Reichenbach (Lautertal)

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Reichenbach
Reichenbach coat of arms
Coordinates: 49 ° 42 ′ 44 "  N , 8 ° 41 ′ 33"  E
Height : 193 m above sea level NHN
Area : 8.82 km²
Residents : 2533  (Jun 30, 2013)
Population density : 287 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1971
Postal code : 64686
Area code : 06254
View to Reichenbach. In the center of the picture: Ev. Reichenbach Church (Lautertal)
View to Reichenbach. In the center of the picture: Ev. Reichenbach Church (Lautertal)

Reichenbach is the seat of the municipal administration and is the capital of the Lautertal (Odenwald) municipality in the Bergstrasse district in Hesse and its largest district. It is 50 kilometers south of Frankfurt am Main and 33 kilometers north of Heidelberg (as the crow flies) .

Geographical location

Reichenbach is located in the center of the upper Lauter valley in the Odenwald . In the locality, the Reichenbach flows from the left (south) and the Graulbach flows from the north together with the Felsbach into the Lauter. In the north, the area includes the Felsenmeer , which spreads out on the wooded southeast flank of the 514 meter high Felsberg . In the west, the district extends to the "Teufelsberg" (374 m), which is in front of the natural monument "Borstein" and in the southeast to the Hohenstein. The Ohly Tower , built on the Felsberg in 1901, is the highest point in the Reichenbach district .

The closest villages are Beedenkirchen in the north, Lautern in the north-east , Knoden with Breitenwiesen and Schannenbach in the south-east and Elmshausen in the south-west.

In Reichenbach four brooks (Vorbach, Fränkbach, Grautbach and Reichenbach) flow into the Lauter ; this drains into the Rhine.

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Reichenbach was first mentioned in a document in 1012 under the name Richinbach , when King Heinrich II, at the request of Abbot Bodo, who headed the Lorsch monastery , forever banned the forest and wilderness within the Mark Michelstadt and the "Mark Heppenheim". In this area, Lorsch Abbey was entitled to hunting, clearing and wood use, charcoal-burning, fishing and milling, as well as the extraction and processing of mineral resources. The two brands denoted administrative districts of the Franconian Empire , which were donated to the monastery in 773 and 813 by Charlemagne . This was also done with the aim of promoting the reclamation and settlement of the then largely deserted Odenwald. The name Reonga, which occurs in the border descriptions of the "Mark Heppenheim" from the years 773 and 795, does not refer to Reichenbach, but rather describes a border point of the Mark on the Felsberg - Neunkirchner Höhe ridge.

The village emerged as a closed cluster village with a one-sided valley location.

The Lautertal region was part of the “Mark Heppenheim” that Charlemagne and Heppenheim gave to the imperial monastery of Lorsch on January 20, 773 . When, after the decline of the monastery, in 1232 Emperor Friedrich II. Gave the imperial abbey of Lorsch to the Archdiocese of Mainz and his bishop Siegfried III. Submitted by Eppstein for reform, the area of ​​the later office of Schönberg , to which Reichenbach also belonged, was owned by the Count Palatine . It is known from 1488 that the Count Palatine Bede moved into 11 hubs and three farms.

A number of landlords have come down to us from the Middle Ages . The aristocratic families von Bolanden and von Nackheim , as well as the taverns from Erbach , who received goods in Reichenbach as fiefs from the Palatinate , appeared. The high jurisdiction over the place was exercised by the Zent Heppenheim , whose highest judge was the burgrave on the Starkenburg (over Heppenheim), first mentioned in 1267 . The lower jurisdiction was exercised by the local court, which the Count Palatinate temporarily awarded the districts of Weinheim and Lindenfels as a fief. The noble family von Weinheim died out in 1407 and the inheritance fell to the Ulner von Dieburg family . From the year 1514 it is handed down that the court consisted of the mayor and eight lay judges, who pronounced justice in the house of the host Christian Hansen on behalf of the Count Palatine, the Ulner von Dieburg and the Schenken von Erbach. In the years 1561 and 1563, the Palatinate and Ulner shares were exchanged for the Counts of Erbach. Reichenbach belonged to the office of Schönberg under Erbachian rule .

In the course of the Bavarian feud , troops of Landgrave Wilhelm devastated Schönberg Castle and the entire Lauter valley in 1504. Wilhelm led as executor of the fine imposed on the Palatinate imperial ban a campaign against the Palatinate and their allies, including the counts of Erbach included.

