Lubowitz Castle
| Lubowitz Palace, Pałac Eichendorffów |
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Silesia | ||
| Powiat : | Racibórz | ||
| Gmina : | Rudnik | ||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 9 ' N , 18 ° 14' E | ||
| Residents : | |||
The Lubowitz Castle ( Polish : Pałac Eichendorffów ) is located in Lubowitz in the rural municipality of Rudnick in the Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. Since March 1945, artillery shelling by the Red Army , fire damage , vandalism and the weather has turned it into a desolation with the ruins of the Herzoglich Ratiborschen Castle.
geography
The landscape was shaped by the Fennoscan ice sheet and is a post-glacial , hilly, wooded ground moraine that lies in the catchment area of the Oder River . The area around Lubowitz is the southeasternmost part of the Silesian Lowlands . In the west lies the Oppa Mountains , in the north the Upper Silesian Highlands and in the south the Moravian Gate and further Moravia .
The castle ruins and the desert are on the left bank of the Upper Oder in the southeast of the Silesian Voivodeship. The distance to the village of Lubowitz is about 1, to Racibórz- Mitte 13 and to Rybnik 30 kilometers. The voivodeship capital Katowice is 84 kilometers away.
history
The area belonged to the newly created Duchy of Ratibor since 1173 . In 1327 Duke Lestko subordinated it as a fiefdom to the Crown of Bohemia , which the Habsburgs held from 1526 . In 1532 the Duchy of Ratibor reverted to the Crown of Bohemia. After the First Silesian War , Lubowitz and most of Silesia fell to Prussia in 1742 . As a result of the Second World War, the area of the former Duchy of Ratibor came to Poland in the spring of 1945 and the place is now called Łubowice.
Lubowitz
The place name was first mentioned as "Kirchenort Albowitz" in 1376; then there were also the place names Lbowic, Olbowitz and Elbowitz. In 1489 Georg and Johann von Lbowic sold the village to Waniek Hossek from Gregorowitz . From 1646 to 1723 it was owned by Adam, then Franz and Edmund Jaroslav Lichnowsky from Woschczytz. The latter sold Lubowitz in 1723 to Anton Ferdinand Harassowsky von Harras . Hans Wilhelm Josef von Harass sold it to Gottlieb Rudolf Gusnar from Komorno in 1756, who sold it to Eleonore and Karl von Kloch in 1765.
From 1784 to 1822 Lubowitz was owned by the Adolph von Eichendorff family for around 38 years. In 1823 it was bought by higher regional judge Wilhelm Zölmer, then Karl Wichura bought Lubowitz in 1839 and sold it to Salomon Meyer von Rothschild . In 1852 Viktor Moritz Karl acquired the Hereditary Prince zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (since 1840 Victor I Duke of Ratibor ) Lubowitz for 51,000 thalers . Subsequently, the Lubowitz manor district remained in the possession of the Dukes of Ratibor, who lived in the secularized Rauden monastery , for around 93 years . In a fire in 1825, the village center was completely destroyed. The property with an area of 1003 acres was given to the captain a. D. Zawadski leased. After his father's death in 1893, it was inherited by Victor II. Amadeus of Ratibor . His son Victor III. von Ratibor was the owner from 1923 to March 1945.
Owned by von Eichendorff 1784–1822
After the Thirty Years' War came Hartwig Erdmann Eichendorff from Zerbow in the Duchy of Opava and inherited in 1667 the goods in German-Krawarn and Kauthen in Opava . His sixth generation descendant Adolph Rudolph von Eichendorff was born on January 9, 1756 in Deutsch-Krawarn. At the age of eleven he lost his father. He came of age in 1777 and later served in the Falkenhayn Fusilier Regiment . In 1782 he sold the goods in Deutsch-Krawarn, which had been the headquarters of the Silesian-Moravian Eichendorffs for over 155 years, to Oberhofmarschall Anton Schaffgotsch. In 1783 he bought the Radoschau arable farm near Kosel for 26,000 thalers from the royal Prussian major Karl Wenzel vom Kloch, who became his father-in-law in 1784 . In 1784 he finished his military service and on November 23, he married the eighteen-year-old Karoline Freiin von Kloch, daughter of Karl Wenzel von Kloch and his wife Marie Eleonore, née von Hayn. The marriage had seven children, only three of whom reached adulthood: Wilhelm , Joseph and their daughter Luise von Eichendorff as the youngest child. On August 23, 1785, he bought the Lubowitz estate from his mother-in-law for 41,000 thalers, which she had already bought in 1765 in a "devastated state". Baron Adolph von Eichendorff belonged to the Bohemian-Silesian landed gentry and was a baron , feudal lord , landowner and private lord . The village of Lubowitz was about ten kilometers northwest of Ratibor, on the left bank of the Oder.
