Westerwald lignite mining area

Map section of the overview of the mineral deposits in the Wiesbaden government district from 1877, with the Westerwald lignite area

Part of a winding tower and a mine railway of the Alexandria mine , the largest and last mine in the area
(erected as an industrial monument in Höhn )

The Westerwald lignite area is a mining area in the Westerwald where lignite was extracted from the 16th to the 20th century . The focus of the deposits is in the Hoch- and Oberwesterwald around Westerburg and Bad Marienberg ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) and further east near Breitscheid ( Hesse ).

The lignite mining area overlaps geographically with mining areas for other mineral resources, in particular basalt , quartzite , clay and iron stone . The latter deposits belong to the Siegerland ore district . In some cases, clay and lignite were extracted from the same mine.

Origin and geological background

Lignitic brown coal from Höhn
( German Mining Museum Bochum )

The lignite deposits of the Westerwald originated in the Miocene (about 26 to 9 million years ago) when swamps and moors formed in depressions in the basalt plateau of the High Westerwald . Below and between the brown coal seams there are sandy and clayey layers from the weathering of greywacke and slate. The coal-bearing layers are partly covered by a blanket of basalt rock.

There are two types of lignite in the Westerwald:

1. Soft lignite : Due to its age, this coal is not very carbonated . The consistency is soft, fibrous and peat-like (“bog coal”). The water content is very high (up to around 50%) and the calorific value is correspondingly low. Since the coal easily disintegrated into "coal" ( grus ) due to its low strength , it was mixed with clay for better handling, formed into balls and dried in the sun.
2. Hard brown coal: In some places, especially where the seams were covered by volcanic basalt overburden (for example in the Alexandria mine ), the coal is lignitic , oak-like and sometimes so hard that it had to be driven by shooting (blasting). The geothermal influence of the volcanic rock resulted in a considerable acceleration of coalification. The coal has an unusually low water content of around 30-35% - for such a young brown coal - and therefore a high calorific value . Thanks to the firm consistency, the coal could be transported and processed in lumpy form.

The Stöffel oil shale deposit near Enspel, known as a fossil site, is geologically related to the brown coal deposits .

history

Beginnings (16th to 18th centuries)

The first reports of coal deposits in the Westerwald go back to the 16th century. Pieces of lignite were found on slopes where seams bit the surface and in the creek and river beds below , and "underground wood" was also found in quarries . Because of its wood-like structure, the lignitic coal was also called "charcoal" (see map section below) - not to be confused with wood charred in piles . Since the fuel requirement was covered by wood at that time, the coal initially remained unused.

In the middle of the 17th century, Prince Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar near Höhn made a first attempt to extract coal from a mine; due to problems with the dewatering , and since the coal was not of the quality expected, the project was soon abandoned.

In the 18th century, with the onset of industrialization and the growth of ironworks in the Siegerland, the need for fuel increased significantly, and coal was also sought in the Westerwald. They found what they were looking for in various places, for example at Höhn, Schönberg, Bach and Stockhausen. Since the coal found was not, as hoped, high-quality hard coal , but consistently only brown and bog coal, which - as tests have shown - was unsuitable for iron smelting, the possibilities for use remained limited and the economic success of coal mining initially failed. The low-quality coal was mainly used by the lower rural population as house fire . This coal was also burned in meadows and fields and its ashes distributed as fertilizer . The pits of this time were mostly small hollows on the surface of the earth, which were dug with simple tools; Only rarely were short tunnels built . Penetrating water from the pit was drained away through above-ground trenches (" Röschen ").

Growth and Flowering (19th to 20th Century)

"Charcoal pits" near Marienberg at the beginning of the 19th century (map excerpt from 1819)

In the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, wood and hard coal became increasingly scarce and expensive, making brown coal an increasingly competitive alternative. More and more crafts and trades (bakers, beer brewers, brandy distilleries, vinegar factories, ...) made use of the cheap fuel. In order to improve the combustion characteristics, the coal was partially in kilns - like wood to charcoal - "charred". In this refined form and in a mixture with hard coal, the lignite could also be used by companies that required a higher calorific value, such as forges , locksmiths and occasionally even ironworks.

