Verneřice
Verneřice | ||||
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Basic data | ||||
State : |
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Region : | Ústecký kraj | |||
District : | Děčín | |||
Area : | 3139.5514 ha | |||
Geographic location : | 50 ° 40 ′ N , 14 ° 18 ′ E | |||
Height: | 493 m nm | |||
Residents : | 1,158 (Jan 1, 2019) | |||
Postal code : | 405 02-407 25 | |||
License plate : | U | |||
structure | ||||
Status: | city | |||
Districts: | 6th | |||
administration | ||||
Mayor : | Ing.Daniel Zygula (as of 2018) | |||
Address: | Mírové náměstí 138 407 25 Verneřice |
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Municipality number: | 562921 | |||
Website : | www.vernerice.cz | |||
Location of Verneřice in the Děčín district | ||||
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Verneřice (German Wernstadt ) is a city in the Czech Republic . It is the southernmost municipality of the Okres Děčín . The textile industry of the Habsburg monarchy began in Verneřice .
geography
Geographical location
The city is located in northern Bohemia in the Bobří potok ( Bieberbach ) valley in the northeast of the Central Bohemian Uplands , about 14 km southeast of Děčín ( Tetschen ), 19 km east of Ústí nad Labem ( Aussig ) and 65 km north of Prague .
Community structure
Verneřice consists of the districts Čáslav ( Tschiaschel , also outdated: Cziaschel ), Loučky ( Schönau ), Příbram ( Biebersdorf ), Rychnov ( Reichen ), Rytířov ( Rittersdorf ) and Verneřice ( Wernstadt ). Basic settlement units are Čáslav, Loučky, Příbram, Rychnov, Rytířov, Velké Stínky ( Großzinken ) and Verneřice. The settlements Boží Vrch ( Gottesberg ), Malé Loučky ( Niederschönau ) and Malé Stínky ( Kleinzinken ) are also in the area of the municipality .
The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Čáslav u Verneřic, Loučky u Verneřic, Příbram pod Bukovou horou, Rychnov u Verneřic, Rytířov, Velké Stínky and Verneřice.
history
Wernhersdorf was a German town founded, the first written message comes from the year 1384. The town belonging to the Liebeschitz rule soon developed into a small town and in 1497 Sigmund von Wartenberg auf Tetschen gave it its first privilege . King Ludwig II of Bohemia granted the place the right to carry a city coat of arms and city seal in 1522 .
In 1537 the Wernstadt archers received their privilege. The first guilds also emerged in the 16th century ; the oldest guild letter was issued in 1547. During the Thirty Years' War , Duke Franz Albert von Sachsen-Lauenburg fled his Swedish persecutors to Wernstadt in 1639 and, according to tradition, hid himself for three days in a gutter between houses 139 and 140 on the Ring, which was preserved until the beginning of the 20th century .
Wernstadt was devastated by fires several times, the largest occurred in 1709, on May 19, 1743, on May 28, 1774 and in 1841. In 1756, the Prussian troops marched through Wernstadt in the Seven Years' War . The previously destroyed church of St. Anna was rebuilt in 1776 at the instigation of Maria Theresa . In 1778 the Prussians invaded the town again during the War of the Bavarian Succession and kidnapped many residents as hostages. In the same year Emperor Joseph II stayed in Wernstadt and spent the night on October 13, 1778 in the rectory. In 1787 the poor hospital was founded . In addition to agriculture, the citizens lived mainly from shoemaking.
Industrialization began in Wernstadt as early as the end of the 18th century. The dyer journeyman Johann Josef Leitenberger founded the first here in 1770 Kattunspinnerei Bohemia. It was also Leitenberger who founded the Habsburg Monarchy's first machine cotton spinning mill equipped with English spinning machines in 1797 . It later became the property of the textile manufacturer Julius Léon von Wernburg (1842–1927), who also donated the kindergarten. He also had a valuable large-scale portrait of Emperor Franz Joseph I woven from silk and cotton made for the town house .
