Soratfeld

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Soratfeld
Historical center Lichtenau
location North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany
Gau im Paderborn district
Soratfeld (North Rhine-Westphalia)
Soratfeld
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The Soratfeld or Sauerfeld is a landscape name for the southeastern part of the Paderborn district . It is regarded as an old crook , although it is controversial whether it is in the sense of a landscape, a county or a Gos .

Surname

The name Soratfeld is supposed to mean "dry" or "arid field" and is related to the name of the Sauer brook that flows into the Altenau near Atteln , formerly Sore , which regularly falls dry in summer behind Lichtenau . An analogous name has become common for the so-called dry villages of the Paderborn plateau , which in earlier times could only be supplied with water from cisterns dug into the ground, known in the region as "Saut". This also includes some places in the Soratfeld such as B. Eggeringhausen , where the Holtsaut is preserved.

Natural structure

Partial landscape of the Paderborn plateau or Egge mountains

The historical Soratfeld landscape cannot be completely reconciled with the natural spatial structure and there are also various classifications with regard to the natural areas .

Just as the Paderborn plateau is the southeastern part of the Westphalian Bay , the Soratfeld can be viewed as the southeastern part of the Paderborn plateau, which is bordered in the west by the Altenau valley to the Sintfeld and in the east and south by the Egge Mountains. The landscape is then referred to as the Lichtenau mountain range. Today this classification is more likely to be found in the local literature and roughly corresponds to the historical landscape.

The manual of the natural spatial structure of Germany counts the area mainly in the Egge Mountains . The historical Soratfeld landscape is divided into the following natural areas:

Waters

In the Soratfeld the Sauer flows with its backwaters Bach von Kleinenberg , Odenheimer Bach and Schmittwasser . The Sauer rises near Kleinenberg , initially flows to the west, from Gut Bülheim to the northwest, changes direction between Iggenhausen and Grundsteinheim to the southwest and flows into Altenau after about 30 km at Atteln . She crosses fish ponds at Schönthal and Gut Bülheim.

A tributary on the left is the 5.6 km long stream from Kleinenberg . Right flows even in Lichtenau the Odenheimer Bach with 6.3 km in length. The 8.8 km long Schmittwasser flows out to the right above Grundsteinheim .

The right tributaries of the Schmittwasser are Glasewasser and Emderwaldbach .

The Sauer regularly dries up in summer. Your percolating water feeds secured by Färbversuche the Pader in Paderborn and sources at Kirchborchen .

Historic landscape

Approximate location of the medieval district in East Westphalia-Lippe, red: Westphalian district, black: originally engraved district, blue: East Westphalian district.

The "Sorathueld" was already used in 1001 and 1021 to describe the location of counties . Mostly the name is understood as an older dormer designation . The demarcation is based on the extent of the Gogerichts Masenveldt and the original parish in what is now the desert Kerktorp near Lichtenau . The Soratfeld is separated from the Sintfeld by the Altenau valley , which like the Egge forest area no longer belongs to the Soratfeld. In contrast to Padergau in the north, it is assumed that Eggeringhausen and Herbram were included in the Soratfeld . The most important traffic route was the Holländische Strasse leading from Warburg via Kleinenberg and Lichtenau to Paderborn , called Hessenweg from another perspective, which today corresponds to the B68.

Settlement and economic history

Settlement development up to the late Middle Ages

From the 4th century AD, the settlement of the later bishopric of Paderborn thinned out without breaking off completely. It was not until the 7th century that new settlements came about by groups formerly known as Saxon , whose assignment is now a research problem. In Soratfeld , the places with Hausen names are said to have emerged during this time , which are on the edges of the area or already outside: Iggenhausen , Eggeringhausen , Ebbinghausen , Rozinchusen and Husen . This also includes the places Hidessen , Ekwardessen , Sewardissen , Elverssen , desolate near Blankenrode , and Sirexen , desolate near Blankenrode , where the basic word '-hausen' is no longer immediately recognizable. This is about 26% of the medieval places in the Soratfeld . Some of these settlements may have arisen later, but still belong to the early Middle Ages .