As demand increased, so did the price of lignite and, as a result, the number of mines being excavated. By the middle of the 19th century, there were already 22 mines producing around 50,000 tons of coal annually. In addition, there was an increasing trend towards extracting the higher-quality, lower-lying hard lignite in underground mining using tunnels, shafts and routes .

In the second half of the 19th century there was a concentration: small, charred and uneconomical pits were closed, the remaining ones were organizationally and structurally combined. The number of mines barely grew, and at times even decreased, but the number of miners employed and the amount of coal mined rose significantly.

At the end of the 19th century, mass strikes in the Ruhr area led to a shortage of hard coal and a significant increase in demand and price for lignite. The Westerwald district also benefited considerably from this - albeit not as much as other lignite mining areas.

The construction of the Westerwaldquerbahn in 1906, to which almost all large mines were subsequently connected, improved the transport and distribution channels and thus the sales opportunities for Westerwald coal, but not as much as previously hoped.

In 1914, the Elektrizitätswerk Westerwald AG (EWAG), which owned the largest mine in the area along with the Alexandria mine in Höhn, opened a power station next to the mine , which soon became the main buyer of the inferior Westerwald lignite, as well as a steam brick .

Decline (20th century)

Despite the improvements mentioned, the Westerwald district lagged behind in terms of economic development compared to the rapidly growing German hard coal district (especially the Ruhr district ) and also compared to the nearby Rhenish lignite district . Compared to hard coal, the possible uses of Westerwald brown coal were too limited; Renewed attempts to use the coal in iron smelting or for smoldering had failed. Compared to other German lignite districts, where coal could be extracted inexpensively in open-cast mining , underground mining in the Westerwald was far more complex and expensive.

Before and after the First World War, a similar positive effect occurred again as after the strikes of 1889, when initially the great demand of the armaments industry and later the reparations deliveries due and the occupation of the Rhineland and the Ruhr area drove up coal prices. The upswing that this brought about was short-lived: The economic crisis from the late 1920s led to a dramatic collapse in demand and a drop in prices. The Westerwald coal could not stand against the oversupply of cheap Rhenish lignite and high quality Ruhr coal. Almost all of the mines were closed within a few years. In 1940 there were only four active lignite mines left in the whole area. The Second World War then brought the dismantling to a temporary almost complete standstill.

In the post-war period , demand for coal picked up again due to the rebuilding of industry and the emerging economic miracle , and mining in the Alexandria mine increased again. For a short time there was also “wild” coal digging in small hollows; This was soon stopped by the mountain inspectorate. There was also another attempt to mine using large-scale equipment based on the example of the large German lignite mining areas. For this purpose, the Neuhaus II opencast mine in Marienberg am Bacher Lay was opened with a 45-ton excavator ( Menck type ) . However, this stopped operating after just a few months due to inefficiency.

From 1954, the only remaining mine in the Westerwald lignite mining area was the Alexandria mine with the connected power plant. When in 1959, after several changes of ownership in quick succession, it was decided to shut down the power plant in Höhn and thus the main buyer of coal ceased to exist, the end of mining was in sight. About two years later, in spring 1961, the last mine was shut down.

Preserved remains

Today there are only traces of the long history of lignite mining in the Westerwald:

• some headframes and devices erected as monuments in localities , e.g. B. in Höhn (from Grube Alexandria, see picture), Norken (from Grube Späth) and Kaden (from Grube Anna)
• some preserved administrative and operational buildings, e.g. B. that of the Anna mine in Kaden or the ruins of the power station in Höhn
• numerous pings and dumps in the area of ​​the former mine area

List of mines

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

The following incomplete list contains mines in the Westerwald lignite area.
With the exception of Niederdresselnorf (Concordia) and Emmerzhausen (Adolfsburg), these are also part of the Dillenburg mountain area :