Due to the increase in economic importance, Wernstadt received full city rights on January 18, 1847 . After patrimonial was replaced , Wernstadt became part of the Bensen judicial district . In 1844 Johann Ferdinand Fock founded a cotton weaving mill outside the city on the road to Munker, but it was closed again in 1863. The Stadtsparkasse was established in 1878. After the discovery of several smaller lignite deposits in the vicinity of the city, they were dismantled in the second half of the 19th century. In 1890 the local railway Großpriesen-Wernstadt-Auscha (LGWA) started operations. In 1902 the new school building was built.
In 1912 there were 2060 inhabitants in Wernstadt and the city had 258 houses. At that time there was a post and telegraph office, the boys' bourgeois school, the six-class elementary school, a kindergarten, a pharmacy, a gendarmerie post, the hospital and the savings bank. The most important of the associations were the kk Privileged Sniper Corps and the Wernstadt division of the Mountain Association for Bohemian Switzerland .
The cotton and sheep wool weaving factory had passed into the ownership of the “United Wernstädter und Győrer Textilindustrie-Aktiengesellschaft” and owned 700 mechanical looms . The mill construction and machine factory Eduard Anton, which had been founded in the Fock weaving mill, had built new company buildings in the city. Other operations were a brewery, a steam dairy, the brick factory, a grinding mill and a lignite mine. The old Fock factory now served as a residential building for the workers and officials of the share weaving mill.
At the beginning of the 20th century, tourism also found its way into Wernstadt, which became the starting point for excursions into the surrounding area. On the Kaiserstraße, which climbs steeply to Munker ( Mukařov ), the “New World” restaurant was built at a vantage point. The “robber's cave” located at 550.6 m above the Gottesberg, the former colliery of an old mine on the way between Fock's calico weaving mill to Tschiaschel ( Čáslav ), became a popular destination for day trippers and served as a stop for hikes to Matrelig ( Matrelík , 667.9 m) and Zinkenstein ( Buková hora ).
To the north of Wernstadt, on the right of the road to Algersdorf , was the last lignite mine , in which there was little extraction at the beginning of the 20th century and which was completely shut down around 1920. The junction with the road from Schneppendorf ( Sluková ) to Mertendorf , located in the valley of the Triebschbach ( Merbolticky potok ), was popularly known as "Rußbutte" because of the coal dust. The Zechenhaus developed into a popular excursion destination because of the beer served.
After the First World War , Wernstadt was added to the newly created Czechoslovakia in 1919 . In 1922 the city's largest factory, the weaving mill, ceased production and many of the workers moved away. After the Munich Agreement Wern town belonged from 1938 to 1939 for the district of Decin-Bodenbach , Region of Usti nad Labem , in the German Reich District of Sudetenland . In 1939 the city had only 1,397 inhabitants.
After the end of the Second World War and the expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia , the village lost its town charter. Despite the incorporation of five surrounding villages after 1945, the number of inhabitants has halved within 100 years. The railway from Velké Březno to Verneřice ceased on May 25, 1978.
During the rule of communism , the building fabric was severely neglected; historic buildings like the arbor houses on Ringplatz were demolished. In the city center, a culture center and a shopping center were built using the standard construction of the 1960s and 1970s. The northwest side of the ring consists of vacant lots and a block of flats.
On October 10, 2006 Verneřice was mistakenly elevated to Městys . On October 17th, this decision was revised and Verneřice was given back its town charter with effect from October 10th after more than 60 years.
God's Mountain (Boží vrch)
Between 1732 and 1733 the Jesuit order , which owned the Liebeschitz rulership, built the pilgrimage church of the Holy Trinity on Boží vrch, one and a half kilometers north-west of Wernstadt , which was restored in 1886. A pre-Christian cult site is said to have been located on the basalt cone ( olivine - alkali basalt ) protruding from the plateau . Next to the church there was an older hermitage on the mountain. At the beginning of the 20th century, the village of Gottesberg, which belonged to Wernstadt, consisted of three houses next to the church. In 1906 a fire destroyed two of the buildings, only the church and the inn remained undamaged.
After the Second World War, the district remained deserted, the pilgrimage church also fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1975. A quarry was built on the northern slope of the mountain and is now closed again.
There are several legends about the mountain about dwarfs living in it.