In the 16th century, the Reformation also found its way into the Odenwald. By 1544, the Counts of Erbach had introduced the Lutheran creed for their county , and the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was only under Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. At that time, the subjects had to follow their rulers in matters of faith ( Cuius regio, eius religio , Latin for whose territory, whose religion ). From an ecclesiastical point of view, Reichenbach was originally a branch of the Bensheim parish, but the place already had its own parish before the Reformation. After the Reformation, the Lutheran parish of Reichenbach included the subsidiary villages of Hohenstein (today a forester's house in the Reichenbach district), Lautern , Gadernheim , Raidelbach , Elmshausen , as well as the Lutherans of the former Erbach villages Knoden and Breitenwiesen . The last two places were exchanged in 1561 together with Mittershausen , Mitlechtern , Schannenbach , Ober-Laudenbach and Scharbach giving the Palatinate share to Reichenbach. Two thirds of the big tithe in Reichenbach went to the Erbach rulership and one third to the cathedral chapter of Mainz . The Erbach rule also received two thirds of the small tithe, while the parish in Reichenbach received one third.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the taverns Valentin I. and Eberhard XI. from the Palatinate Elector Ludwig VI. the “feudal” permit to build a lead mine in Reichenbach. This first phase of operation did not last long, because the mine was abandoned after water penetrated. Later operations were resumed several times, with copper and silver being mined. It was not until 1944 that mining activities were finally stopped. See also list of mines in the Odenwald .

After the devastation in the Bavarian feud, the office of Schönberg was able to recover until the Thirty Years War , which began in 1618. In the last years of peace in particular, there was lively construction activity in Schönberg Palace and the villages. By 1622 at the latest, the office of Schönberg had to suffer from the war, when the office was attacked and looted several times by troops of the league . In the mid-1630s, the Swedish-French War was the bloodiest chapter of the Thirty Years' War. The chroniclers of that time reported from the region: “Plague and hunger rage in the country and decimate the population, so that the villages are often completely empty”. When peace was signed in 1648, the population in the region had shrunk to a quarter, and many villages were deserted for years. After a short period of peace, the French Reunion Wars followed , which brought new afflictions to the region. In the autumn of 1696, during the War of the Palatinate Succession, Schönberg Palace was attacked. It was not until the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697 that the French withdrew behind the Rhine.

In 1717 the Erbach Count's House was divided and Schönberg Palace became the seat of the younger line Erbach-Schönberg under Count Georg August zu Erbach-Schönberg . This received the offices of Schönberg and König and half of the reign of Breuberg . The Erbach-Schönberg line made the castle their place of residence, which gave it its current castle character.

From the 19th century until today

Reichenbach becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) was reorganized by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803. This last work of law of the Old Kingdom implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and thus ushered in the end of the Old Kingdom. Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the deposition of the imperial crown by Emperor Franz II on August 6, 1806 , with which the Old Empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion. The County of Erbach was mediated by the Rhine Federation Act and largely incorporated into the newly founded Grand Duchy of Hesse, including the “Office of Schönberg”. The office was initially retained as a civil office.

As early as December 9, 1803, the judicial system in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was reorganized through an executive order. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords. The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this the Zente and the associated central courts had lost their function. The regulations also applied in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, founded in 1806.

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse and confirmed that the County of Erbach belonged to the “Principality of Starkenburg” of the Grand Duchy of Hesse. As a result, provinces were formed in the Grand Duchy in 1816 and the area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg” was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained partially until 1848 exist.

In 1821/22, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district councils were introduced, with Schönberg being assigned to the district of Lindenfels in 1822 . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . For the office of Schönberg, the lower jurisdiction was exercised in the name of the landlords by the district administrator. It was not until 1826 that all functions of the former rulers' office in Schönberg were transferred to the state institutions. This reform also regulated the administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Reichenbach was also responsible for Hohenstein. According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Reichenbach in 1829:

