Berlin there was a "Vril Society" whose aim was to use the Vril energy to create a new human race. While the Vril Society was apparently a free invention, the Thule Society actually existed, but only from 1918 to around 1925, i.e. before the rise of Hitler and the NSDAP, and its activities were purely political (anti-Semitic and counter-revolutionary).

In this context, Pauwels and Bergier, as well as authors who later linked them, stylized two people, who are also attributed a certain influence on Hitler in serious literature, to his "occult advisers": Dietrich Eckart and Karl Haushofer . As initiates, they would have made the Thule Society an instrument of secret powers and would have supported Hitler through the transmission of occult knowledge and through connections with higher spiritual beings in achieving world domination. It is true that Eckart, as a friend and mentor, promoted and ideologically influenced the young politician Hitler, and a possible influence on geopolitical territory (" living space in the east ") is being discussed with the geopolitician Haushofer .

The Tibet motif

Already in Helena Blavatsky there are frequent references to Tibet, as well as the Shambhala myth. Pauwels and Bergier weave this and the Agarthi myth shaped by Saint-Yves d'Alveydre and Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski into a new “legend”. You write that a Tibetan legend allegedly told by Haushofer in 1905 had a strong influence on the founders of the NSDAP. According to this, a highly cultivated people - the "Aryan basic tribe" - initially lived in the area of ​​today's Gobi desert . After a disaster, this country turned into a desert and the survivors emigrated to Northern Europe and the Caucasus . Their "great sages, the sons of the spirits of other worlds", on the other hand, would have withdrawn into a huge cave area in the Himalayas , in two divided groups: the group following the path to the right hand , with Agarthi in the center, and the group following the Path to the left hand follows, which leads over Shambhala (Shampullah), the city of power and violence. For Haushofer, therefore, Tibet as well as the Gobi desert, Pamir , Turkestan and all of Eastern Europe were the target of German conquest. Whoever ruled this “heart region” and had access to the still existing secret centers of power of the Gobi exiles was also the ruler of the world.

The cultural scientist Joscelyn Godwin keeps recurring in this offbeat version of Pauwels and Bergier book The Spear of Trevor Ravenscroft the likely worst and grauenerregendste concoction historical Umerfindung. Ravenscroft interprets Agarthi and Shambhala as centers of Luciferic and Ahrimanic influence (the two sources of evil in Rudolf Steiner's cosmology ). Accordingly, the initiates of Agarthis are specialized in astral projections. They would try to provide false leaders for humanity. The adepts of Shambhala strive to maintain the illusion of materialism and to lead all human activity into the abyss.

Holy Grail - SS - Cathars

Marc Augier says that Himmler's SS found the Grail in the Montségur region.

Further motifs are the Holy Lance , which is associated with Hitler, analogous to the Holy Grail with the SS and the Cathars . In his book Nouveaux Cathares pour Montségur ( New Cathars for Montségur ), published in 1967, Marc Augier describes how the SS took an interest in the Grail and that the Cathars were said to possess or know about its whereabouts. Otto Rahn pursued these hypotheses in Provence and Languedoc in the 1930s and was of the opinion that Catharism was a Germanic dualistic heresy with ancient Aryan roots, which is related to the Grail myth. Since 1935 Rahn worked in the “Race and Settlement Main Office” (RuSHA) of the SS without a precisely defined area of ​​responsibility, where his publications were regarded as National Socialist ideas and made him appointed to Heinrich Himmler's staff. In 1936 he became a member of the SS. Marc Augier, another SS man, the ideas Rahns spun further, claiming counterfactually that Himmler had an SS search party to Montségur sent, where it was able to recover the Grail in Hitler's Eagle's Nest in To bring the Führer's restricted area Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden as a new Grail Castle . After the end of the war, the Grail was sunk in a glacier in the Tyrolean Hochfeiler .

In 1971 there were free riders with Bertrand and Angelini, who varied or repeated these fantasies in their bestseller Hitler et la tradition cathare ( Hitler and the tradition of the Cathars ). In Landig's neo-Nazi mythology, after the Second World War, the SS got into the former role of the Templars and Cathars persecuted as heretics . In Howard Buechner's book Emerald Cup - Ark of Gold: Quest of SS Lieutenant Otto Rahn (1991), Rahn is portrayed as a Cathar field researcher walking in Parzival's footsteps , who initiated the successful SS search for the Grail. In Buechner's version, the Grail was found in a secret commando mission by Otto Skorzeny in the Pyrenees and brought to Wewelsburg .