Verbandsgemeinde (in RP ) , district ( country )	Community mark	Name of the mine (pit, colliery)	More detailed description of the location	Operating time	Note / sources	image
Siegen-Wittgenstein ( North Rhine-Westphalia )	Burbach	Concordia	near Niederdresselnorf	1841-1857	stollen
Lahn-Dill district ( Hesse )	Breitscheid	Phoenix-Glückauf ( Ludwig's confidence )	on the western outskirts of Breitscheid ( 50 ° 41 ′ 6.8 ″  N , 8 ° 10 ′ 51.9 ″  E )	1762-1953	Operator: from 1900 Westerwald clay industry in Breitscheid (under the name Phoenix-Glück auf! )
Lahn-Dill district	Breitscheid	Engländer mine , from 1.11.1889 Gailsgruben	Pit field on the Breitscheid district, merging with Trieschberg (same seam)	18th century	stollen
Lahn-Dill district	Breitscheid	Ludwig Haas I.	between Langenaubach and Rabenscheid am Aubach 50 ° 41 ′ 18.9 ″  N , 8 ° 9 ′ 13.3 ″  E	1749–1768,? - 1924/25	Shaft; Resulted from the division of the field Ludwig Haas
Lahn-Dill district	Breitscheid	Ludwig Haas II	between Langenaubach and Rabenscheid am Aubach 50 ° 41 ′ 35.9 ″  N , 8 ° 9 ′ 34.7 ″  E	1749–1768,? - 1924/25	Stollen; Resulted from the division of the field Ludwig Haas
Lahn-Dill district	Breitscheid	Zeiler's confidence	south of Langenaubach , direction Medenbach ( 50 ° 42 ′ 11.5 ″  N , 8 ° 11 ′ 1.5 ″  E )	after 1832
Lahn-Dill district	Breitscheid	Coal blessing	at Gusternhain	around 1850	Should be integrated as a geotope in the Geopark Westerwald-Lahn-Taunus .
Lahn-Dill district	Breitscheid	Welfare	at Gusternhain	before 1867	not to be confused with the Wohlfahrt clay pit near Allendorf
Lahn-Dill district	Haiger	Mariane (Marianne)	near Langenaubach	1804-1945	Tunnel, later shaft
Lahn-Dill district	Haiger	Trieschberg to Gailsgruben from November 1st, 1889	Stolleneingang at Langenaubach near the quarry Hohebühl ( 50 ° 41 '51.9 "  N , 8 ° 10' 30.2"  O ) to about 493 m above sea level	1837-1889	Stollen; Grubenfeld on Breitscheider landmarks
Lahn-Dill district	Driedorf	Heistern (In the Heistern)		09/19/1845	awarded on September 19, 1845; enlarged on March 21, 1851; extended on December 27th, 1869
Lahn-Dill district	Greifenstein	Beer grove		1866-1867	; Poor quality coal, therefore only briefly degraded
District of Limburg-Weilburg ( Hesse )	Waldbrunn	Gift of god	at Ellar	1870-05-16-1949	muted on May 16, 1870; awarded on July 14, 1870
Limburg-Weilburg	Waldbrunn	Lahr	at Lahr	1850-1949	Standstill 1917 - 1.12.1946; 150 employees
Daaden-Herdorf , Altenkirchen ( Rhineland-Palatinate )	Emmerzhausen	Adolfsburg (Adolphsburg)	at the bridge head ( 50 ° 42 ′ 14.6 ″  N , 8 ° 1 ′ 18.6 ″  E )	1846–1872 (Stollen); awarded on March 23, 1847 1903-1911 1921-1924, -1948; Funding for the operating period around the Second World War of 5,488 t; Tunnel length on December 31, 1947 of 400 m
Bad Marienberg , Westerwaldkreis ( Rhineland-Palatinate )	Dreisbach	?
Bad Marienberg	Lautzenbrücken	boiler		1867-05-27	muted on May 27, 1867; awarded on August 1st, 1870
Bad Marienberg	Kirburg	Good luck for	50 ° 40 ′ 12.6 ″  N , 7 ° 55 ′ 38.2 ″  E ?
Bad Marienberg	Norken	Spaeth		? –1920s	Trolley received on Westerwaldstrasse in Norken
Bad Marienberg	court	Moritz
Bad Marienberg	court	Sybille II
Bad Marienberg	Bach ( Nisterau )	Himburg	between Bach and Rothenbach - Himburg
Bad Marienberg	Nisterau	Wilhelm (Wilhelmszeche)	between Bach and Fehl-Ritzhausen ( 50 ° 39 ′ 20.1 ″  N , 7 ° 59 ′ 30.7 ″  E )	1746? –1926	Stollen. At times more than 600 employees. The owner around 1920 was the Duisburg mining and smelting company. Loading station with a specially designed rail connection in Fehl-Ritzhausen. Reopened from the Alexandria mine in the late 1940s.
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	Unity IV	on the Bacher-Lay-Weg	? - 1928 (tunnel) 1947–? (Open pit)
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	New Hope	below the Büchtingstrasse	1802-1925	Site later known as "Bergehalde"
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	Neuhaus II	on the Bacher-Lay-Weg	1950-1951	Open pit mine with excavator, only 3 months operation
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	Paul I.	at Eichenstruth
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	In the Esch	near Langenbach	1718	1730
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	disarray	at Marienberg	around 1771
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	Tall fir	at Marienberg	around 1771
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	alder	at Marienberg	around 1771
