Narinder Singh Kapany: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Qwertynk (talk | contribs)
156 edits
No edit summary
Qwertynk (talk | contribs)
156 edits
Filled in 2 bare reference(s) with reFill 2
Line 22: Line 22:
}}
}}


'''Narinder Singh Kapany''' (31 October 1926 – 4 December 2020) was an [[Indian-American]] [[physicist]] best known for his work on [[fiber optics]].<ref name="soe.ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Kapany, Ph.D., Founder and Chairman, K2 Optronics, Inc.|url=http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050731094716/http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|archive-date=31 July 2005|access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers">[http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603115121/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm|date=3 June 2018}}. Specials.rediff.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref><ref name="rediff.com: How India missed another Nobel Prize">[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm|date=14 December 2019}}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref> He is credited with inventing [[fiber optics]], and is considered the 'Father of Fiber Optics'.<ref name="ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics|url=http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521222508/http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|archive-date=21 May 2017|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=University of California Santa Cruz}}.</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite magazine|last=Dharmakumar|first=Rohin|date=11 March 2011|title=Lighting up the Last Mile|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|url-status=live|magazine=Forbes India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728120034/https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|archive-date=28 July 2019|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' named him one of seven 'Unsung Heroes of the 20th century' for his [[Nobel Prize]]-deserving invention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unsung Heroes They may not be household names, but without the contributions of these individuals, the business landscape would look radically different today. - November 22, 1999|url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/11/22/269122/index.htm|access-date=2021-01-27|website=archive.fortune.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers"/><ref name="tribuneindia.com">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615165936/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1|date=15 June 2017}}. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref>He was awarded India's second highest civilian award the [[Padma Vibhushan]] posthumously in 2021.<ref name=Padma>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |title=PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)]] officer.<ref>https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html</ref> He was also offered the post of Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India, by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. <ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753</ref>
'''Narinder Singh Kapany''' (31 October 1926 – 4 December 2020) was an [[Indian-American]] [[physicist]] best known for his work on [[fiber optics]].<ref name="soe.ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Kapany, Ph.D., Founder and Chairman, K2 Optronics, Inc.|url=http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050731094716/http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|archive-date=31 July 2005|access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers">[http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603115121/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm|date=3 June 2018}}. Specials.rediff.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref><ref name="rediff.com: How India missed another Nobel Prize">[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm|date=14 December 2019}}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref> He is credited with inventing [[fiber optics]], and is considered the 'Father of Fiber Optics'.<ref name="ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics|url=http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521222508/http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|archive-date=21 May 2017|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=University of California Santa Cruz}}.</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite magazine|last=Dharmakumar|first=Rohin|date=11 March 2011|title=Lighting up the Last Mile|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|url-status=live|magazine=Forbes India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728120034/https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|archive-date=28 July 2019|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' named him one of seven 'Unsung Heroes of the 20th century' for his [[Nobel Prize]]-deserving invention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unsung Heroes They may not be household names, but without the contributions of these individuals, the business landscape would look radically different today. - November 22, 1999|url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/11/22/269122/index.htm|access-date=2021-01-27|website=archive.fortune.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers"/><ref name="tribuneindia.com">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615165936/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1|date=15 June 2017}}. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref>He was awarded India's second highest civilian award the [[Padma Vibhushan]] posthumously in 2021.<ref name=Padma>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |title=PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)]] officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html|title=Father Of Fibre Optics, Narinder Singh Kapany Created A Communication Revolution|date=15 November 2020|website=IndiaTimes}}</ref> He was also offered the post of Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India, by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|title=How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>


==Early life and research==
==Early life and research==
Kapany was born on 31 October 1926, in a Sikh family in [[Moga, Punjab]].<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> He completed his schooling in [[Dehradun]] and went on to graduate from [[Agra University]].<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Dinesh C.|date=15 October 2009|title=Nobel Question Mark|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022729/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=India Today|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="NYTProfile">{{cite web |last1=Risen |first1=Clay |title=Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html |website=The New York Times |date=7 January 2021}}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] officer, before going to [[Imperial College London]] in 1952 to work on a Ph.D. degree in optics from the [[University of London]], which he obtained in 1955.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name=":1" />
Kapany was born on 31 October 1926, in a Sikh family in [[Moga, Punjab]].<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> He completed his schooling in [[Dehradun]] and went on to graduate from [[Agra University]].<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Dinesh C.|date=15 October 2009|title=Nobel Question Mark|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022729/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=India Today|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="NYTProfile">{{cite web |last1=Risen |first1=Clay |title=Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html |website=The New York Times |date=7 January 2021}}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] officer, before going to [[Imperial College London]] in 1952 to work on a Ph.D. degree in optics from the [[University of London]], which he obtained in 1955.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name=":1" />