Literary and political classification

N. Goodrick-Clarke calls this literary genre "Nazi mysteries". The communication scientist Eva Kingsepp speaks - like Goodrick-Clarke elsewhere - of " crypto-history ", which often connects alleged Nazi occultism and Nazi science. "These [themes] are also characteristic of many purely fictional texts, and due to the many parallels to fantasy and science fiction , one can appropriately speak of a broader genre in which fact and fiction collide: the Nazi fantasy ." Steven Spielberg's Indiana Jones films would have made the Nazi fantasy "an integral part of general popular culture." The Wolfenstein computer games also include Kingsepp and Goodrick-Clarke in this genre.

The Nazi story is interpreted mythologically in a "dualistic black and white world view". Usually the reader can decide whether he understands the myth in a religious way, “in which the world is ruled by higher forces”, or “as a naturalized ideology, as a political statement”. In the latter case, the historical Second World War is understood as an inner-worldly apocalypse , "Hitler as a modern equivalent for the devil", and occult practices as normal components of the world of Himmler and the SS.

In 1982 Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke attributed the enormous popularity of such publications to a "post-war fascination" which also included the idea that this outstanding and often considered mysterious episode in European history could hardly be explained other than by occult influences. In 2002 he saw in the "speculations in which worry swings, but also a certain fearfulness ", "in places the dubious tendency to win a black and romantic allure from Nazism ."

Kingsepp sees further influences of this "myth of Nazi occultism as an institutionalized and practiced phenomenon [s] in the Third Reich" up to the "official culture of remembrance" (science or exhibitions) as well as art but an increasing historical accuracy. The central theme is the cultic practices of the SS on the Wewelsburg (only vows were celebrated). In practice, the Order of the Trapezoid , which was reinstated as an order of knights at the Wewelsburg in 1982 and belongs to the satanic Temple of Seth , ties in with this . Both groups express sympathy for aspects of Nazi Germany such as leadership, social control or the worship of life in a synthesis of Hegel and Nietzsche . The Order of the Trapezoid wants to filter out the constructive and romantic from a Germanic magical tradition, while avoiding its cruel excesses and distortions. Therefore he distances himself sharply from racism and xenophobia .

The point of view of these authors is seldom seen as right-wing extremist. Hubert Michael Mader from the Austrian National Defense Academy cites Ravenscroft's designation as right-wing extremist, in the same train as Miguel Serrano and Wilhelm Landig. The ethnologist Martin Brauen describes variants of the Tibet motif spread by Bergier / Pauwels in Ravenscroft, the "new right author" Jan Udo Holey, Serrano, Landig, ER Carmin , Gerald Suster, Peter Moon, Jens Sparschuh and Friedrich W. Doucet. For this he uses the collective term of a mostly “neo-Nazi Tibet-occult literature”, “knowing full well that one or the other authors would not agree with this classification.” “It is literature that uses the means of arbitrary historical misrepresentation brown ideology revived. ”In general, the horrors of National Socialism were hushed up. Brauen sees in The Black Sun by Tashi Lunpo by Russell McCloud a tendentious representation: Hitler and the SS appeared only as the executive tools of a higher power, the "Agarthi", who want to "let people participate in their divine knowledge". Only their opponents, the Freemasons, would torture and murder; they are supported in the novel by the "Shamballah", "who wanted to continue to be worshiped as gods".

New Age conspiracy theories

In the 1980s, the popular New Age became the subject of much-noticed conspiracy theoretical speculation in English-speaking Christian milieus. In The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow (1983), the American lawyer and writer Constance Cumbey claimed that the New Age movement was striving for the formation of a world government and made references to the Third Reich. The goals of this movement are identical to those of Hitler (“complete identity”). Similarly, Dave Hunt and TA McMahon linked the New Age movement and occultism with Nazism in their bestseller The New Spirituality (1988).

Related topics

Esotericism is not understood here in a broad colloquial sense, which includes almost all newer religious views, secret doctrines or conspiracy theories , but in the sense of historical science , which is, however, not sharply delimited. The article here contains little or no information on the following topics:

Traditional Christianity is not described as esoteric, but it also has connections to fascist ideology, for example in the form of clerical fascism , anti-Semitism with some preachers of the Christian Right such as Jerry Falwell and John Hagee or with the Christian Identity Movement and the terrorist-related organization Aryan Nations .