In the years from 772 to 804 , Charlemagne subjugated Saxony and incorporated it into the Frankish Empire . As a result, there was a further expansion of the settlement. The place names , which are formed with place information and the basic word ' -heim ', are interpreted as the "settlement system to secure and pacify Saxony". They often form settlement islands around a central location , for which imperial property can often be proven. In Soratfeld , around the future town of Lichtenau, there are the towns of Nordheim , (Grund-) Steinheim , Masenheim , Sudheim , Holtheim , Bülheim , where the Corvey monastery was already owned in the 9th century , and Otishem . The seat of the original parish is centrally located with Kerktorp and on the northern edge of Lichtenau the name Königshof refers to the imperial estate. Also Kilian patronage of Kerktorper parish church is typical of the time of Würzburg mission later in the diocese of Paderborn to 800. Also, the location is in a remote connection typically as here the Dutch road / Hessenweg of such enclaves. A third of the medieval places in this landscape belong to this time. Since these places encompass a large part of the Soratfeld in a central location, it is reasonable to assume that the Soratfeld as a concept of a settlement area only emerged at this time.

The place name Amerungen with the place name suffix ' -ing ' refers to an emergence in the early Middle Ages .

Since the Franconian conquest, the ecclesiastical infrastructure has also become important for recording the area. In the Soratfeld the deserted Kerktorp near Lichtenau was the seat of the original parish . The solid walls of the churches and their sacrosanct areas also served as refuge points and storage facilities in times of crisis.

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the towns of Kleinenberg , which was first mentioned in 1220 and as a town in 1249, and Lichtenau , which, although only mentioned in 1326, was founded when the foundation stone of the church was laid in 1323, were founded in the Soratfeld . The town of Hakenberg , whose old name Haviksburg is taken as a sign of a fortified settlement, is said to have been founded at this time. The town marshal Hagen names the ministerial family Marshal / Osdagessen that the resulting in high pin Paderborn Marshal's Office held, and will also be created at this time, as by a field name called Rodenbredengudt . That is approx. 18.5% of the places in the Soratfeld . A negative consequence of these foundations were the first signs of desertification due to the concentration of settlements in the fortified places. In Lichtenau and Kleinenberg there were castles occupied by castle men , which subsequently developed into official houses .

Of the 27 medieval locations are thus

  • 5 or 18.52% of unknown time position,
  • 7 or 25.93% Hausen-Orte,
  • 1 or 3.7% '-ing' location,
  • 9 or 33.33% founded around 800,
  • 5 or 18.52% founded in the 12th to 14th centuries.

If Herbram , Asseln and Arthe were created in the early Middle Ages , this applies to a total of 20 or 74.07% of the towns.

The late medieval desert period

During this time about a third of the settlements in Central Europe disappeared . The causes are still controversial today. The feud mischief , epidemics , environmental deterioration and crop failures are called. These desertification phenomena have been handed down in the Paderborn region since 1380. Entire villages disappeared, with the result that the economic base of monasteries and the nobility was lost. In the immediate vicinity of the Soratfeld , the town of Blankenrode was destroyed by Count Heinrich IV von Waldeck between 1389 and 1395 and was not rebuilt, and Dalheim Monastery had to be abandoned after being destroyed several times. When the Augustinian canons , which the monastery Böddeken adopted and also acquired Dalheim had for their goods in Soratfeld searched, they had to repeatedly find that they were not to be found. They sold other goods because they could not protect them, such as the goods in Herbram and Hidessen that the Lords of Westphalia bought.

Kleinenberg was completely burned down in 1384 by Herbord von Brobeck because of a dispute over the town of Blankenrode and had to be exempted from sovereign taxes for 20 years so that it could be rebuilt. In 1394 the Benglerbund besieged Lichtenau in vain , while both cities were captured in the dispute over the office of bishop between Wilhelm von Berg and Dietrich II von Moers in 1415. In 1474 Lichtenau was stormed in a feud between the county of Waldeck and the prince-bishopric of Paderborn , with great losses in the citizenry.

Resettlement began as early as the first half of the 15th century and lasted until the first half of the 16th century, when the nobility and monasteries increased their manors by recultivating the desert fields . As a result, there were fewer, but larger places. The settlement structure that emerged at that time is basically formative to this day.

In Soratfeld , 17 out of a total of 27 medieval settlements had disappeared if the tower hill castle 'Zuckerberg' or 'Lange Brede' near Kleinenberg and the Wallburg Marschallsburg are not counted. There was also a moth in the wasteland of Sewardissen and at Herbram a castle of Herse's is assumed.