»Reichenbach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) Lutheran parish village; is on the Lauter 2 St. von Lindenfels, and belongs to the Count of Erbach-Schönberg. The place consists of 104 houses and 830 souls who are Lutheran except for 5 Reform. 5 Cath. And 52 Jews. The church was built in 1748. Besides 3 grinding mills there is a paper mill here. 3 grocer's markets are held annually. - In the Heppenheimer Markbeschreibung 773 there is a Reonga , which probably means Reichenbach. The place is also mentioned in the Lorsch Wildbannsbeschreibung 1012. In 1514 Reichenbach was still owned directly by the Palatinate, and in 1561 it was ceded to Erbach in exchange by Churpfalz. The place was still a branch of Bensheim in 1521, but was raised to a parish in 1523. The Counts of Erbach made the church sentence of Churpfalz declinable. Mining has been carried out here since time immemorial. In 1806 Reichenbach came under Hess. Your Highness. "

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Reichenbach now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district . With the Grand Ducal Government Ordinance No. 37 of December 31, 1839, Reichenbach was added to the Bensheim district with effect from January 15, 1840 . In it, other places in the Zeller and Schönberg valleys were separated from the Heppenheim district and incorporated into the Bensheim district.

In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today. From 1839 the Nibelungenstrasse was expanded from Bensheim into the Lautertal to Lindenfels, thus creating an important contribution to improving the infrastructure of the front Odenwald . A further improvement was achieved with the opening of the Main-Neckar Railway in 1846, which initially connected Bensheim with Langen , Darmstadt and Heppenheim and a little later extended to Frankfurt and Mannheim .

The following entry can be found in the latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845:

“Reichenbach, - village with luther. Parish church, belonging to the parish of Bensheim with regard to the Catholics, - 104 H. 830 (mostly Protestant) E. - Grand Duchy of Hesse, - Province of Starkenburg. - Bensheim district. - Landger. Zwingenberg. - Hofger. Darmstadt. - The village of Reichenbach, located on the Lauter and belonging to the estate of the Count of Erbach-Schönberg, has 3 grinding mills and 1 paper mill, as well as 3 junk markets. Mining is done in the district. The place is only in 1806 under grand duke. Hessian sovereignty. "

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Reichenbach again became part of the Bensheim district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Reichenbach: Lutheran parish village with 1,041 inhabitants. The district consists of 2981 acres , of which 1202 acres of arable land, 396 acres of meadows and 1237 acres of forest, as well as the former village of Hohenstein with 154 acres of arable land, 97 acres of meadows and 317 acres of forest. Mining is now being carried out there.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the parish village of Reichenbach with its own mayor's office includes 141 houses, 1,116 inhabitants, the district of Bensheim, the district court of Zwingenberg, the Protestant parish Reichenbach with the deanery in Lindenfels and the Catholic parish in Lindenfels the deanery Heppenheim stated. The Reichenbach copper mine (1 house, 4 inhabitants) and the Hohenstein farm (1 house, 12 inhabitants) also belonged to the district. The responsible tax commissioner's office is Zwingenberg, the district revenue Bensheim and Obereinnahmerei Bensheim. The domain administration consists of the Lindenfels Rent Office, the Jugenheim Forestry Office with the Zwingenberg Forestry Department.

In 1870 the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche , in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before the official end of the war on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation, and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths.

On April 3, 1892, the first volunteer fire brigade in the Lautertal was founded in Reichenbach. The municipality provided two mobile hand-operated pressure sprayers with accessories and two climbing devices as the first equipment. In 1932 a motorized sprayer was procured for the first time, making it one of the best-equipped fire departments in the Bensheim district. Since 1898 there has been a public water supply in Reichenbach, which was built by the Reichenbach water cooperative and initially operated by them. For this purpose , spring sockets, spring chambers and an elevated tank were built on the road to Beedenkirchen , from which the water was distributed to the individual households via pipes. In 1907 all facilities were sold to the community for 46,000 Reichsmarks.

On October 19, 1902, the new schoolhouse was inaugurated, construction of which had begun in 1901 after twelve years of disputes between the local council and the local authority. Although the school situation was completely unreasonable, the local council blocked a new building for years for financial reasons. The Bergsträßer Anzeiger wrote: »In the three school halls in today's old town hall, 222 children were taught in a very small space. 56 more received their lessons in the "bag school", the later youth hostel (today club house). All the rooms were damp, sponges were not uncommon , the lighting conditions were insufficient. "

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out, which put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Reichenbach had 61 casualties to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives.