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	birch	at Marienberg	around 1771
Bad Marienberg	Bad Marienberg	Hornbeam	at Marienberg	around 1771
Bad Marienberg	Rooster	Kaiser Wilhelm tunnel	South of the Hahn-Höhn / Neu-Hochstein road		belonging to the Victoria pit
Bad Marienberg	Oberroßbach	Adolph (Adolfzeche)	on the Niederfeld between Fehl and Hof ( 50 ° 38 ′ 44.2 ″  N , 8 ° 0 ′ 44.1 ″  E )	? - 1906
Bad Marienberg	Stockhausen-Illfurth	Blessings of god	between Illfurth and Großseifen , "opposite" the Alexandria mine ( 50 ° 38 ′ 6.1 ″  N , 7 ° 58 ′ 59 ″  E )	until 1924
Bad Marienberg	Stockhausen-Illfurth	Louisiana	between Stockhausen and Eichenstruth , bordering on "Orange"	around 1920
Bad Marienberg	Stockhausen-Illfurth	Orange	between Stockhausen and Eichenstruth ( 50 ° 38 ′ 49 ″  N , 7 ° 58 ′ 4.1 ″  E )	1832 (at least) - 1880
Bad Marienberg	Imprecise	Concordia	"Hintere Eichwiese" (district Unnau) on the Marienberger Höhe between Unnau, Bölsberg , Kirburg and Bad Marienberg ( 50 ° 39 ′ 18.3 ″  N , 7 ° 55 ′ 8.5 ″  E )	1745 - after 1923	Stollen. Grube supplied coal for the iron hammer at Nister. Operator later temporarily "Union Neuhaus II". Numerous heaps in the former mine area
Hachenburg , Westerwaldkreis ( Rhineland-Palatinate )	Gehlert	Eichnies		around 1875
Hachenburg	Gehlert	Leopoldine		around 1875
Hachenburg	Gehlert	Ludwigszeche II		around 1875
Hachenburg	Gehlert	Honesty I, II		1875	Conjectures
Hachenburg	Nistertal-Büdingen	Stoeffel		1867-07-19	muted on July 19, 1867; awarded on August 17, 1870
Selters , Westerwaldkreis ( Rhineland-Palatinate )	Kaden	Charles I
Selters	Kaden	Friedrich III
Wallmerod , Westerwaldkreis ( Rhineland-Palatinate )	Moravia	Moravia II	near Moravia	1867	awarded on September 24, 1867; extended on 7.4.1870
Westerburg , Westerwaldkreis ( Rhineland-Palatinate )	Bellingen	Humbold II
Westerburg	Peep home	Franziska	between Guckheim and Sainscheid ( 50 ° 31 ′ 54.5 ″  N , 7 ° 57 ′ 12.8 ″  E )	? - 1746,? -?	later mining of clay, seams visible in today's clay pit. "Berghaus" at the entrance to the town of Guckheim towards Sainscheid has been preserved.
Westerburg	Hergenroth	Grace of God			Department of the Wilhelmsfund mine
Westerburg	Hergenroth	Wilhelmsfund		1847 (before)	approx. 60 employees
Westerburg	Heck	Alexandria	50 ° 37 '35.5 "  N , 7 ° 59" 4.3 "  E	1826-09-29 - 1961-04	Shaft conveyance; at least 4 shafts (shaft "Christian"; shaft "Anna" (92 m depth), shaft IV); Daily facilities closed in December 1989; In 1928 88,000 t were extracted
Westerburg	Heck	Anna (Anna Shaft)	50 ° 37 '26.9 "  N , 7 ° 59' 33.3"  E		Alexandria Pit Shaft
Westerburg	Heck	Christian (Christian Shaft)			Alexandria Pit Shaft
Westerburg	Heck	Maria (shaft Maria)	between Höhn and Ailertchen ( 50 ° 36 ′ 50.1 ″  N , 7 ° 58 ′ 21.6 ″  E )
Westerburg	Heck	Nassau	near Schönberg ( 50 ° 37 ′ 11.1 ″  N , 7 ° 58 ′ 14.8 ″  E )	from 1780	1829 in operation Nassau domain enterprise
Westerburg	Heck	Siebert (Siebertsgrube)			JE Siebert from Hadamar owned the Alexandria and Eduard mines around 1865
Westerburg	Heck	Viktoria (Victoria)	Stollen. Mouth hole and Halden am Neu-Hochstein (Kackenberg) between Höhn-Schönberg and Hahn ( 50 ° 37 ′ 28.3 ″  N , 7 ° 57 ′ 7 ″  E , 50 ° 37 ′ 38 ″  N , 7 ° 57 ′ 3.6 ″  O )		several collapse and shaft pings on the northern slope of the Neu-Hochstein
Westerburg	Heck	Weapon field	on the "weapon field" between Hellenhahn-Schellenberg and Fehl-Ritzhausen	around 1840-1860	Nassau domain company
Westerburg	Langenhahn	Paul			Operator: Vulkan Union
Westerburg	Stahlhofen	justice	on the way from Oellingen to Stahlhofen		In 1907 Otto Nordhaus was the owner and employed over 100 miners
Westerburg	Westerburg	Christiane		around 1850
Westerburg	Westerburg	unity
Westerburg	Westerburg	Franz I.
Westerburg	Westerburg	Good Hope		until 1925
Westerburg	Kaden	Anna	today's district "Grube Anna", formerly "Meiningen" ( 50 ° 33 ′ 2.1 ″  N , 7 ° 54 ′ 35.5 ″  E )	? - 1924	Shaft system. Operator: “Vulkan” union. Coal was transported by cable car to Kölbingen, where it was loaded onto the Westerwald-Querbahn. Administration building has been preserved. Part of a winding tower and trolley as a memorial on the village square of Kaden.
Westerburg	Kaden	Eduard (Eduardzeche)	"Zechenhaus" between Kaden and Härtlingen ( 50 ° 32 ′ 38.1 ″  N , 7 ° 54 ′ 45.9 ″  E )	1829 (before) -?, 1906 -?	Union of Dr. Schmieden & Marx from Berlin, cable car to Westerburg station. Shaft conveyance; at least 6 shafts (shaft I - IV)