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke : The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 175.
  2. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, pp. 11-13.
  3. ^ Up into the realm of noble men, Karl May's ideas of racial brotherhood by Wolfram Pyta , conference lecture Karl May Society Leipzig 2012.
  4. ↑ Christian Geulen : History of Racism. Munich 2007 on the expanded concept of racism u. a. P. 69 ff.
  5. ↑ Thomas Körbel: Hermeneutics of Esotericism: A Phenomenology of the Tarot Card Game as a Contribution to Understanding Pareligiosity . LIT Verlag Münster, 2001, p. 105.
  6. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 34.
  7. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 10.
  8. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, p. 503f.
  9. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, p. 179.
  10. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, pp. 86-88.
  11. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 114 ff.
  12. ↑ René Freund : Brown Magic. Vienna 1995, p. 39.
  13. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 126 f.
  14. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 115.
  15. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 117 f.
  16. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 128.
  17. ↑ Helmut Reinalter: Conspiracy Theories: Theory, History, Effect. Studienverlag, Innsbruck 2002, ISBN 978-3-7065-5781-8 , p. 116.
  18. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 112.
  19. ↑ HT Hakl : National Socialism and Occultism. In: Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, pp. 194–217, here p. 201.
  20. ↑ "In addition, the Artaman's worldview was shaped by ariosophical and theosophical ideas, which later flowed into Heinrich Himmler's racial ideological concept" Paula Diehl: Macht, Mythos, Utopie. The body images of the SS men , Volume 17. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-05-004076-9 , p. 59 (also: Berlin, Humboldt University, dissertation, 2002).
  21. ^ Gunther Schendel : The Hermannsburg Missionary Institution and National Socialism: the path of a Lutheran milieu institution between the Weimar Republic and the post-war period , LIT Verlag, Münster 2008, p. 300 ff.
  22. ↑ a b Andreas Klump: Right-wing extremism and esotericism - connecting lines, manifestations, open questions. (No longer available online.) 2001, archived from the original on June 21, 2008 ; Retrieved December 28, 2010 .
  23. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. , marixverlag GmbH 2009. p. 175.
  24. ^ Treitel: A Science for the Soul. 2004, p. 220 f.
  25. ^ Corinna Treitel: A Science for the Soul - Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern , Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 2004, p. 224.
  26. ^ Adolf Hitler: Speech at the 10th party congress of the NSDAP on July 7, 1938. Quoted from Andreas Klump: Right-wing extremism and esotericism - connecting lines, manifestations, open questions. (No longer available online.) 2001, archived from the original on June 21, 2008 ; Retrieved December 28, 2010 .
  27. ^ Treitel: A Science for the Soul. 2004, p. 213.
  28. ^ Treitel: A Science for the Soul. 2004, p. 214 f.
  29. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. , marixverlag GmbH 2009. pp. 159f and 165f.
  30. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. , marixverlag GmbH 2009. S. 155, S. 139.
  31. ↑ a b c Goodrick-Clarke: The occult roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 175.
  32. ^ Stefanie von Schnurbein : Religion as cultural criticism. New Germanic paganism in the 20th century (= Scandinavian works , volume 13). Winter, Heidelberg 1992, ISBN 3-533-04582-X , p. 111 (at the same time: Frankfurt am Main, University, dissertation, 1991/92). See also Christoph Lindenberg : The technique of evil. On the prehistory and history of National Socialism (= studies and experiments , volume 15). Free Spiritual Life Publishing House, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-7725-0045-5 .
  33. ^ Julian Strube: Esotericism and right-wing extremism . In: Udo Tworuschka (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Religionen . 55th supplementary volume. Olzog-Verlag, Munich 2018, pp. 1–20; vielfalt-mediathek.de (PDF)
  34. ^ Treitel: A Science for the Soul. 2004, p. 216 f. and 224 f.
  35. ^ Treitel: A Science for the Soul. 2004, p. 213 f.
  36. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, p. 11.
  37. ↑ Friend: Brown magic? 1995, p. 124.
  38. ↑ Thomas König: The New Age Movement: Genesis of a High Volume, Low Impact Identity. ( Memento from September 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.6 MB) Dissertation. European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole 2000, pp. 141 ff., 150.
