South Tyrolean literature

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The term South Tyrolean literature refers to literature from South Tyrol that is written by South Tyrolean authors in the three national languages German , Italian and Ladin . Depending on the language, South Tyrolean literature is a sub-area of Austrian or German literature or Italian literature . As a rule, German, Italian and Ladin works and authors are viewed separately. The ideal of multilingualism and interculturality is only partially effective in practice.

German-language literature in South Tyrol

German-language literature up to the First World War

For numerous poets of the High Middle Ages , a possible origin from today's South Tyrol was suggested. Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen , for example, identified the minstrel Hawart with a knight of the same name from Antholz ; in the meantime this interpretation has been called into question. The possibility that Walther von der Vogelweide could have come from Laion was also discussed for a long time . In today's research, this is considered very unlikely. The same applies to Leuthold von Seven , whose place of origin is probably Safenau in Carinthia rather than Säben , as has long been assumed . The home of Walther von Metze and Rubin was also often located in South Tyrol, but ultimately remains unprovable.

However, it is very likely that the poet Friedrich von Sonnenburg came from the Sonnenburg in St. Lorenzen near Bruneck . The South Tyrolean origin of Oswald von Wolkenstein , one of the most important German-speaking authors of the late Middle Ages, is clearly documented . He was born at Schöneck Castle near Issing and worked in South Tyrol all his life. Oswald came from the Tyrolean noble family von Wolkenstein-Rodenegg .

Of great importance for the entire German-speaking region that was early modern moral philosophy work Pluemen the Tugent (1411) of Bolzano bailiff Hans Vintler that on Tommaso Gozzadinis Fiore di virtù based (in 1230). The translation services of the Brixen bishop Ulrich Putsch from the first half of the 15th century are also remarkable .

Another important figure was the Vigil Raber in Sterzing , who tried to maintain and continue the tradition of the Carnival and Emmaus Games . In addition to his work as a painter , he particularly distinguished himself as a collector , publisher , dramaturge and arranger of stage works .

Between the Middle Ages and the 19th century, literary evidence from South Tyrol appears only sporadically. The baroque poetry , for example, by the playwright Adam Purwalder and lyricist Michael Winnebacher represented. For the 18th century, the playwright and impresario Johannes Ulrich von Federspill and the Laaser play written by Johann Herbst about their own court , which deals with the subject of everyone , should be mentioned. Franz von Lehrer's plays and epics have also been largely forgotten .

The South Tyrolean literary landscape of the 19th century is a little livelier. If Joseph Richter's early work was still influenced by German Romanticism , he was later heavily influenced by Young Germany . The theologian Beda Weber , who achieved mainly through descriptions of the South Tyrolean culture and society awareness, is loud Ferruccio Delle Cave at the beginning of "effective until today [n] series of landscape and cultural topographies of South Tyrol". The orientalist Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer also provided new impulses with his stylish historical and journalistic works, which had an impact on the further development of South Tyrolean literature.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the increasingly patriotic Tyrolean literature showed a split between old and young Tyroleans ; this tendency can also be seen in South Tyrol. The Alttiroler, z. B. Carl Domanig , Josef Seeber , Ferdinand von Scala and Brother Willram , propagated the values ​​of the Christian homeland , while the Young Tyroleans such as Arthur von Wallpach and the early Carl Dallago relied on general Germanness and the German nation . The Bolzano Hans von Hoffensthal whose works by impressionist situation descriptions and psychological distinguished figure conception, stands outside of these flows. Hans-Georg Grüning describes him as a "more delicate, albeit resigned, counter-image" to old and young Tyroleans.

From 1919 to the 1960s

Memorial plaque for the catholic priest and poet Reimmichl in Brixen .

According to Gerhard Riedmann , the South Tyrolean literature from 1919 to 1967 was mostly understood by the critics as " homeland and utility literature with a popular educational aim". After South Tyrol was annexed to Italy as a result of the First World War , South Tyrolean literature increasingly developed in a new direction that no longer corresponds directly to the Austrian Tyrolean literary area. The study of the social coexistence of Germans and Italians developed into a topic that has influenced South Tyrolean literature to this day. Albert von Trentini , for example, in his novel German Bride (1921) reflects on the new discrepancy between Austria and Italy, which he negotiates in an interethnic love story . Significantly, there is ultimately a politically motivated break between the lovers.