Early industry in the Soratfeld

In addition to agriculture and forestry as well as the usual handicraft businesses and domestic production, there was early industrial production , partly since the Middle Ages :

  • In Herbram medieval traces of iron production was established. Iron slag heaps and the name Schmittwasser are evidence of the processing of brown iron ore .
  • In Herbram , where the glass water is named after it, and Marschallshagen glassworks were operated from the 17th to the early 20th century . Marschallshagen was re-established at a glassworks that existed between 1883 and 1914.
  • The Egge forests were used for the production of charcoal until the second half of the 19th century .
  • It was also lime and red-brown colored sandstone mined.

Settlement development in modern times

Neither the Thirty Years 'War nor the Seven Years' War , both of which meant great hardship for the population, led to any new signs of desertification. Village and town fires repeatedly destroyed the majority of the densely built-up buildings in individual villages.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, individual manors were built away from the villages and in the 19th century the road network began to be improved. The postal connection from Paderborn via Lichtenau to Warburg was developed as a road during the time of the first Prussian rule in the Principality of Paderborn from 1802 to 1806 .

During the Second World War, Herbram-Wald was created by the Economic Research Association for the production of fuel mixtures and as a tank and ammunition depot.

After the Second World War there was also a shrinking process in agriculture in the Soratfeld , which led to fewer farms overall and more part-time farms in percentage terms . Despite intensification of agriculture, resettlements and land consolidation, the process could not be stopped. Crafts also had to adapt and usually specialize or develop into industrial companies.

The character of the places also changed due to the increase in tourism and the emphasis on the residential property of the places by the numerous commuters. There are also new facilities such as kindergartens, supermarkets, bank branches and sports fields.

Settlements and administrative structure - places and offices

Places and desolations

Places in the Soratfeld are or were:

It is not certain whether the deserts of Gulse , 2.5 km southwest of Husen , Elverssen , 2.7 km east of Dalheim , and Sirexen , 2.4 km north of Blankenrode , which are located on the Altenau, are to be included in the Soratfeld .

Castles and fortifications

There were fortifications in the Soratfeld :

Office administration

Administrative structure of the Paderborn Monastery in the 18th century

In the fully developed official constitution of the Paderborn Monastery , the majority of the places belonged to the Lichtenau Office . For Office Dringenberg were Kleinenberg and the Good Bülheim counted. The Lichtenau office escaped assignment to one of the Neuhaus or Dringenberg higher offices because it was pledged at the time of this reorganization.

The offices, which in the late Middle Ages combined rights, properties and courts in a certain room in order to prevent their alienation through the transfer of administration on a loan basis, previously went through a development that also included different classifications. In 1326, the Fürstenberg office extended to the edge of Kleinenberg and around 1600 Herbram was included in the Dringenberg office , while Dalheim was part of the Lichtenau office and Kleinenberg had connections to the Lichtenau office as a sub-office . Offices were also mortgaged. From 1492 to 1624 the Lichtenau office was in the hands of the Lords of Westphalen . In this case the gogericht was excluded.

Eggeringhausen and Busch belonged to the Neuhaus office , for which their membership of the Gogericht Enenhus / Neuhaus was the reason. Also in church terms , Eggeringhausen and Busch were separated from the places of Soratfeld in the archdeaconate of the provost of the Busdorfstift in 1223 and assigned to Dörenhagen in Padergau, founded around 1210, and thus to the archdeaconate of the cathedral provost , but because they originally belonged to the original parish of Soratfeld in Kerktorp , their affiliation is valid this area as safe.

After the change of rule to Prussia and the episode of the Kingdom of Westphalia , the places of the Soratfeld - apart from Eggeringhausen and Busch - were combined in 1816 to form the Lichtenau office . Since the municipal reorganization in 1975, they have formed the city of Lichtenau together with Henglarn , Atteln , Husen , Blankenrode and Dalheim .

dishes

In the 10th century, the diocese of Paderborn was given county rights as compensation for the tithe that Corvey monastery was given. According to the confirmation document of 1001, this also included county rights in the Soratfeld . 1021 was also the county of the late Count Ludolf in different districts , u. a. transferred in Soratfeld to the diocese of Paderborn . It was determined that the bishop may not lend the counties, but should have them administered by a ministerial . The main institutes of the counties were the courts .