The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In Reichenbach, at the time of the rise of National Socialism, signs were set against this movement. On July 24, 1927, the "Free Gymnastics and Sports Association Reichenbach" celebrated its flag consecration. The celebrations were not conceived as a normal club festival, but as a demonstration of the strength of the labor movement . A large pageant was organized, which led through “magnificent triumphal arches”, adorned with black, red and gold flags of the young republic and the red and white flags of the people's state of Hesse . The program on the fairground was initiated by the freedom choir of the workers singers. The highlight of the sporting performances was a “mass pyramid”. There was also a torchlight procession by the local clubs, fireworks and dancing in the inns. Forty delegations from other workers' associations had come. At that time, the workers' associations saw themselves as a “bulwark against the Hitlerites”, which led to their extensive dissolution in the 1930s.

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the dictatorship . In the spring of 1933, Adolf Hitler made May 1 a public holiday called “ German Labor Day ”. In this way, a union demand was met by the government, which it strictly rejected. The unions called for participation in the May events, as they felt they were the initiators of the May idea. The rude awakening for the unions came a day later when the “NSDAP took over the leadership of the red unions”: “The Marxist leaders since then in protective custody - A 3 million account of the former Reichstag President Löbe blocked - The rights of the workers secured - The Free trade union buildings occupied, ”headlined the newspapers that were already aligned throughout the Reich.

In November 1938 the so-called Reichskristallnacht brought hardship and misery to the Jewish fellow citizens. The Jewish residents of Reichenbach belonged to the Reichenbach Israelite community, which in 1939 only had four members. The remaining 36 had emigrated or moved away as a result of increasing reprisals. Nine Jewish residents from Reichenbach perished as a result of the National Socialist tyranny.

The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims is estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms and advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American units were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time. Reichenbach had 186 fallen or missing soldiers in this war.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War the Grand Duchy became a republican state of Hesse . In 1945, after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged within its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 to 1950 show, Reichenbach also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the district size was given as 785  hectares , of which 275 hectares were forest.

In the run-up to the regional reform in Hesse , the state government approved the incorporation of the municipality of Beedenkirchen into the municipality of Reichenbach with effect from December 31, 1971. On the same date, it approved the merger of the municipality of Reichenbach and other municipalities into one municipality with the name Lautertal . Reichenbach was one of the founding communities of the Lautertal community on December 31, 1971.

After the population had lived almost exclusively from agriculture for a long time, some stone processing companies have survived to this day, which offer local jobs in addition to tourism through the nearby sea ​​of ​​rocks and the now closed location of Ciba-Geigy in Lautern . The copper mining operated in the 19th century finally came to an end in 1944. As in all places in the front Odenwald, there are also many commuters in Reichenbach who find work in the Rhine-Main and Rhine-Neckar regions.

Courts in Hessen

The competent jurisdiction was the municipal office of Schönberg until 1822, while it was part of Hesse . From 1822 to 1826 Schönberg belonged to the district court district of Schönberg , in which the lower jurisdiction was exercised by the district administrator on behalf of the landlord. From 1826 these functions were assigned to the Fürth district court . Reichenbach was spun off there with the move to the district of Bensheim in 1839 and came to the regional court of Zwingenberg . On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts functioned as higher courts. As a result, it was renamed the District Court of Zwingenberg and assigned to the district of the Regional Court of Darmstadt . In 1934 the Zwingenberg District Court was dissolved and the tasks were transferred to the Bensheim District Court .

Population development

 Source: Historical local dictionary

• 1717: 29 cent men, 11 bystanders
• 1961: 2056 Protestant (= 84.19%), 345 Catholic (= 14.13%) inhabitants
Reichenbach: Population from 1829 to 1970
year     Residents
1829
  
 830
1834
  
 952
1840
  
 1,054
1846
  
 1,047
1852
  
 1,052
1858
  
 1,057
1864
  
 1,076
1871
  
 1,119
1875
  
 1,172
1885
  
 1,323
1895
  
 1,400
1905
  
 1,747
1910
  
 1,843
1925
  
 1,801
1939
  
 1,884
1946
  
 2,481
1950
  
 2,533
1956
  
 2,427
1961
  
 2,442
1967
  
 2,573
1970
  
 2,613
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Other sources:

traffic

The federal road 47 , the Nibelungenstraße, runs through the valley of the Lauter and thus through Reichenbach . It leads from Worms via Bensheim in the west to Lindenfels and Michelstadt in the east. In the center of the village, the L 3098 road branches off to the north from the B 47 and leads via Beedenkirchen towards Darmstadt. Reichenbach can be reached every half hour during the week and every hour on weekends by public transport .

particularities

  • The tower on the Felsberg (Odenwald) , the Ohly Tower , built in 1901 , was acquired by an investor in 2007 and is not yet accessible to the public after renovation work has been completed.