Not least because of the advancing Italianization of South Tyrol under fascism and the resulting loss of identity , the literature of the 1920s tends towards idyllic homeland and idealization of its own past. Tradition and folklore became central artistic themes. Often these works are set in a rural setting , they are anti-modern or anti- industrial and continue motifs and concerns of the German local art movement without emerging directly from it. The most important exponent of this direction is the novelist Joseph Georg Oberkofler . Also worth mentioning is Maria Veronika Rubatscher's religiously influenced work, which puts the fate of South Tyrol in a salvation-historical context and regards the fascist occupation as a test of God.

In the 1930s, this homeland literature approximated the national blood-and-soil ideology . Riedmann recognizes in Oberkofler's novel Bannwald (1939), who u. a. the question of the 'living space' negotiates, clear folk tendencies. The works of Luis Trenker and Anton Bossi Fedrigotti also take up these themes as well as a proximity to fascist ideologies . Since 1920, the most successful South Tyrolean almanac , Reimmichl's Volkskalender ( Tyrolean calendar until 1924 ), was published by the priest and folk poet Sebastian Rieger, alias Reimmichl , who had been active in South Tyrol for a long time . The conservative-clerical orientation of the calendar coincided at times with the blood-and-soil ideology. The proximity to National Socialism becomes even clearer with Josef Wenter from Merano . He was best known for his animal novels and stories, in which he coded fascist views. According to Hans-Georg Grüning, almost none of the South Tyrolean writers of the interwar period remained flawless with regard to National Socialism.

The option of 1939, in the course of which the South Tyrolean population had to decide whether to emigrate to the German Reich or to remain in their now Italian homeland, was also reflected in literature. Hubert Mumelter's story "The Great Sacrifice" (from the collection Das Reich im Herzen , 1941) is about the indecision of a farmer who finally decides on a new future in the German Reich. Later, in Wir went / Ce n'andammo (2005) , Joseph Zoderer will also deal with his family's experiences at the time of the option.

Unlike in the rest of German-speaking countries, the end of the war in 1945 did not mean any significant artistic reorientation. Riedmann sees the South Tyrolean post-war literature until the 1960s as “affirmative homeland literature”, which continues motifs and themes from the interwar period. This applies for example to the novels Otto Guems to. Johann Holzner , too, does not regard the end of the war as a rough cut in the development of South Tyrolean literature, but as a brief interruption after which authors such as Oberkofler, Wenter and Bossi-Fedrigotti were rehabilitated.

Nevertheless, soon after the war there were also the first tendencies towards rapprochement between the language groups . For example, Hubert Mumelter, who in the interwar period still presented himself as a German national , developed the ideal of a “Rhaetian dream” in his work after 1945. This vision alludes to the ancient people of the Rhaetians to that in pre-Christian Alpine region was established. Grüning describes Mumelter's concept as “a utopia of a state structure following the Swiss model in the central Alps , in which the German, Ladin and Italian populations live together in peaceful and fruitful contact”. The 'Rhaetian Dream' appears for the first time in Mumelter's novel Maderneid (1948). Even Joseph Mason partly bilingual work and his translations from Italian suggested a closer cultural contact.

From the end of the 1960s

Norbert C. Kaser (1947–1978) is regarded as a "symbol and key figure" in modern South Tyrolean literature. Photo: Klaus Gasperi .

At the end of the 1960s, there was a turnaround in the intellectual scene in South Tyrol. Probably also against the background of the South Tyrol package of 1972, which enabled the country to develop independently, social traditions were increasingly reflected critically. Now one tried increasingly to grasp one's own status as a plurilingual and pluricultural border area between Austria and Italy in its social fertility. The supra-regionally oriented historiography of Claus Gatterer also contributed to this, re-examining the position of South Tyrol in the 20th century and questioning the established view of history . Gatterer's much-discussed autobiographical work Schöne Welt, böse Leut (1969) deals with the social conditions in South Tyrol through the ages.