Free courts

The count's court, from which the free courts emerged, was entitled to the high judiciary with the judgment of serious crimes and some rights with regard to the free ones residing in the county . In addition, the count had the ruler as alternate end squad to lead and provide some oversight responsibilities. Under the chairmanship of the exempt officer , appointed by the proprietor of the court, the lay judges , who were to consist of freelancers resident in the county, judged in the places designated as vacant chairs , of which there could be several in a free county . Certain offenses determined by the emperor as part of his duties as a peacekeeper were secretly judged. This was known as the Vote Court .

In Soratfeld the free court was owned by the Lords of Calenberg . They carried it from the Counts of Waldeck as fiefdoms , whose ancestors, as high bailiffs of the diocese , exercised jurisdiction and other rights that clergy were not allowed to exercise. They may well have alienated the free court in Soratfeld from the bishop. The free chairs were in the deserted areas of Northeim and Amerungen and in front of the wall of the city of Lichtenau .

Another free court was in Herbram . The Bishop of Paderborn had lent it to the Lords of Driburg . As it fell inheritance after the death of the childless squire Friedrich von Driburg to the Lords of Oeynhausen and the Rebock that it to the squires Wilhelm 1443 Westphal sold.

Episcopal seats and monasteries were sometimes granted immunity by the count's courts for their property . For this purpose, separate courts were set up, which were initially headed by bailiffs and later also referred to as free courts.

The free court in Sudheim , which was one of the main courts of the diocese, is to be classified here. Initially, the lords of Sudheim , whose heirs were the lords of Driburg at the beginning of the 14th century, took it as a fief from the Bishop of Paderborn . In 1430 it was lent to the Lords of Oeynhausen at the request of the sonless Friedrich von Driburg . In 1405, Friedrich III. von Padberg before this court in the dispute over the allodial inheritance of his wife Metta , the daughter of Albert von Brakels, with the diocese of Paderborn , to which he leaves the inheritance for 1,800 Rhenish gold gulden . Spancken suspects that this dispute was one of the reasons for the knight's numerous feuds, as his father-in-law died in 1384.

In 1763 the free courts in the Paderborn Monastery were abolished.

Goo dish

In a county were one or more Goe, each one the Gogericht was responsible. This judged minor offenses, had police duties also to avert danger by mobilizing the residents of the Gos. Chaired by the elected, often later appointed Gografen or Gogreven the fact that existed in the published to the negotiating inhabitants of Gos taught. From the right to convict a criminal caught in the act, the Gogerichte usurped the high jurisdiction of the free courts over time. This was withdrawn from them in the bishopric of Paderborn by Prince-Bishop Dietrich von Fürstenberg , who transferred it to the higher courts of the bishopric .

In the Soratfeld there was the gogericht of the "vesten tho Masenheim", desolate near Lichtenau . Two parts of the Gogericht were with the Bishop of Paderborn, the other 4 parts he had given to the Lords of Spiegel , Calenberg , Oeynhausen and Brenken .

Eggeringhausen and Busch belonged to the Gogericht Enenhus , later Neuhaus .

Since the bishop was in the upper possession of the court, the immunity conferred on the Paderborn church does not play a role here.

City and patrimonial courts

City dishes developed from different roots in Lichtenau and Kleinenberg . And in addition to the cooperative jurisdiction of property communities such as the meanness of the villages or the market cooperatives , the landlords had jurisdiction in matters of their landholders .

The patrimonial jurisdiction in the bishopric of Paderborn has been strengthened since 1326, so that the Gogericht was ultimately only responsible in the Feldmark , while the patrimonial courts were responsible within the fences of the villages and individual farms. The cities , too , had pushed the Gogericht out of their walls .

The von Westphalen had patrimonial jurisdiction in Iggenhausen , Grundsteinheim and Herbram , that of Oeynhausen in Hakenberg , Sudheim and together with the prince-bishop in Asseln , that of Brenken in Ebbinghausen and Eggeringhausen and that of Calenberg in Busch , Amerungen and together with that of Spiegel in Holtheim .

development

All of these courts were subject to different developments and their competencies were not as neatly separated as a brief overview might suggest. Following the acquisition of the Bishopric of Paderborn by Prussia was also in Soratfeld another court system introduced.