South of the village, on a hill, stood the manor house with a park, “grass bank”, “rabbit garden” and a pond. A quarter of the total price for Radoschau and Lubowitz in the amount of 67,000 thalers was paid for with equity that came from the sale of Eichendorff's goods in Deutsch-Krawarn. As a debt service for Lubowitz and Radoschau 2500 thalers a year had to be raised. In addition, the extensive renovation of the manor house was continued from 1785 to 1786.
In the first appraisal from October 1801 in the appraiser's report, the baronial manor house is described as a stately, solidly bricked residential building with two floors in perfect condition. On the first floor there were six rooms, a large hall and a pantry. A staircase led up to the upper floor with seven rooms. Next to the manor house there was a brick annex with four rooms and a vault as well as a passage to the main building, a brick wash house with a few rooms, a kitchen building, called "Küchel", including a room for the servants, and a brick carriage and carriage shed . Away from the manor there was a large ornamental garden with a summer house and a large orchard on the slope of the Oder. According to the appraisers, the value of the property was 21,286 thalers, well below the purchase price of 41,000 thalers. In the estimate in February 1817, a value of 31,177 thalers was determined, still below the purchase price of 1785.
“In the southern tip of Upper Silesia, where it gradually changes into Bohemian and Moravian, was once the baronial Lubowitz Castle. (...) A rural manor house from the 18th century, unadorned, but bright and spacious, surrounded by a park with green arcades and a shady orchard, the gentle slopes of which sloped down to the Oder (...) The Eichendorffsche Gut Lubowitz had extensive stables, storerooms and Residential buildings for the numerous servants, from the manager down to the "inherited" farmers and the simple servants. (...) Eichendorff's father had only acquired Lubowitz Castle from his father-in-law three years before Joseph was born and made it the headquarters of the family. (...) the lordship resided in their splendid, spacious mansion, grandly called "castle", but of course built more practically for the agricultural interest (...) Eichendorff's father owned 240 hectares of land in Lubowitz , numerous people were dependent on him. 68 people lived in the village of Lubowitz (ie heads of households with their families), including 25 gardeners (ie small owners). "
Adolph von Eichendorf bought and sold goods on. In 1791 he sold Radoschau, which he had already bought in 1783, to his brother Rudolph. Seven years later he bought it back. In 1795 he bought the Slawikau manor with Grzegorzowitz, Oderwald, Gurek and Summin for 106,000 thalers and in 1791 the Tost - Peiskretscham estate . When he made a profit of 250,000 thalers from the sale of the Tost estate in 1797, this was not enough to service the mortgage. On June 19, 1801, Adolph von Eichendorff fled from the creditors. His journey began in Breslau, led through Berlin, Hamburg, Prague, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna and ended after more than eight months in Schillersdorf . When the repayment of a loan of 20,000 thalers was delayed, the sister Sophie von Kaminietz brought an action at the court in Brieg on July 9, 1801 . All of Adolph von Eichendorff's goods were placed under compulsory administration. When Napoleon triumphed over Prussia in 1807, enforcement was ordered to stand still.
On Martini Day 1810, subservience and serfdom were abolished in Prussia. Against the impending foreclosure, Adolph von Eichendorff obtained an extension of the general moratorium until 1814. The bankruptcy could be postponed until 1818. When Adolph von Eichendorff died on April 27, 1818, Karoline von Eichendorff and her daughter Luise kept the Lubowitz estate as a widow's residence for life. The appraisal in 1821 determined the value of the property at 56,867 thalers. After the death of her mother on April 15, 1822, who had lived in Lubowitz for over four decades, Luise von Eichendorff left Upper Silesia forever. The Lubowitz estate was auctioned in 1823.