For Grüning, Norbert Conrad Kaser from Bruneck is “a symbol and key figure in New South Tyrolean literature”; Ferruccio Delle Cave describes him as "the greatest poet in South Tyrol since 1945". Sigurd Paul Scheichl names “the inclination towards the colloquial , the sparse syntax […] [and] the lack of metaphors ” as characteristics of his language. Both his poetry and his prose testify to an ambivalent relationship to his environment, which is often expressed in biting, satirical social criticism. This becomes particularly clear, for example, in his short city ​​engravings , in which he characterizes the cities of South Tyrol in an ironic style. In his texts, which are consistently written in lower case , passages in Italian often appear. A poem dated March 11, 1968 expresses this fact just as aptly as Kaser's critical preoccupation with his homeland:

alto adige

alto fragile

travel destination

transit country

no mans land […]

The lyricist Gerhard Kofler also overlays the Italian and German languages ​​up to the dialect in his works . As part of the study conference of the South Tyrolean student body in 1969, Kaser gave the so-called Brixen speech , which became a media scandal . It addresses the status of contemporary literature in South Tyrol. Kaser sharply criticizes the previous South Tyrolean literary tradition, which has concentrated almost exclusively on homeland and folklore . He chants his views in a typical, cynical tone:

It would be best if 99% of our South Tyrolean writers would never have been born, because of me they can still bite into the grass today so as not to cause further harm. The invitation to this year's 'literary colloquium' says: 'South Tyrol's literature is dead'. But how can something be dead that never existed? So I am now talking about things that do not exist.

Kaser describes Franz Tumler as the "father" of the new South Tyrolean literature. In his post-war work Tumler deals with a range of topics that would become groundbreaking for later South Tyrolean literature. Characteristic for this is the dynamic relationship between home and foreign , the conflict between the individual and home and the resulting lack of language and identity. Delle Cave understands "the critical reflection of the relationship between individual identity and collective identity offerings" as a characteristic of this new literary understanding.

One of the most famous writers in South Tyrol is Joseph Zoderer from Pusteria . His works deal with problems of individual belonging, home in the course of time and linguistic identity . Some of his texts are strongly autobiographical. Zoderer's most successful work, the novel Die Walsche (1982), thematizes the ethnic tensions between Germans and Italians using a mixed couple; At the same time, however, the xenophobic homeland ideology of South Tyrolean society is also criticized. As the first work in German-language South Tyrolean literature, Die Walsche was also widely received in the rest of Italy.

In addition to the German-language poetry by authors such as Sepp Mall and Konrad Rabensteiner , dialect poetry also has a high priority in South Tyrolean literature. The writing of poetry in dialect runs through the entire history of South Tyrolean literature in the 20th century. Authors such as Norbert Conrad Kaser or Gerhard Kofler also repeatedly included the dialectal language register in their texts. Joseph Zoderer's collection of poems S Maul auf der Erd or Dreckknuidelen kliabn (1974) is entirely dedicated to the South Tyrolean dialect . Luis Stefan Stecher with his volume of poems Korrnrliadr (1978), Maridl Innerhofer and Hans Baur are among the most prominent South Tyrolean dialect authors . While Stecher (Vinschgau), Innerhofer (Burggrafenamt) or Baur (Pustertal) write in a more clearly defined, regionally more closely bound language variety, some other authors such as Hans Fink , Matthias Insam or Maria Luise Maurer use a more general traffic dialect .

Contemporary literature

Delle Cave sees contemporary South Tyrolean literature as an approach to themes and motifs from German and Austrian literature , even if "a forced breakout from the ' province ' does not always succeed in a credible manner". Newer works often deliberately delimit themselves from the topic of home and the negotiation of their existence as a border area. Instead, self-reflection about the relationship between the individual and identity often plays a central role.

The best-known contemporary authors in South Tyrol include Joseph Zoderer and Luis Stefan Stecher as well as writers such as Sepp Mall, Josef Oberhollenzer and Sabine Gruber . According to Holzner , Anita Pichler was the best-known international author from South Tyrol until her death in 1997. Grüning emphasizes Armin Gatterer as “perhaps the most versatile prose writer of the young generation”. Also worth mentioning are Maria Elisabeth Brunner and the short stories and novels by Kurt Lanthaler .