Church organization

In 1231 Eggeringhausen and Arthe were removed from the original parish of Kerktorp and assigned to Dörenhagen . Around this time Sudheim and Iggenhausen , to which Grundsteinheim and Herbram were assigned, are mentioned as parishes. A little later, Lichtenau followed , to which Ebbinghausen , Hakenberg and Asseln were subordinate, after the Kerktorper parish was transferred there and Kleinenberg . The patronage of the Lichtenau parish church of St. Kilian , begun according to the stonemason's mark in 1233, was also taken over by Kerktorp . Amerungen , which is now deserted, was also a parish to which Holtheim belonged and Sewardissen is also believed to be the location of a church. The St. Anne's Chapel , which was replaced in 1669, is a reminder of the Amerunger Church .

The ecclesiastical landscape also changed as a result of the desertification in the late Middle Ages. Amerungen and Sudheim disappeared, Holtheim was placed under Dalheim .

In modern times, chapels were built in all the remaining places , such as the Hakenberg St. Antonius Chapel , and Asseln became a parish in 1660 . Since 1907 the church of St. John Beheading has replaced the previous buildings there. In 1817 Holtheim Lichtenau was subordinated. The pilgrimage chapel of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary, built in 1742 near Kleinenberg of Maria , should also be mentioned .

Even before the reorganization of the archdeaconates and parishes in the diocese of Paderborn in 1231, the Soratfeld, apart from Eggeringhausen and Busch / Arthe, belonged to the archdeaconate of the provost of the Busdorfstift .

In the 20th century, Herbram and Holtheim also became parishes. Today the area is organized in the Lichtenau Pastoral Association and belongs to the Büren-Delbrück Dean's Office .