literature

• Otto Kleinschmidt: Industries, service companies and trade unions in the Oberwesterwald . Third, corrected and supplemented edition. Self-published, Koblenz January 2004 ( full text gewchronik.mmk-online.eu [PDF]).
• Konrad Fuchs: The development of lignite mining in the Oberwesterwald . In: Association for Nassau antiquity and historical research (Hrsg.): Nassauische Annalen: Yearbook of the association for Nassau antiquity and historical research . Volumes 73-74. Publishing house of the Association for Nassau Antiquity and Historical Research, 1962, p. 183-203 .
• Hereditary realm: About the lignite mountains of the Westerwald and the types of rock that are naturally related to it . In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy . tape 8 . G. Reimer, Berlin 1835, p. 3-51 .
• W. Casselmann : Chemical investigations on the brown coals of the Westerwald . In: Yearbooks of the Nassau Association for Natural History . Ninth issue, section II. Julius Niedner, Wiesbaden 1853, p. 49–81 ( full text in Google Book Search).
• Karl Selbach: Geological and mining description of the High and Eastern Westerwald . In: The mining and steel industry in the Duchy of Nassau . Final booklet. CW Kreidels, 1867, p. 1–108 ( full text in the Google book search - with a list of lignite mines on pages 69–70).
• Hans-Joachim Häbel: The cultural landscape on the basalt plateau of the Westerwald from the 16th to the 19th century (=  publications of the Historical Commission for Nassau . Volume 27 ). Historical Commission for Nassau, 1980, ISBN 3-922244-34-3 .