Contemporary playwrights include Josef Feichtinger , Luis Zagler and Toni Bernhart .

Italian-language literature in South Tyrol

Hans-Georg Grüning describes the political solution to the South Tyrol problem in the 1960s and 1970s as a change that pushed the Italians in South Tyrol back from the 'culture-determining' class into a minority role. What meant great potential for the German- and Ladin-speaking population was associated with a threatened loss of identity for the Italian-speaking South Tyroleans . According to Grüning, Italian literature has only existed in South Tyrol since the mid-1960s.

Thematically, many authors dealt with the problem of origin and homeland as well as the contrast between Italian and German inhabitants of South Tyrol, analogous to German-language South Tyrolean literature. In the Brixen speech, Norbert Conrad Kaser mentions Gianni Bianco's novel Una casa sull'argine (1965) as proof that Italian literature also exists in South Tyrol. In Bianco's work, similar to the German-speaking authors of the 1960s, the coexistence of language groups is often discussed. Other Italian-speaking authors of this period include Franco Maria Maggi and Cesare Guglielmo .

In recent times, Italian-speaking writers have often shown an increased interest in the literary analysis of the history of South Tyrol . Examples are Eva dorme (2010) by the Roman woman Francesca Melandri , who lived in Bruneck for years, or Lilli Gruber's Eredità (2012) and Tempesta (2014). Representatives of contemporary Italian literature from South Tyrol also include Paolo Bill Valente , Luca D'Andrea and Alessandro Banda .

Ladin-language literature in South Tyrol

→ Main article: Ladin literature

Dealing with language and literature has a long tradition in the Ladin-speaking areas of South Tyrol. Stories and poems have been handed down as early as the 18th century. The most important romantic poet in the Ladin language is the Enneberger Angelo Trebo , who tried to raise traditional folk poetry to a higher artistic level. The lyricist Max Tosi used the Ladin language for the first time apart from folkloric topics, for which the works of Adele Moroder can be named as exemplary. The most famous Ladin-speaking authors of recent times are Rut Bernardi , Iaco Rigo and Roberta Dapunt .

See also

literature

Monographs and edited volumes

  • Rut Bernardi , Paul Videsott : History of Ladin Literature. A bio-bibliographic author compendium from the beginnings of Ladin literature to the literary work of the early 21st century. 3 vols. Bu.press, Bozen 2013, ISBN 978-88-6046-060-8 .
  • Ferruccio Delle Cave: South Tyrol. A literary travel guide. Raetia, Bolzano 2011.
  • Moritz Enzinger: The German Tyrolean literature until 1900. An outline (= Tyrolean homeland books . No. 1) . Haase, Vienna, Leipzig & Prague 1929.
  • Michael Gebhardt & Max Siller (ed.): Literature and language in Tyrol. From the beginning to the 16th century. Files from the 3rd Symposium of the Sterzinger Easter Games (April 10-12, 1995) (= Schlern-Schriften . No. 301). Wagner, Innsbruck 1996.
  • Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts. Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992.
  • Johann Holzner (Ed.): Literature in South Tyrol (= literature of the Institute for Austrian Studies . No. 2). StudienVerlag, Innsbruck, Vienna & Bozen 1997.
  • Franco Maria Maggi & Franco Latino: Dizionario Poeti Altoatesini. Con prolegomeni alla Storia della Poesia in Alto Adige . Latmag, Bozen 2003.
  • Gerhard Riedmann: Home. Fiction - Utopia - Reality. Narrative prose in Tyrol from 1890 until today (= Innsbruck contributions to cultural studies . Special issue 73). Amoe, Innsbruck 1991.
  • Carlo Romeo : Un limbo di frontiera: la produione letteraria in lingua italiana in Alto Adige (= Tracce . No. 4). Italian Culture Department of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano - South Tyrol, Bozen 1998.
  • Barbara Siller: Identities - Imaginations - Stories. Literature area South Tyrol since 1965 . Innsbruck University Press, Innsbruck 2015.
  • South Tyrolean provincial government (school and culture department for the German and Ladin ethnic group) & Office of the Tyrolean provincial government (cultural department) (publisher): Buchland Tirol 1980–1990: Südtirol, Nordtirol, Osttirol. Literature manual and Tyrolean directory , edited by Ferruccio Delle Cave, Bozen / Innsbruck 1991.
  • Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016.
  • Erika Unterpertinger: The Rennete. Theory, forms and processes of mixed-language poetry based on a digitally supported corpus analysis. University of Vienna, Master thesis 2019.
  • Hansjörg Waldner: Germany looks to us Tyroleans. South Tyrol novels between 1918 and 1945 . Picus, Vienna 1990.