Wilhelm and Joseph von Eichendorff, who was 18 months younger than him, were tutored by the private tutor Kaplan Bernhard Heinke in the manor house in Lubowitz. On October 5, 1801, they left Lubowitz and traveled to Breslau with their mother and chaplain Heinke . They attended their first lessons in the Catholic Matthias Gymnasium on October 16, 1801. This marked the beginning of the eleven-year training phase for the two of them in Breslau, Halle and Heidelberg, which ended in Vienna in spring 1812. They spent two weeks of winter vacation and two months of summer vacation in Lubowitz. When the university in Halle was closed in October 1806 on the orders of Napoleon, they stayed in Lubowitz for nine months before continuing to study in Heidelberg from mid-May 1807.
When Wilhelm and Joseph traveled to Lubowitz in autumn 1817, the von Eichendorff family met for the last time in Lubowitz. Joseph von Eichendorff, who had left Lubowitz in 1801 at the age of 13 to study, never visited his place of birth after 1817. His children Hermann , Rudolf and Marie Therese were never in Lubowitz either. The orphaned Luise left Lubowitz for good in 1822 at the age of 18. In the autumn of 1834 Wilhelm von Eichendorff traveled with his wife from Tyrol to Ratibor and visited the manor house and the tombs in Lubowitz. The von Eichendorff brothers inherited the Lehn- Sedlnitz estate in Moravia-Silesia , which was beyond the reach of the creditors.
Owned by the Dukes of Ratibor 1852–1945
Since 1852 Lubowitz was owned by three generations of the Dukes of Ratibor. In the years from 1858 to 1862 the manor house was extensively renovated in the Tudor style , an architectural style mixed from elements of the late Gothic and the German and Italian Renaissance from 1530 to the beginning of the 17th century. After the renovation, little reminded of the former simple Eichendorff mansion, which was also called the “castle”.
“Up until then there was only a small manor house in Lubowitz, which has now been replaced by a stately manor house. It lies roughly in the middle of the hill that bulges towards the Oder and turns with the fronts towards the Dominium and the park. It was a clearly structured building that combined simple dignity with rural comfort. It did not rise above its surroundings in an arrogant manner, but merged with the landscape into a natural unity. (…) As early as 1823, the property passed into other hands, so that the appearance of the interior has changed many times since then. Of the original equipment, only a wrought-iron door in the basement is to be mentioned, which is on the front in a four-part, heavily rusted shield u. a. contains the coat of arms of the Eichendorffs. (...) Almost untouched since Eichendorff's time, the palace park lies in front of the south side of the palace like an atmospheric conclusion to the structure, to which a tongue-shaped meadow leads over. Its natural boundaries are the sloping east and south sides; from the dance hall it is given a fixed axis by a wide arcade, which separates the park from the orchard to the west. To the south it opens up and overflows into what was intended to be a continuation of the country. The axes of the castle are extended beyond the park into infinity, and this quiet, dreamy island is absorbed into the flight of the landscape expanding into the cosmic. Down on the slope, the park flares up again in two small hills, the so-called rabbit garden. (...) "
The structure of the Herzoglich Ratiborschen Castle consisted of a significantly larger three-tier main building, aligned in the west-east axis, and an auxiliary building that was attached at right angles to the corner of the east wing. The approximately twelve to 15 meter high central part of the main building was erected as a projecting tower-like risalit . There were four rows of windows and three oculi above . The two lower wings each had two rows of windows. The main building was provided with a flat roof divided into three levels . Around the cranked roof cornice ran a wall with sinkholes and eight fortified towers at the roof corners. The outbuilding was aligned on the north-south axis. It was a two-story residential building with a basement with seven vertical windows, a main entrance with stairs and a side entrance. The facade was plastered smooth. Above the roof there was a wall with seven sinkholes.
Around 1936 the Oberamtmann Harhoff was tenant on Lubowitz. After 1938, the interior of the palace was leased to the Deutsche Eichendorff Foundation in Opole. On November 26, 1940, the 83rd anniversary of the death of Joseph von Eichendorff, was in the presence of Duke Victor III. von Ratibor opened a memorial in the ballroom of the castle. In addition to the gifts of the German Eichendorff Museum in Neisse, which its director Willibald Köhler handed, two portraits of the parents of the poet, painted by the portrait were restorer Lucas Mrzyglod erected. There was also a bronze Eichendorff bust by the sculptor Leopold Hohl. Display tables with first editions, facsimiles and plaques were set up in the ballroom. At the entrance a plaque made of cast iron with the inscription "Birthplace of the poet Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, geb. March 10, 1788 Lubowitz, d. November 26, 1857 Neisse. Eichendorff memorial expanded 1939–40 ”attached.