  39. ↑ Strube: The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun. 2012, pp. 228-233.
  40. ↑ Strube: The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun. 2012, pp. 233-239.
  41. ↑ a b Strube: The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun. 2012, pp. 239-253.
  42. ↑ a b Birgit Rheims: Emblems and Runes. (PDF) Information and documentation center for anti-racism work in North Rhine-Westphalia, 2002, accessed on August 21, 2020 (revised in 2017 by Fabian Jellonnek and Pit Reinesch).
  43. ^ Sünner: Black Sun. 1999; Strube: The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun. 2012.
  44. ↑ Wolfgang Gessenharter and Thomas Pfeiffer . The New Right - a Danger for Democracy? VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004. 61f .; Hubert Michael Mader: Studies and Reports. Political esotericism - a right-wing extremist challenge. Vienna: National Defense Academy 1999. p. 26.
  45. ^ Leonard Weinberg: Evola, Julius (1898–1974). In: Cyprian P. Blamires (Ed.): World Fascism. A Historical Encyclopedia. Volume 1: A-K. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara CA u. a. 2006, ISBN 1-57607-940-6 , p. 216.
  46. ^ Friedrich Paul Heller , Anton Maegerle : Thule. From folk mythologies to the symbolic language of today's right-wing extremists. Butterfly-Verlag, 3rd revised edition, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 3-89657-092-7 , p. 62.
  47. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, p. 14.
  48. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, pp. 184-219.
  49. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, pp. 367-378 and p. 216.
  50. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, pp. 13, 272-309. See Sünner: Black Sun. 1999 and Strube: The Invention of Esoteric National Socialism under the Sign of the Black Sun. 2012.
  51. ^ A b Joscelyn Godwin : Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival. Adventures Unlimited Press 1996, ISBN 0-932813-35-6 , pp. 63-69.
  52. ↑ a b c Goodrick-Clarke: In the shadow of the black sun. 2009, p. 13.
  53. ↑ a b c Julian Strube: The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun. 2012, pp. 242-245, 253-260.
  54. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, pp. 503-505.
  55. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, pp. 508-509.
  56. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, pp. 510, 513-520.
  57. ↑ With reference to The Secret Doctrine , 8th stanza of the Book of Dzyan , verses 30–32, cf. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of Nazism. Secret Aryan Cults and their Influence on Nazi Ideology. The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890-1935. New York University Press, New York NY 1992, ISBN 0-8147-3054-X , p. 102.
  58. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, p. 175. Complete section after p. 154–183.
  59. ↑ See Ernst Zündel , who wrote the two books UFOs: Nazi Secret Weapons? Under the pseudonym Christof Friedrich . and Hitler wrote on the subject at the South Pole .
  60. ↑ Strube: The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun. 2012, pp. 251-252.
  61. ↑ Strube: The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun. 2012, pp. 247-249.
  62. ↑ a b Armin Pfahl-Traughber : Renaissance of the anti-Semitic-anti-Masonic conspiracy theory in esoteric-right-extremist publications. In: Helmut Reinalter: Conspiracy Theories: Theory, History, Effect. Studienverlag 2002. pp. 96-99.
  63. ^ Hubert Michael Mader: Studies and reports. Political esotericism - a right-wing extremist challenge. Vienna: National Defense Academy 1999. S. 113f.
  64. ↑ Johannes Baldauf: Metal, NSBM and Nordic Lult . In: Amadeu Antonio Foundation (ed.): Between Propaganda and Mimicry. Neo-Nazi strategies in social networks . 2012, p. 13-14 ( netz-gegen-nazis.de [PDF]).
  65. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, p. 421.
  66. ^ Sünner: Black Sun. 1999, p. 200. The following p. 197-200, and Goodrick-Clarke: Im Schatten der Schwarzen Sonne. 2009, p. 424.
  67. ↑ Michael Jenkins Moynihan: All art is propaganda . Interview in Sigill No. 14, 1997. Quoted from Sünner: Schwarze Sonne. 1999, p. 197.
  68. ↑ a b Zach Dundas: Lord of Chaos ( Memento from June 26, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  69. ↑ John Eden: What Ends When the Symbols Shatter? My Time as a Death In June Fan .
  70. ↑ Stefan von Hoyningen-Huene: Religiosity among right-wing extremist youths (= religion and biography , volume 7). Lit, Berlin a. a. 2003, ISBN 3-8258-6327-1 , p. 59, (at the same time: Bielefeld, Universität, Dissertation, 2002), ( books.google.de ).