Essays

  • Alfred Gruber: "Contemporary Literature in South Tyrol". In: The Sciliar . Vol. 47, 11/1973, pp. 584-600.
  • Hans-Georg Grüning: "Multicultural identity as a threat, provocation or challenge: multilingual literature in South Tyrol". In: Franziska Grucza (Hrsg.): Diversity and unity of German studies worldwide. Files of the XII. International Germanist Congress, Warsaw 2010 (= publications of the International Association for German Studies . No. 6). Lang, Frankfurt a. M. et al. 1991, pp. 137-142.
  • Hans-Georg Grüning: "About some categories in contemporary German-language literature in South Tyrol". In: Colloquium Helveticum. No. 13, 1991, pp. 81-122.
  • Hans-Georg Grüning: “Bilingualism and a mixture of languages ​​in contemporary literature in South Tyrol”. In: Johann Strutz and Peter von Zima (eds.): Comparative literature as dialogue. Literature and intercultural relations in the Alps-Adriatic region and in Switzerland (= European university publications, series 18: Comparative literary studies. No. 56). Lang, Frankfurt a. M. et al. 1991, pp. 163-182.
  • Johann Holzner: “Everything in its right place. On literature in Tyrol around 1945 ”. In: Swoops. No. 17, 1986.
  • Johann Holzner: "Literature in Tyrol (from 1900 to the present)". In: Anton Pelinka and Andreas Maislinger (eds.): Handbook for the modern history of Tyrol , volume. 2: Contemporary History, Part 2: Economy and Culture. Wagner, Innsbruck: 1993, pp. 209-269.
  • Johann Holzner: "Literature in South Tyrol - German, Austrian, Italian literature?". In: Wendelin Schmidt-Dengler, Johann Sonnleitner & Klaus Zeyringer (eds.): History of literature: Austria. Prolegomena and case studies . Schmidt, Berlin 1995, pp. 91-99.
  • Johann Holzner: “Troublemaker in the domain of the 'Dolomites'. Literature in South Tyrol 1969–1989 ”. In: Austria in history and literature. No. 34, 5b-6/1990, pp. 344-351.
  • Johann Holzner: "On modern and contemporary literature in Tyrol". In: Swoops. No. 2, 1982, pp. 54-60.
  • Johann Holzner: "On New Terrain: Literature in South Tyrol around 2000". In: Eugen Thurnher (Hrsg.): Tyrol between times and peoples . Festschrift for Helmut Gritsch for his 60th birthday on June 20, 2002 ( = Schlern-Schriften . No. 318). Wagner, Innsbruck 2002, pp. 251-259.
  • Sieglinde Klettenhammer: “Against the 'withered metaphor between the rusted ethnic bars'. Topics and tendencies in poetry from South Tyrol since the 1970s ”. In: Zagreb German Studies. Beiheft 3, 1996, pp. 105-137.
  • Hannes Obermair : “A kind of kaser settlement, or how do you tame a work?” In: Distel. Journal of Cultural Issues. No. 39/40, 1989, pp. 44-47.
  • Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature from a border region in transition. Reflections on contemporary German-language literature in South Tyrol ”. In: Alfred Gruber (Ed.): News from South Tyrol. German-language literature in Italy (= contemporary German literature abroad, No. 4). Olms, Hildesheim 1990, pp. 23-39.
  • Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature in South Tyrol. From 1919 until today. Between reality and fiction ”. In: Word in the mountains. Literature from Tyrol. No. 18, 1989, pp. 11-36.
  • Gerhard Riedmann: “Regional culture and its limits. Development and transformation of German-language literature in South Tyrol ”. In: Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics. Supplement 13, 1985, pp. 104-126.
  • Carlo Romeo: "Letteratura in lingua italiana in Alto Adige: una breve rassegna dal secondo dopoguerra ad oggi". In: Archivio per l'Alto Adige. No. 99/100, 2006, pp. 337-380.
  • Sigurd Paul Scheichl: “norbert c. kaser (1947-1978). A poet from South Tyrol ”. In: Austria in history and literature. No. 25, 1981, pp. 288-304.
  • Sigurd Paul Scheichl: “Problems of a recent history of Tyrolean literature. Considerations on the occasion of a failed book ”. In: The Sciliar. No. 57, 10/1983, pp. 517-532.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Ferruccio Delle Cave: “Oswald von Wolkenstein and his 'children'. Milestones in the South Tyrolean literary landscape. A search for clues ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 17 .