It was closed by the landowner in 2013 and is now open for climbing again.

  • On June 21, 2013, a monument for Max Liebster was inaugurated in Reichenbach, a sculpture made of granite and bronze.

sons and daughters of the town

  • Max Liebster (1905–2008), Jewish survivor of the Shoah and founder of a Holocaust Remembrance Foundation

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Reichenbach district . In: Website of the Lautertal community. Accessed August 2020.
  2. ^ Statistics sheet of the Lautertal community, as of June 30, 2013. Inhabitants HW
  3. ^ Beautification Association Reichenbach, text from September 12, 2011: The bridge over the Graulbach ( Memento from January 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ Regests of the city of Heppenheim and Starkenburg Castle until the end of Kurmainzer rule (755 to 1461) . No. 9 ( digital view [PDF; 2.0 MB] - compiled and commented on by Torsten Wondrejz on behalf of the Heppenheim City Archives).
  5. ^ Regest of the city of Heppenheim and Starkenburg Castle , No. 3 and 5
  6. ^ Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, pp. 641–642
  7. ↑ a b c Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, pp. 575-577
  8. ↑ a b c d Gustav Simon: The history of the dynasts and counts of Erbach and their country , Verlag Brönner, Frankfurt a. M. 1858, p. 147ff ( online at google books )
  9. ↑ a b Manfred Schaarschmidt: The history of Schönberg. January 2003, archived from the original on March 27, 2009 ; Retrieved May 6, 2013 .
  10. ↑ Announcement, the administration of the district administration's business and the judiciary of the first instance in the former office of Schönberg on July 7, 1826 ( Hess. Reg.Bl. p. 178 )
  11. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  12. ^ Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, p. 195 ( online at Google Books ).
  13. ↑ District change with regard to the Bensheim and Heppenheim districts, ... from December 26, 1839 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior and Justice (Ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1839 no. 37 , p. 480 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 72.2 MB ]).
  14. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger" 2007. (PDF 8.61 MB) A terrible path through the valley. P. 38 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; accessed on December 28, 2014 .
  15. ↑ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states , Naumburg 1845, Volume 2, p. 408 ( online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  16. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  17. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  18. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  19. ↑ Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854, p. 297 ( online at google books )
  20. ↑ Alphabetical list of places to live in the Grand Duchy of Hesse , 1869, p. 72 ( online at google books )
  21. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  22. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger" 2007. "Tearing hook against the Red Rooster". P. 106
  23. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger" 2007. "Water pipe was laid with a spade". P. 43
  24. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger" 2007. "You don't lock a dog in here". P. 102
  25. ↑ a b Memorials to the fallen in Reichenbach, World War I , accessed in October 2015
  26. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the “Bergstrasse Anzeiger” 2007. “Anyone with black hair was a spy”. P. 88
  27. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the “Bergsträßer Anzeiger” 2007: “Massenpyramid und Feuerwerk”, p. 85
  28. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger" 2007: "Frisches Birkengrün, wehende Fahnen", p. 66
  29. ^ History of the Jewish community in Reichenbach on "Alemannia Judaica" (accessed on November 2, 2015)
  30. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  31. ↑ a b c d e Reichenbach, Bergstrasse district. Historical local lexicon for Hesse (as of July 23, 2012). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on May 6, 2013 .
  32. ^ Hesse municipal area reform; Amalgamation and integration of municipalities of December 29, 1971 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 1972 No. 3 , p. 84 ff ., point 93, paras. 82 and 84 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 6.0 MB ]).
  33. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 348 .
  34. ↑ Information on the Ciba location in Lautertal ( Memento from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  35. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  36. ^ Information from the German Alpine Club , accessed in February 2015
  37. ^ Information from the German Alpine Club , accessed in July 2015
  38. ↑ Article and photos of the newspaper Bergsträsser Anzeiger from November 20, 2004. In: | JWhistory.net
  39. ↑ Jutta Haas: Monument for Max Liebster inaugurated - Bergstrasse Anzeiger. Mannheimer Morgen, June 24, 2013, accessed on June 9, 2020 .