Population development
Until 1945 Wernstadt was predominantly populated by German Bohemia , which were expelled.
year | Residents | Remarks |
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1830 | 1453 | in 251 houses |
1844 | 1500 | in 270 houses |
1850 | circa 1700 | |
1869 | 1839 | |
1880 | 2006 | |
1890 | 2074 | |
1900 | 1989 | German residents |
1910 | 2078 | |
1921 | 1688 | 1623 of them are Germans |
1930 | 1587 | |
1939 | 1397 |
year | 1950 | 1961 | 1970 | 1980 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
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Residents | 750 | 708 | 776 | 812 | 848 | 880 | 858 |
coat of arms
The Wernstadt coat of arms awarded by King Ludwig II of Bohemia in 1522 shows a shield divided vertically into two halves. The left half is colored yellow, the right half black. On the right, black half is a silver tower with three windows and a gate, which symbolizes the castle of the Lords of Wartenberg.
Culture and sights
- Verneřice's landmark is the parish church of St. Anna, visible from afar, on the east side of the ring. The Church of St. Anna had its own pastor as early as 1384. The baroque building with its mighty onion dome was built in 1709 in place of a previous building from the pre-Hussite period. During the city fire of 1774 it burned down and was rebuilt. At the end of the 20th century the church building was unused and damaged. In 2005, parts of the roof ledge fell from the north side of the nave. A renovation took place after 2010.
- The Ringplatz has a steep gradient to the south. On the north side there is a row of houses with the town hall and the savings bank building, which was restored after 1990. At the same time, the ring is divided by a large terrace made of trachyte , in the middle of which there is an outside staircase that leads to a fountain with the statue of St. Florian leads.
- In the east of the community above Loučky is the Bobří soutěska ( Bieberklamm ), a narrow valley of the Bobří potok ( Bieberbach ) through a ridge into which the Sorgebach falls from the Antenstein in a waterfall. The houses of Malé Loučky ( Niederschönau ) and Malá Javorská ( Kleinjober ) used to be on the slopes above the gorge .
- To the west of the district of Příbram rises the 683.3 m high Buková hora ( Zinkenstein ), from which the Bobří potok also rises. The mountain is the highest point of the fourteen mountain ridge. On its southwest slope was the abandoned village Stará Homole ( Althummel ), south of the also no longer existing place Velké Stínky ( Großzinken ). A refuge was built on the Zinken in 1905 and is still there today. The Ledové jámy ( ice cave ) and the Humboldtová vyhlídka ( Humboldt view ) are located on the western slope of the mountain . The mountain, which Emperor Joseph II climbed on October 14, 1778, is one of the most famous panoramic mountains in the Bohemian Uplands.
- 1.5 km north of Verneřice on the Na úhoru mountain (563 m) is the municipality stone or Kunzstein , a basalt rock 20 m high. The rock, hidden in a wood on the northern slope of the otherwise unwooded hilltop, around which the "Kunzen saga" is entwined, used to be a popular hiking destination. Today it is off the beaten track and is hardly known to non-residents.
- Southwest of the city in 2004 a lookout tower was inaugurated on the 616 m high Víťova vyhlídka on Matrelík near Náčkovice.
sons and daughters of the town
- Friedrich Mattausch (1800–1866), textile industrialist
- Josef Strobach (1852–1905), Mayor of Vienna
Individual evidence
- ↑ uir.cz
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ↑ uir.cz
- ↑ uir.cz
- ↑ uir.cz
- ↑ a b c Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 1: Leitmeritzer Kreis , Prague 1833, pp. 339–340, item 23).
- ↑ a b c Jaroslaus Schaller : Topography of the Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 5: Leutmeritzer Kreis , Vienna 1787, pp. 283–284, item 15).
- ↑ O. Shrbený / M. Opletal (ed.): Geologická mapa ČR, List 02-41 Ústí nad Labem . Praha (ÚÚG) 1990, signature 27
- ↑ Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural and Regional Studies, History, Art and Literature . Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 198, point 2) above.
- ^ Friedrich Carl Watterich von Watterichsburg: Handbook of regional studies of the Kingdom of Bohemia . Prague 1845, p. 1183
- ↑ Topographic Lexicon of Bohemia . Prague 1852, p. 441, right column.
- ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon 6th edition, Volume 20, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 544 .
- ^ Genealogy Sudetenland
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Tetschen district (Czech: Decín). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).