  2. ↑ Barbara Siller: Identities - Imaginations - Stories. Literature area South Tyrol since 1965 . Innsbruck University Press, Innsbruck 2015, p. 189 .
  3. ^ A b Hans-Georg Grüning: "Multicultural identity as a threat, provocation or challenge: multilingual literature in South Tyrol" . In: Franziska Grucza (Hrsg.): Diversity and unity of German studies worldwide. Files of the XII. International Germanist Congress, Warsaw 2010 (=  publications of the International Association for German Studies . No. 6 ). Lang, Frankfurt et al. 1991, p. 137 .
  4. ↑ Hans-Georg Grüning: “Bilingualism and language mixing in contemporary literature in South Tyrol” . In: Johann Strutz and Peter von Zima (eds.): Comparative literature as dialogue. Literature and intercultural relations in the Alps-Adriatic region and in Switzerland (=  European University Theses, Series 18: Comparative Literature . No. 56 ). Lang, Frankfurt et al. 1991, p. 172 ff .
  5. ↑ Luigi Reitani: “'Lontano'. The 'Italian Complex' in German-language literature from South Tyrol ” . In: Johann Holzner (Hrsg.): Literatur in Südtirol (=  Literature of the Institute for Austrian Studies . No. 2 ). StudienVerlag, Innsbruck, Vienna & Bozen 1997, p. 58 .
  6. ^ Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen: Minnesinger. History of the poets and their works. Illustrations of the manuscripts, ways of singing, essays on the music of the Minnesingers, old testimonials, manuscripts and arrangements, an overview of the poets according to the chronological order, lists of people and place names, ways of singing the master singers after the minnesingers . tape 4 . Barth, Leipzig 1838, p. 476 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  7. ^ Carl von Kraus (ed.): German song poet of the 13th century . 2nd Edition. tape 1 : text. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1978.
  8. ^ Ingo F. Walther: Leuthold von Seven. In: German Biography Online. Retrieved January 10, 2020 .
  9. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 44 .
  10. ^ Wilhelm Wilmanns: Metze, Walther von. In: German Biography Online. Retrieved January 10, 2020 .
  11. ^ Norbert H. Ott: Rubin. In: German Biography Online. Retrieved January 10, 2020 .
  12. ↑ Achim Masser: The sayings of Friedrich von Sonnenburg (=  Old German Text Library . No. 86 ). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1979, p. XVIII-XX .
  13. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 43 .
  14. ^ Hannes Obermair : Ulrich Putsch . In: Author's Lexicon . Volume 7 (1989), Col. 924-928.
  15. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 50 .
  16. ↑ Volksbühne Laas plays the "Lasa Jedermann". In: The Vinschger Online. May 19, 2010, accessed January 10, 2020 .
  17. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 53 .
  18. ↑ Ferruccio Delle Cave: “Oswald von Wolkenstein and his 'children'. Milestones in the South Tyrolean literary landscape. A search for clues ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 12 .
  19. ↑ Ferruccio Delle Cave: “Oswald von Wolkenstein and his 'children'. Milestones in the South Tyrolean literary landscape. A search for clues ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 11 .
  20. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 54 .
  21. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 56-59 .
  22. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 59 .
  23. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature in South Tyrol. From 1919 until today. Between reality and fiction ” . In: Word in the mountains. Literature from Tyrol . No. 18 , 1989, pp. 17 .
  24. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature in South Tyrol. From 1919 until today. Between reality and fiction ” . In: Word in the mountains. Literature from Tyrol . No. 18 , 1989, pp. 19 .
  25. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature in South Tyrol. From 1919 until today. Between reality and fiction ” . In: Word in the mountains. Literature from Tyrol . No. 18 , 1989, pp. 13 .
  26. ↑ a b Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature in South Tyrol. From 1919 until today. Between reality and fiction ” . In: Word in the mountains. Literature from Tyrol . No. 18 , 1989, pp. 16 .