After the end of the war
“LUBOWITZ CASTLE, where Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff was born on March 10, 1788, has been a ruin since the end of the Second World War, which is being overgrown more and more by the castle park. A battery stationed here had directed the fire of the Red Army on this strategically important point. (...) "
As the front approached, a unit of the Wehrmacht set up a position on the hill by the castle. During the bombardment by the Soviet artillery, the building complex was completely destroyed and burned down. The ruin was left to the weather and decay for four decades as an ownerless. The old trees in the castle park were cut down in 1946/47. The former park was overgrown by wild growth and weeds. A sand pit has been set up nearby.
Horst Bienek traveled to Silesia in May 1987 and wrote about the castle ruins:
“First of all we stand in front of a piece of forest. It's the old park that was cut down after the end of the war and then grew wild, and we have to fight our way through the thicket. It is mainly birch trees and young, wild maple trees, in whose leaves the light trembles. The ruin is hidden deep in the forest.
And suddenly the old walls burst out of the green, weathered brickwork, not very high, the plaster chipped, only here and there a beautiful round arch, the fragment of a vault, the remainder of an archway suggest something of the old splendor. Further back a two-story wall rises up, with empty window sockets, bushes, blackberry tendrils, wild jasmine grow in the cracks. A green lizard basks on the wall. The original castle complex can only be guessed at from the wall fragments. After the fire, there was looting and local farmers used bricks to repair their houses. The Schloßallee is completely overgrown.
This is not the melancholy picture of growth and decay, not the pictorial romance of a ruin, but the brutal destruction by humans. Strange, you can still feel the war here. It's May and it's cold. "
A new approach only took place after Helmut Kohl's visit to the Third Polish Republic in November 1989.
Castle ruin
At the meeting between Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Polish Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki on November 14, 1989, it was agreed to expand the birthplaces of Joseph von Eichendorff in Lubowitz, Gerhart Hauptmann in Agnetendorf and Helmuth James Graf von Moltke in Kreisau . In 1989 the Eichendorff Association was founded in Lubowitz on the initiative of the German minority . The aim of the association was to look after objects, documents and souvenirs related to Joseph von Eichendorff.
Thanks to voluntary work and spending several months, the rubble and rubble on the ruins were removed after around 44 years and the area of the former Eichendorff park was restored as a lawn. The Eichendorff graves were put in order at the Lubowitz cemetery. The association then acquired adjacent land with an area of 3.5 hectares, which was previously owned by Adolph von Eichendorff. A replica with the right profile of Joseph von Eichendorff was attached to the facade of the former outbuilding and above the doorway the words “No poet nor let his home go”, a quote from Eichendorff's novel Poets and their journeymen .
In 1999 the Upper Silesian Eichendorff Culture and Meeting Center (OEKB) was founded, which took over the entire complex including the ruins from the Eichendorff Association. At the opening of the cultural center of the OEKB on July 12th, 2000, the representative of the German government, Jochen Welt, took part. Thomas Gottschalk , whose father was born in Opole in 1902 , took part in the event on July 12, 2000, gave a speech and made a donation. In the main building of the OEKB there are two conference rooms and 24 guest rooms with 54 beds. Three training rooms and a computer room have been set up in the training building. In Lubowitz the memorial of the poet Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff - Lubowitz (Izba pamięci poety barona von Eichendorffa - Łubowice) was set up in a house on Zamkowa Street.
On the occasion of Joseph von Eichendorff's 222nd birthday in March 2010, Ute and Georg Michael Freiherr von Eichendorff Graf Strachwitz (* 1940 in Hünern near Ohlau , Lower Silesia ) traveled from North Rhine-Westphalia to Lubowitz.