See also

literature

  • Gerhard Henkel : History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974.
  • Heinrich Schoppmeyer : The bishop of Paderborn and his cities at the same time a contribution to the problem of sovereign and city. (= Klemens Honselmann: Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 9) Paderborn 1968.
  • Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. , Westfälische Zeitschrift 40, 1882, pp. 3-51.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Hermann Bannasch: The Diocese of Paderborn under the Bishops Rethar and Meinwerk (983-1036). (= Klemens Honselmann (Hrsg.): Studies and sources for Westphalian history. Vol. 12) Paderborn 1972, p. 360, 361.
  2. ↑ See Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 5 and Hermann Bannasch: The diocese Paderborn under the bishops Rethar and Meinwerk (983-1036). (= Klemens Honselmann: Studies and sources for Westphalian history. Vol. 12) Paderborn 1972, p. 32 note 112.
  3. ^ Gerhard Henkel : History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, pp. 70-73. Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40, 1882, S. 3. Ferdinand Holthausen : Old Saxon dictionary. (= William Foerste (Ed.): Low German Studies. Vol. 1), Cologne, Graz 1967, p. 69. Cf. Beate Hennig (Ed.): Small Middle High German Dictionary. Berlin, Boston 2014, p. 310 Entry sûr, sûwer.
  4. ^ Wolfgang Leesch, Paul Schubert, Wilhelm Segin: Heimatchronik des Kreis Paderborn. (= Home chronicles of the cities and districts of the federal territory, vol. 37), Cologne 1970 p. 38 f.
  5. ↑ Cf. Education Office for the Paderborn District (ed.): A journey of discovery through the Paderborn district - A home and non-fiction book for primary schools. Paderborn 1992, p. 25.
  6. ^ Sofie Meisel: Geographical Land Survey: The natural space units on sheet 98 Detmold. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1959. Online map (PDF; 5.4 MB)
  7. ^ Gerhard Henkel : History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, pp. 26, 70 f. and card insert.
  8. ^ Hermann Bannasch: The diocese of Paderborn under the bishops Rethar and Meinwerk (983-1036). (= Klemens Honselmann (Ed.): Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 12), Paderborn 1972, pp. 31, 38, 77, 121, 308 f.
  9. ↑ See Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40, 1882, pp. 3–5.
  10. ^ Heinrich Schoppmeyer : The bishop of Paderborn and his cities at the same time a contribution to the problem of sovereign and city. (= Klemens Honselmann: Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 9) Paderborn 1968, p. 31.
  11. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, p. 89 f. Daniel Bérenger, Wulff E. Brebeck (ed.): Guide to the prehistory and early history of the Hochstift districts Paderborn and Höxter. Volume 3 Roman Empire and Early Middle Ages. (= Kirsten John-Stucke (Hrsg.): Historische Schriften des Kreismuseums Wewelsburg. Vol. 8) Paderborn 2014, pp. 76 f, 79 f.
  12. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, p. 90, map p. 192. Cf. Rudolf Bergmann: The desertions of the Geseker Hellweg area. (= Bendix Trier (ed.) Bodenaltertümer Westfalens Vol. 23) Münster 1989, p. 167.
  13. ^ Ludwig August Theodor Holscher, The older diocese of Paderborn, according to their old borders, archdeaconates, districts and old courts. Westfälische Zeitschrift 43 1885, p. 51 f.
  14. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, p. 192 f.
  15. ^ Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst: The Diocese of Paderborn in the Middle Ages. (= Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst: History of the Archdiocese of Paderborn. Vol. 1) (= Karl Hengst et al. (Hrsg.): Publications on the history of the Central German Church Government. ), Paderborn 2002, p. 66.
  16. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, pp. 90-92, 192-194. Rudolf Bergmann: "-heim" -Orte: structural elements of a Carolingian settlement policy in south-eastern Westphalia. on the page Geographical Commission for Westphalia - Westphalia Regional - The geographic-regional online documentation about Westphalia , accessed on July 29, 2017.
  17. ↑ See Adolf Bach: The German place names. (= German naming. Vol. 2), Heidelberg 1953/54.
  18. ↑ Ludwig August Theodor Holscher: The older diocese Paderborn, according to its old borders, archdeaconates, building and old courts. Westfälische Zeitschrift 43 1885, p. 51 f, Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst: The Diocese of Paderborn in the Middle Ages. (= Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst: Geschichte des Erzbistums Paderborn. Vol. 1) (= Karl Hengst et al. (Ed.): Publications on the history of the Central German Church Province. Vol. 12) Paderborn 2002, p. 66.
  19. ↑ Christoph Völker: Fortified church yards in the medieval diocese of Paderborn. Westphalian magazine 93 1937.
  20. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, p. 163 f, 176 f, 183, 191, 194. Diether Pöppel: The Paderborn bishopric - origin and development of state sovereignty. Paderborn 1996, p. 76. Michael Lagers: The Paderborn pin needle to the middle of the 15th century - studies on the development and expansion of power structures of lower nobility. (= Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann: Studies and sources for Westphalian history. Vol. 74) Paderborn 2013, pp. 403–408.
  21. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, p. 92 f. Cf. Rudolf Bergmann: The desertions of the Geseker Hellweg area. (= Bendix Trier (ed.) Bodenaltertümer Westfalens. Vol. 23) Münster 1989, pp. 193-195.