  27. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature in South Tyrol. From 1919 until today. Between reality and fiction ” . In: Word in the mountains. Literature from Tyrol . No. 18 , 1989, pp. 15 .
  28. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: Heimat. Fiction - Utopia - Reality. Narrative prose in Tyrol from 1890 until today (=  Innsbruck contributions to cultural studies . Special issue 73). Amoe, Innsbruck 1991, p. 200 .
  29. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 59 f .
  30. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature in South Tyrol. From 1919 until today. Between reality and fiction ” . In: Word in the mountains. Literature from Tyrol . No. 18 , 1989, pp. 28 .
  31. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: Heimat. Fiction - Utopia - Reality. Narrative prose in Tyrol from 1890 until today (=  Innsbruck contributions to cultural studies . Special issue 73). Amoe, Innsbruck 1991, p. 306 .
  32. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 68 f .
  33. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: Heimat. Fiction - Utopia - Reality. Narrative prose in Tyrol from 1890 until today (=  Innsbruck contributions to cultural studies . Special issue 73). Amoe, Innsbruck 1991, p. 282 .
  34. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: Heimat. Fiction - Utopia - Reality. Narrative prose in Tyrol from 1890 until today (=  Innsbruck contributions to cultural studies . Special issue 73). Amoe, Innsbruck 1991, p. 287 .
  35. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: Heimat. Fiction - Utopia - Reality. Narrative prose in Tyrol from 1890 until today (=  Innsbruck contributions to cultural studies . Special issue 73). Amoe, Innsbruck 1991, p. 262 ff .
  36. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 69 f .
  37. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: “Literature in South Tyrol. From 1919 until today. Between reality and fiction ” . In: Word in the mountains. Literature from Tyrol . No. 18 , 1989, pp. 29 f .
  38. ^ Gerhard Riedmann: Heimat. Fiction - Utopia - Reality. Narrative prose in Tyrol from 1890 until today (=  Innsbruck contributions to cultural studies . Special issue 73). Amoe, Innsbruck 1991, p. 238 ff .
  39. ↑ Johann Holzner: “Everything in its right place. On literature in Tyrol around 1945 ”. In: Swoops. No. 17, 1986, pp. 58f .; quoted after Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 70.
  40. ↑ Klaus Amann: “Option or About the Disappearance and Slow Appearance of Contemporary Literature in South Tyrol after 1945” . In: Johann Holzner (Hrsg.): Literatur in Südtirol (=  Literature of the Institute for Austrian Studies . No. 2 ). StudienVerlag, Innsbruck, Vienna & Bozen 1997, p. 37 .
  41. ^ A b Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 66 .
  42. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 72 .
  43. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 77 .
  44. ↑ Ferruccio Delle Cave: “Oswald von Wolkenstein and his 'children'. Milestones in the South Tyrolean literary landscape. A search for clues ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 14 .
  45. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 109 .
  46. ↑ a b Ferruccio Delle Cave: “Oswald von Wolkenstein and his 'children'. Milestones in the South Tyrolean literary landscape. A search for clues ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 15 .
  47. ↑ Sigurd Paul Scheichl: “norbert c. kaser (1947-1978). A poet from South Tyrol ”, in: Austria in history and literature. No. 25, 1981, p. 289, and references therein. according to Luigi Reitani: “'Lontano'. The 'Italian Complex' in German-language literature from South Tyrol ”. In: Johann Holzner (Ed.): Literature in South Tyrol (= Literature of the Institute for Austrian Studies . No. 2). StudienVerlag, Innsbruck, Vienna & Bozen 1997, p. 62.
  48. ↑ Norbert Conrad Kaser: “alto adige / alto fragile” . In: Sigurd Paul Scheichl (Hrsg.): Collected works . 3. Edition. tape 1 : poems. Haymon, Innsbruck 2012, p. 139 .