  71. ↑ Trutz Hardo's website on the book, which also addresses the ban. ( Memento of July 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  72. ↑ Hardo according to the reasons for the judgment according to the documented press release ÖkoLinX-ARL with a quote from Hardo from the judgment with file number. Retrieved on June 11, 2009. Bulletin of the Federal Testing Office for Writings Harmful to Young People 2/2001, Hardos Everyone their own , file number of the collection decision . ( Memento of February 25, 2007 in the Internet Archive ; PDF; 611 kB) accessed on June 11, 2009. Excerpt from the reasons for the judgment in the first instance ( Memento of August 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). Hardo-friendly page with the quote, which is part of the judgment, accessed on October 15, 2012.
  73. ^ Opinion on the Trutz Hardo trial, on May 4, 1998 (read out as a plea before the judgment was announced) ( Memento from August 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on October 15, 2012.
  74. ^ Henryk M. Broder : "Polylux" and the rotten apple . In: Spiegel Online, January 26, 2006 .
  75. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, pp. 186-193; HT Hakl: National Socialism and Occultism. In: Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, pp. 194-217.
  76. ↑ Hakl, pp. 209–212.
  77. ↑ Hakl, pp. 212-217.
  78. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. 2004, p. 188 f.
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  80. ↑ Martin Brauen, Renate Koller, Markus Vock: Traumwelt Tibet: western illusions. Publishing house Paul Haupt Berne, Bern; Stuttgart; Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-258-05639-0 . Pp. 47, 67, 69, 247.
  81. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke: In the Shadow of the Black Sun. 2009, p. 241.
  82. ^ Joscelyn Godwin: Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival. Adventures Unlimited Press 1996, ISBN 0-932813-35-6 , p. 99.
  83. ↑ a b c d Goodrick-Clarke: In the shadow of the black sun. 2009, p. 252ff, p. 300f.
  84. ↑ Ulrich Linse in: Uwe Puschner, Clemens Vollnhals (Ed.): The ethnic-religious movement in National Socialism. A history of relationships and conflicts (= writings of the Hannah Arendt Institute for Research on Totalitarianism , Volume 47). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-525-36996-8 . P. 544.
  85. ↑ a b Goodrick-Clarke 2004, p. 186 f.
  86. ↑ a b Eva Kingsepp: The power of the black sun. (Ok) cultural perspectives on Nazi / SS esotericism . (PDF) In: Zeitschrift für Anomalistik , 15, 2015, pp. 89–93.
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  88. ↑ Eva Kingsepp: The power of the black sun. (Ok) cultural perspectives on Nazi / SS esotericism . (PDF) In: Zeitschrift für Anomalistik , 15, 2015, pp. 93-104.
  89. ^ Hubert Michael Mader: Studies and reports. Political esotericism - a right-wing extremist challenge. National Defense Academy, Vienna 1999, p. 39.
  90. ↑ M. Brauen: Traumwelt Tibet , p. 71f. agrees with Hugo Stamm's assessment, in: Im Bann der Apocalypse. End time ideas in churches, sects and cults. Pendo, Zurich / Munich 1998, p. 89.
  91. ^ ER Carmin: "Guru" Hitler. The birth of National Socialism from the spirit of mysticism and magic . SV International, Zurich 1985.
  92. ↑ Gerald Suster: Hitler and the Age of Horus. Sphere Books Limited, London 1981.
  93. ↑ Peter Moon: The Black Sun. Montauk's Nazi-Tibetan Connection. Sky Books, New York 1997.
  94. ↑ Jens Sparschuh: The Snow Man . Cologne 1993.
  95. ↑ Friedrich W. Doucet: Under the spell of myth: The psychology of the Third Reich . Bechtle, Esslingen 1979, ISBN 3-7628-0389-7 .
  96. ↑ Martin Brauen, Renate Koller, Markus Vock: Traumwelt Tibet: western illusions. Publishing house Paul Haupt Berne, Bern; Stuttgart; Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-258-05639-0 . Pp. 53f., 60, 65, 69-79, 247.
  97. ↑ M. Brauen: Traumwelt Tibet . 2000, pp. 54, 70.
  98. ↑ Daren Kemp: New Age. A guide. Alternative Spiritualities from Aquarian Conspiracy to next Age. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1531-8 , pp. 134 f.
  99. ↑ James R. Lewis (Ed.): Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft. State University of New York Press, Albany NY 1996, ISBN 0-7914-2889-3 , p. 344; Robert Fuller: Naming the Antichrist. The History of an American Obsession. Oxford University Press, New York NY u. a. 1996, ISBN 0-19-510979-1 , pp. 187 f.
  100. ↑ Daren Kemp: New Age. A guide. Alternative Spiritualities from Aquarian Conspiracy to next Age. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1531-8 , p. 135.
  101. ^ Chip Berlet, Matthew N. Lyons: Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. Guilford Press, New York 2000; Pp. 323 f., 406.
  102. ↑ Max Blumenthal : Pastor Hagee: The Antichrist Is Gay, "Partially Jewish, As Was Adolph Hitler" (Paging Joe Lieberman!) In: The Huffington Post , June 2, 2008