  22. ^ Heinrich Schoppmeyer: The Bishop of Paderborn and his cities - At the same time a contribution to the problem of sovereign and city. (= Klemens Honselmann: Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 9) Paderborn 1968, pp. 50–60, 169–183. Michael Lagers: The Paderborn pin needle in the middle of the 15th century - studies on the development and expansion of power structures of the lower nobility. (= Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann (ed.) Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 74) Paderborn 2013, pp. 127–139, 403–408. Wolfgang Leesch, Paul Schubert, Wilhelm Segin: Home chronicle of the Paderborn district. (= Home chronicles of the cities and districts of the federal territory. Vol. 37), Paderborn 1970, p. 147 f.
  23. ↑ According to the information in Gerhard Henkel: History and Geography of the Büren District. Paderborn 1974 and Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and open courts in the Paderborn region. Westphalian magazine 40, 1882.
  24. ↑ Rudolf Bergmann: Die Wüstungen des Geseker Hellwegbörde - Studies on the medieval settlement genesis of a Westphalian grain building landscape. (= Bendix Trier (Hrsg.): Bodenaltertümer Westfalens. Bd. 23) Münster 1989, p. 201 f.
  25. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, p. 93.
  26. ↑ Entry on town and castle Blankenrode in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  27. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1968, p. 139.
  28. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 7, 49 f.
  29. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 13 f.
  30. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1968, p. 94 f.
  31. ↑ According to the information from Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974 and Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and open courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, pp. 3–49.
  32. ^ Entry on the Lange Brede hilltop castle in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  33. ^ Entry on Wallburg Marschallshagen in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  34. ↑ entry to Motte Sewardissen in the scientific database " EBIDAT " European Castle Institute
  35. ^ Entry on the castle near Herbram in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  36. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Dorstfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. , Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 7.
  37. ↑ For this section see the works under literature, in particular Gerhard Henkel, Geographie und Geschichte des Kreises Büren, Paderborn 1974, pp. 40–42, pp. 174 f.
  38. ↑ District of Büren (Ed.): 150 years of the district of Büren. Paderborn 1968, p. 54.
  39. ↑ To the WiFo see Hans-Dieter Götz: Geheime Reichssache WiFo. Germering 2009. For information and a map of the facilities in Herbram, see the website of Eisenbahnfreunde Altenbeken e. V. ( Memento of the original from July 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed July 27, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.altenbekener-eisenbahnfreunde.de
  40. ↑ For this section see the works under literature, in particular Gerhard Henkel: History and Geography of the Büren District. Paderborn 1974, pp. 42-57, 96.
  41. ^ Wolfgang Leesch, Paul Schubert, Wilhelm Segin: Heimatchronik des Kreis Paderborn. (= Home chronicles of the cities and districts of the federal territory. Vol. 37) Cologne 1970, pp. 23, 39.
  42. ↑ Michael Lagers: The Paderborn pin needle to the middle of the 15th century - Investigations into the development and expansion of power structures of lower nobility. (= Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann: Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Paderborn 2013, p. 125.)
  43. ^ Wolfgang Leesch, Paul Schubert, Wilhelm Segin: Heimatchronik des Kreis Paderborn. (= Home chronicles of the cities and districts of the federal territory. Vol. 37) Cologne 1970, pp. 23, 39.
  44. ↑ Michael Lagers: The Paderborn pin nobility in the middle of the 15th century - studies on the development and expansion of lower-nobility power structures. (= Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann (Ed.): Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 74), Paderborn 2013, p. 404.
  45. ↑ Michael Lagers: The Paderborn pin needle to the middle of the 15th century - Investigations into the development and expansion of power structures of lower nobility. (= Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann (Ed.): Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 74), Paderborn 2013, p. 404.
  46. ^ Conrad Mertens: The church squares near Holtheim. , Westfälische Zeitschrift 41 1883, p. 206 f. Ludwig August Theodor Holscher: The older diocese of Paderborn, according to its old borders, archdeaconate, districts and old courts. Part IX, Westfälische Zeitschrift 43 1885, p. 57.
  47. ^ Ph. Hömberg: The castle complex Marschallshagen near Holtheim. in: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (Hrsg.): Paderborner plateau. Paderborn. Büren. Salzkotten. (= Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (Hrsg.): Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments. , Vol. 20), Mainz 1971, pp. 269-271.
  48. ↑ For this list see Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the Go- and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, pp. 3–51 and the works listed under literature.
  49. ↑ See Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, p. 192.
  50. ↑ Entry on Stadtburg Lichtenau in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  51. ^ Entry on Stadtburg Kleinenberg in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  52. ^ Gerhard Henkel: History and geography of the Büren district. Paderborn 1974, p. 163 f.
  53. ^ Entry on Wallburg Marschallshagen in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute. The Wallburg is shown on maps as Marschallsburg .
  54. ↑ entry to Motte Sewardissen in the scientific database " EBIDAT " European Castle Institute