  49. ↑ Ferruccio Delle Cave: “Oswald von Wolkenstein and his 'children'. Milestones in the South Tyrolean literary landscape. A search for clues ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 15th f .
  50. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 114 f .
  51. ↑ Norbert Conrad Kaser: "South Tyrolean literature of the future and of the last twenty years ('Brixner Rede')" . In: Benedikt Sauer, Erika Wimmer-Webhofer (ed.): Collected works . 2nd Edition. tape 2 : prose. Stories - school texts - city engravings - glosses - criticism. Haymon, Innsbruck 1992, p. 111 .
  52. ↑ Norbert Conrad Kaser: "South Tyrolean literature of the future and of the last twenty years ('Brixner Rede')" . In: Benedikt Sauer, Erika Wimmer-Webhofer (ed.): Collected works . 2nd Edition. tape 2 : prose. Stories - school texts - city engravings - glosses - criticism. Haymon, Innsbruck 1992, p. 117 .
  53. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 83 f .
  54. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 88 .
  55. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 90 f .
  56. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 89 .
  57. ↑ Luigi Reitani: “'Lontano'. The 'Italian Complex' in German-language literature from South Tyrol ” . In: Johann Holzner (Hrsg.): Literatur in Südtirol (=  Literature of the Institute for Austrian Studies . No. 2 ). StudienVerlag, Innsbruck, Vienna & Bozen 1997, p. 59 .
  58. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 137 .
  59. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 136 .
  60. ↑ a b c Ferruccio Delle Cave: “Oswald von Wolkenstein and his 'children'. Milestones in the South Tyrolean literary landscape. A search for clues ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 16 .
  61. ^ Johann Holzner: "On New Terrain: Literature in South Tyrol around 2000" . In: Eugen Thurnher (Hrsg.): Tyrol between times and peoples. Festschrift for Helmut Gritsch on the occasion of his 60th birthday on June 20, 2002 (=  Schlern-Schriften . No. 318 ). Wagner, Innsbruck 2002, p. 252 f .
  62. ^ Johann Holzner: "On New Terrain: Literature in South Tyrol around 2000" . In: Eugen Thurnher (Hrsg.): Tyrol between times and peoples. Festschrift for Helmut Gritsch on the occasion of his 60th birthday on June 20, 2002 (=  Schlern-Schriften . No. 318 ). Wagner, Innsbruck 2002, p. 251 .
  63. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 129 .
  64. ↑ Hans-Georg Grüning: “Bilingualism and language mixing in contemporary literature in South Tyrol” . In: Johann Strutz and Peter von Zima (eds.): Comparative literature as dialogue. Literature and intercultural relations in the Alps-Adriatic region and in Switzerland (=  European University Theses, Series 18: Comparative Literature . No. 56 ). Lang, Frankfurt a. M. et al. 1991, p. 178 f .
  65. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 148 f .
  66. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 147 .
  67. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 149 .
  68. ^ Carlo Romeo: "Letteratura italiana in Alto Adige" . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 98 .
  69. ↑ Norbert Conrad Kaser: "South Tyrolean literature of the future and of the last twenty years ('Brixner Rede')" . In: Benedikt Sauer & Erika Wimmer-Webhofer (eds.): Collected works . 2nd Edition. tape 2 : prose. Stories - school texts - city engravings - glosses - criticism. Haymon, Innsbruck 1992, p. 115 .
  70. ^ Hans-Georg Grüning: The contemporary literature of South Tyrol. Problems, profiles, texts . Edizioni Nuove Ricerche, Ancona 1992, p. 148 .
  71. ^ Carlo Romeo: "Letteratura italiana in Alto Adige" . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 100-102 .
  72. ↑ Rut Bernardi: “History and topicality of Ladin literature. Pensé i cunfins da nuef / Rethinking the limits ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 104 f .
  73. ↑ a b Rut Bernardi: “History and topicality of Ladin literature. Pensé i cunfins da nuef / Rethinking the limits ” . In: Tyrolean and South Tyrolean cultural departments (ed.): Literatures. 2016 cultural reports from Tyrol and South Tyrol . Athesia, Bozen 2016, p. 105 .