Web links

Commons : Brown coal mining in Germany  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Otto Kleinschmidt, 2004 (see literature)
   with almost identical content, alternatively as a website:
   Otto Kleinschmidt: Chronicle of the Unions in the Oberwesterwald 1900–2000: Brown coal mining. 2004, accessed May 13, 2013 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Jürgen Reusch: Annual General Meeting 2010. (…) The lignite mining in the High Westerwald. (No longer available online.) Gesellschaft für Heimatkunde im Westerwald - Verein, April 19, 2010, archived from the original on January 10, 2014 ; Retrieved May 13, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Gerhard Lingenberg: Brown coal in Alt-Breitscheid: The brown coal production. Retrieved May 13, 2013 .  
4. ^ ^{A b} Ministry for the Environment Rhineland-Palatinate, State Office for Environmental Protection and Trade Supervision (Ed.): Planning networked biotope systems. Area of ​​the Westerwald district . Grafische Betriebe Staats GmbH, February 1993 ( full text luwg.rlp.de ).
5. ^ ^{A b} Thomas Schindler, State Office for Monument Preservation Mainz: Lithostratigraphic units in Germany: Breitscheid formation. Lithographic Lexicon, March 17, 2006, accessed May 23, 2013 .  
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e} W. Casselmann, 1853 (see literature)
7. ^ ^{A b} C. F. Zincken : The physiography of brown coal (=  the brown coal and its use . 1st part). Carl Rümpler, Hanover 1867 ( full text in the Google book search).
8. ↑ Peter M. Schneider: Of primitive horses and flying mice. Messel and Stöffel - a look at the primeval ecosystems. Scinexx , October 14, 2005, accessed May 13, 2013 .  
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Kirburg (=  map of the Duchy of Nassau . Sheet 8). 1819 ( lagis-hessen.de ).
10. ↑ Jürgen Steup: At Steup's and their ancestors: lignite mining. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 10, 2014 ; Retrieved May 13, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
11. ↑ ^{a b c} Höhn electricity works. Municipality of Höhn, accessed on May 24, 2013 .  
12. ↑ ^{a b} 50 years ago the end of the Alexandria mine came to an end . In: Westerwälder Zeitung . Regional edition of the Rhein-Zeitung . March 9, 2011 ( full text in the RZ online archive ).
13. ↑ ^{a b} Westerwaldstrasse in Norken. Broadcast on March 27, 2012, 6:55 p.m. SWR television, Landesschau Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed on May 24, 2013 .  
14. ^ ^{A b c} Manfred Schaaf: Westerwald-Querbahn, section Westerburg-Montabaur: the former Kölbingen station. June 22, 2008, archived from the original on January 10, 2014 ; Retrieved May 24, 2013 .  
15. ↑ Gerd Bäumer: Ore mining in the Siegerland area ( Memento from November 7, 2001 in the Internet Archive )
16. ↑ ^{a b} The mining operation in the Prussian state in 1852 . In: Rudolf von Carnall, Prussian Ministry for Trade and Industry (Ed.): Journal for the mining, smelting and saltworks in the Prussian state . tape  1 . W. Hertz , 1854, p. 63-118 .
17. ↑ ^{a b} Dillenburg (=  map of the German Empire, 1: 100,000 . Sheet 459). 1911 ( deutschefotothek.de ).
18. ↑ Uwe Peters, Zeitzüge eV (ed.): Museum Zeitzüge with visitor and information center in the Geopark Westerwald-Lahn-Taunus . Feasibility study. Time leaps association, Breitscheid 2010 ( full text kulturhochdrei.eu [PDF]).
19. ↑ Joachim B. Rolfes: The underground gasification attempt by Breitscheid / Dillkreis , Springer, 144 pages
20. ↑ Grube Glückauf-Phoenix. Mineral Atlas, accessed May 24, 2013 . 
21. ↑ ^{a b} Gerhard Lingenberg: Trieschberghalde brown coal. Retrieved May 24, 2013 . 
22. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} measuring table sheets (official, topographical maps 1: 25000) of the Prussian land record (first record, new record) and the Reichsamt für Landesaufnahme (1870-1943) and the US Army Map Service , various years, Available online from the GeoGREIF system , part of the Greifswald digital collections of the University of Greifswald , from the card forum of the Deutsche Fotothek and from the Harold B. Lee Library "G 6080 s25, G4" at Brigham Young University . Sheet numbers of the relevant area:

    	Burbach (3041)	Dillenburg (3042)
    Marienberg (3102)	Rennerod (3103)	Herborn (3104)
    Westerburg (3161)

23. ^ ^{A b} Yearbooks of the Nassau Association for Natural History . Vintage XXXI and XXXII (1878 and 1879). Julius Niedner, Wiesbaden ( full text archive.org ).
24. ↑ Karl Kessler: Getting the ball rolling. Paths to the Westerwald Geopark. (No longer available online.) Gesellschaft für Heimatkunde im Westerwald-Verein eV, November 7, 2005, archived from the original on January 10, 2014 ; Retrieved May 26, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
25. ^ ^{A b} Friedrich Carl Medicus: Report on the Nassau art and trade exhibition in Wiesbaden in July and August 1863 . Limbarth, 1865, p. 195–196 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
26. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Karl Selbach: Geological and mining description of the High and Eastern Westerwald . In: The mining and steel industry in the Duchy of Nassau . Final booklet. CW Kreidels, 1867, p. 1–108 ( full text in the Google book search - with a list of lignite mines on pages 69–70).
27. ↑ W. Casselmann : Chemical investigations on the brown coals of the Westerwald . In: Yearbooks of the Nassau Association for Natural History . Ninth issue, section II. Julius Niedner, Wiesbaden 1853, p. 49–81 ( full text in Google Book Search).
28. ^ Wilhelm Riemann: Description of the Wetzlar mountain district . Adolph Marcus, 1878, p. 115 .
29. ^ ^{A b c} Official Journal of the Prussian Government in Wiesbaden, 1870
30. ↑ Lahr mine
31. ^ Marc Rosenkranz: Pits in and around Emmerzhausen . Emmerzhausen October 23, 2012 ( emmerzhausen-westerwald.de [PDF]).
32. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Ernst Frohwein: Description of the Dillenburg mountain area . Bonn 1885.
33. ^ ^{A b} Johann Philipp Becher: Mineralogical description of the Oranien-Nassauische Lande: together with a history of the Siegen smelting and hammering industry . 1789.
34. ↑ ^{a b} Eberhard Klein: High Westerwald. GEO tours, accessed June 11, 2013 .  
35. ↑ ^{a b c} The mining and steel industry in the Duchy of Nassau , published by Odernheimer. Wiesbaden 1865
36. ↑ Dr. Christian Stolz: Three-day excursion “High Westerwald”. 29.-31. May 2007. Excursion guide . Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Geography, Mainz 2007 ( rlb.de [PDF]).
37. ↑ Landesforsten Rheinland-Pfalz - ZdF - forest management (ed.): Hiking tip for the Rennerod forest office . Koblenz ( wald-rlp.de [PDF]).
38. ↑ ^{a b c d} Situation map of the brown coal assumptions Redlichkeit I and II, Gehlert district, Dillenberg district
39. ^ Alois Wolf: Mining in Sainscheid. Retrieved June 11, 2013 .  
40. ^ Lignite mining in the Oberwesterwald
41. ^ Fridolin Sandberger: Overview of the geological conditions of the Duchy of Nassau , Publisher: Chr. W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden, 1847
42. ↑ ^{a b} Otto Satorius: Nassauische Art and Industrial Exhibition in Wiesbaden 1863 ; Page: 43; Wiesbaden 1863
43. ^ Karl Kessler, Eberhard Klein: Geotopes in the Westerwald. (No longer available online.) Gesellschaft für Heimatkunde im Westerwald - Verein, 2005, archived from the original on January 10, 2014 ; Retrieved June 11, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
44. ^ Reh (=  map of the Duchy of Nassau . Sheet 6). 1819 ( lagis-hessen.de ).
45. ^ Godwin T. Petermann: Anna mine from 1911 near Caden (in planning). Retrieved June 11, 2013 .  
46. ^ Kaden then and now: Pictures. Westerwald local community Kaden, accessed on June 11, 2013 .  
47. ↑ Site plan for the tunnel project for the Eduard mine