The Upper Silesian Eichendorff Culture and Encounter Center in Lubowitz has been promoting the reconstruction of the castle for many years. With the essay “A monument should not be invented. The ruin in Lubowitz is that of the Herzoglich Ratiborschen Castle, not that of Eichendorff's birthplace, ” Franz Heiduk questioned the reconstruction of an object in the Tudor style. An alternative would be to leave the ruins in their current state as a memorial to the war, as in Berlin and Hiroshima .
The previous initiatives refer to the birthplace of Joseph von Eichendorff alone. His older brother Wilhelm wrote around 40 poems, including canzons , romances and sonnets . From 1813 he was the Imperial and Royal District Commissioner in Northern Italy , District Chief in Trento and Gubernialrat in Cisleithanien . The youngest sister Luise was a trusted pen friend of Adalbert Stifter for decades .
Known residents
- Joseph von Eichendorff (1788–1857), German poet lawyer of the late Romantic period , Prussian civil servant
- Luise von Eichendorff (1804–1883), sister of the poet lawyers Joseph and Wilhelm von Eichendorff
- Wilhelm von Eichendorff (1786–1849), German poet lawyer, Austrian civil servant ( kk )
literature
- Veronika Beci : Youth in Silesia. In: Joseph von Eichendorff. Biography . Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 2007, ISBN 978-3-538-07238-1 , pp. 7-25 .
- Horst Bienek : Journey to Childhood. Reunion with Silesia . Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-446-15288-1 , p. 175-176 .
- Izabella Gawlin, Dieter Schulze, Reinhold Vetter : Silesia. German and Polish cultural traditions in a European border region . DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-7701-4418-X , p. 223.
- Josef von Golitschek: Silesia in Color. Land from God's hand . Adam Kraft Verlag, Mannheim 1983, ISBN 3-8083-1078-2 , p. 148 .
- Günther Schiwy : Eichendorff. The poet in his time . CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-46673-7 , p. 361 .
- Franz Heiduk , Karl Schodrok : Lubowitz. In: Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 304-305.
- Augustin Weltzel : History of the noble and baronial family of Eichendorff . Ratibor 1876, pp. 19-25. (Digitized version)
Web links
- Reconstruction of the Eichendorff Castle in Lubowitz - fact, wishful thinking, fear? (PDF; 51 kB)
- Committed to heritage . derwesten.de
Individual evidence
- ^ Goods address book Silesia 1873 / Ratibor. In: GenWiki. Retrieved September 19, 2014 .
- ^ Georg Hyckel : Work in Lubowitz. In: Aurora. A romantic almanac. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Deutsche Eichendorff Foundation, 1933, pp. 17–20 , archived from the original on April 13, 2014 ; accessed on September 28, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Günther Schiwy : Eichendorff. The poet in his time . CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-46673-7 , p. 361 .
- ↑ Dr. H. Rode: At the birthplace of Joseph von Eichendorff . In: Aurora. A romantic almanac 8/1938. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Deutsche Eichendorff Foundation, pp. 5-9 , archived from the original on October 6, 2014 ; Retrieved September 18, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Martin Pawlik: 3 D virtual reconstruction. 2007, accessed September 30, 2014 .
- ^ Martin Pawlik: Virtual reconstruction - Lubowitz Castle. Retrieved September 30, 2014 .
- ^ Karl Schodrok : On the consecration of the Eichendorff memorial in Lubowitz. In: Aurora. A romantic almanac 10/1941. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Deutsche Eichendorff Foundation, 1941, pp. 59–63 , archived from the original on October 6, 2014 ; Retrieved September 29, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Nora Sobich: Lubowitz Jubelperioden . (PDF) Frankfurter Rundschau , March 1, 1997, accessed on September 30, 2014 .
- ↑ The most expensive address of my life. Kulturpolitische Korrespondenz, September 20, 2000, accessed on September 18, 2014 .
- ↑ PoTomek Josepha of Eichendorffa odwiedził Lubowice. Gmina Rudnik, March 31, 2010, accessed September 29, 2014 (Polish).
- ^ Paweł Newerla: Kim są dziś potomkowie Eichendorffa? 2010, accessed September 28, 2014 (Polish).
- ^ Franz Heiduk : A monument should not be invented. The ruins in Lubowitz are those of the Herzoglich Ratiborschen Castle, not those of Eichendorff's birthplace. German Culture in Eastern Europe - OKR, March 31, 2008, accessed on September 28, 2014 .