  55. ^ Entry on the castle near Herbram in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  56. ^ Entry on the Lange Brede hilltop castle in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  57. ↑ See also Gerhard Henkel: History and Geography of the Büren District. Paderborn 1974, p. 163 f, 176 f, 183, 185, 194 and Ph. Hömberg: The Marschallshagen castle complex in Holzheim. in: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (Hrsg.): Paderborner plateau. Paderborn. Büren. Salzkotten. (= Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (Hrsg.): Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments. Vol. 20) Mainz 1971, pp. 269–271.
  58. ^ Heinrich Schoppmeyer : The bishop of Paderborn and his cities at the same time a contribution to the problem of sovereign and city. (= Klemens Honselmann: Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 9) Paderborn 1968, p. 56.
  59. ↑ Michael Lagers: The Paderborn pin needle to the middle of the 15th century - Investigations into the development and expansion of power structures of lower nobility. (= Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann (Ed.): Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 74) Paderborn 2013, pp. 127–132, 403 note 2205.
  60. ^ Heinrich Schoppmeyer: The Bishop of Paderborn and his cities - At the same time a contribution to the problem of sovereign and city. (= Klemens Honselmann: Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 9), Paderborn 1968, p. 59.
  61. ^ Heinrich Schoppmeyer: The Bishop of Paderborn and his cities - At the same time a contribution to the problem of sovereign and city. (= Klemens Honselmann: Studies and Sources for Westphalian History. Vol. 9) Paderborn 1968, p. 56. Michael Lagers: The Paderborner Stiftsadel in the middle of the 15th century - studies on the development and expansion of power structures of lower nobility. (= Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann (Ed.): Studies and sources for Westphalian history. Vol. 74), Paderborn 2013, p. 407 f.
  62. ^ Heinrich Schoppmeyer: The Bishop of Paderborn and his cities - At the same time a contribution to the problem of sovereign and city. (= Klemens Honselmann (Hrsg.): Studies and sources for Westphalian history. Vol. 9) Paderborn 1968, p. 59.
  63. ^ Wolfgang Leesch, Paul Schubert, Wilhelm Segin: Heimatchronik des Kreis Paderborn. (= Home chronicles of the cities and districts of the federal territory. Vol. 37) Cologne 1970, p. 38, 39.
  64. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 5.
  65. ↑ For the entire section on administration see Gerhard Henkel: History and Geography of the Büren District. Paderborn 1974, pp. 98-102.
  66. ↑ Herrmann Bannasch: The diocese of Paderborn under the bishops Rethar and Meinwerk (983-1036). (= Klemens Honselmann (Ed.): Studies and sources for Westphalian history. Vol. 12), Paderborn 1972, pp. 120-122, 306-310. Albert K. Hömberg: History of the comités of the Werler Grafenhaus Westfälische Zeitschrift 100 1950, pp. 9-134.
  67. ^ Albert K. Hömberg: The emergence of the Westphalian free counties as a problem of the medieval constitutional history. Westfälische Zeitschrift 101/102 1953, pp. 1–138.
  68. ↑ Diether Pöppel: The Paderborn bishopric - origin and development of state rule. Paderborn 1996, pp. 55-57.
  69. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 28 f.
  70. ↑ Michael Lagers: The Paderborn pin needle to the middle of the 15th century - Investigations into the development and expansion of power structures of lower nobility. (= Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann (Ed.): Studies and sources on Westphalian history. , Vol. 74) l, Paderborn 2013, pp. 117, 125.
  71. ^ Albert K. Hömberg: The emergence of the Westphalian free counties as a problem of the medieval constitutional history. Westfälische Zeitschrift 101/102 1953, pp. 1–138.
  72. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 29 f.
  73. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region . Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 45.
  74. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, pp. 23-28.
  75. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 19 f.
  76. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 22 f.
  77. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, pp. 23-28.
  78. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 20 f.
  79. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, pp. 25-30.
  80. ^ Wilhelm Spancken: On the history of the Gau Soratfeld and the go and free courts in the Paderborn region. Westfälische Zeitschrift 40 1882, p. 22f.
  81. ↑ See for this section the works under literature and Hermann Bannasch: The diocese Paderborn under the bishops Rethar and Meinwerk (983-1036). (= Klemens Honselmann (Hrsg.): Studies and sources on Westphalian history. Vol. 12) Paderborn 1972, pp. 306-310. Albert K. Hömberg : The emergence of the Westphalian free counties as a problem of the medieval constitutional history. Westfälische Zeitschrift 101/102 1953, pp. 1–138.
  82. ^ Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst: History of the Archdiocese of Paderborn. Vol. 1, (= Karl Hengst et al .: Publications on the history of the Central German Church Province. Vol. 12), Paderborn 2002, p. 73 f.
  83. ↑ In addition to the works mentioned under literature are Ludwig August Theodor Holscher: The older diocese of Paderborn, according to its old borders, archdeaconate, districts and old courts. , Part IX, Westfälische Zeitschrift 43 1885, pp. 47–59, the volumes by Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst: History of the Archdiocese of Paderborn. (= Karl Hengst et al .: Publications on the history of the Central German Church Province. Vol. 12) Paderborn 2002 and the website of the Archdiocese of Paderborn on the Deanery Büren-Delbrück , accessed on July 26, 2017 to be mentioned as evidence.