At [[Imperial College London|Imperial College]], Kapany worked with [[Harold Hopkins (physicist)|Harold Hopkins]] on transmission through fibers, achieving good image transmission through a large bundle of optical fibers for the first time in 1953.<ref name=Hecht2004>{{cite book |first=Jeff |last=Hecht |title=City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics |url=https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258 |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University |edition=revised |date=2004 |isbn=9780195162554 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258/page/n67 55]–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hopkins, H. H. |author2=Kapany, N. S. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/173039b0 |volume=173|pages= 39–41 |year=1954 |title=A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning|issue=4392|bibcode = 1954Natur.173...39H |s2cid=4275331 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061117/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/sciback_phy_09.pdf Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies]. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009</ref> Optical fibers had been tried for image transmission before, but Hopkins and Kapany's technique allowed much better image quality than could previously be achieved. This, combined with the almost-simultaneous development of [[Cladding (fiber optics)|optical cladding]] by Dutch scientist Bram van Heel, helped jump start the new field of [[fibre optics|fiber optics]]. Kapany coined the term 'fiber optics' in an article in ''[[Scientific American]]'' in 1960, wrote the first book about the new field, and was the new field's most prominent researcher, writer, and spokesperson.<ref name=Hecht2004/><ref>[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm |date=14 December 2019 }}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 8 February 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2017|title=Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month: The Father of Fiber Optics|url=https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Transportation History|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612161936/https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
At [[Imperial College London|Imperial College]], Kapany worked with [[Harold Hopkins (physicist)|Harold Hopkins]] on transmission through fibers, achieving good image transmission through a large bundle of optical fibers for the first time in 1953.<ref name=Hecht2004>{{cite book |first=Jeff |last=Hecht |title=City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics |url=https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258 |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University |edition=revised |date=2004 |isbn=9780195162554 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258/page/n67 55]–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hopkins, H. H. |author2=Kapany, N. S. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/173039b0 |volume=173|pages= 39–41 |year=1954 |title=A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning|issue=4392|bibcode = 1954Natur.173...39H |s2cid=4275331 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061117/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/sciback_phy_09.pdf Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies]. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009</ref> Optical fibers had been tried for image transmission before, but Hopkins and Kapany's technique allowed much better image quality than could previously be achieved. This, combined with the almost-simultaneous development of [[Cladding (fiber optics)|optical cladding]] by Dutch scientist Bram van Heel, helped jump start the new field of [[fibre optics|fiber optics]]. Kapany coined the term 'fiber optics' in an article in ''[[Scientific American]]'' in 1960, wrote the first book about the new field, and was the new field's most prominent researcher, writer, and spokesperson.<ref name=Hecht2004/><ref>[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm |date=14 December 2019 }}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 8 February 2017.</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|date=3 May 2017|title=Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month: The Father of Fiber Optics|url=https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Transportation History|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612161936/https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|url-status=live}}</ref>


Kapany's research and work encompassed fiber-optics communications, lasers, biomedical instrumentation, solar energy and pollution monitoring. He had over 120 patents, and was a member of the [[National Inventors Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Narinder Kapany, known as the 'father of fiber optics,' dies at 94|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2020/12/narinder-kapany-in-memoriam.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en}}</ref> He was an International [[Fellow]]<ref name="List of Fellows"/> of numerous scientific societies including the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="List of Fellows"/> the [[Optical Society of America]], and the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics|url=https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=southasia.ucsc.edu|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116162425/https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kapany's research and work encompassed fiber-optics communications, lasers, biomedical instrumentation, solar energy and pollution monitoring. He had over 120 patents, and was a member of the [[National Inventors Council]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Narinder Kapany, known as the 'father of fiber optics,' dies at 94|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2020/12/narinder-kapany-in-memoriam.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en}}</ref> He was an International [[Fellow]]<ref name="List of Fellows"/> of numerous scientific societies including the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="List of Fellows"/> the [[Optical Society of America]], and the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics|url=https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=southasia.ucsc.edu|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116162425/https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Line 35: Line 35:
As an entrepreneur and business executive, Kapany specialized in the processes of innovation and the management of technology and technology transfer. In 1960, he founded Optics Technology Inc. and was chairman of the board, President, and Director of Research for twelve years. In 1967 the company went public with numerous corporate acquisitions and joint-ventures in the United States and abroad. In 1973, Kapany founded Kaptron Inc. and was president and CEO until 1990 when he sold the company to [[AMP Incorporated]]. For the next nine years, Kapany was an AMP Fellow, heading the Entrepreneur & Technical Expert Program and serving as Chief Technologist for Global Communications Business. He founded K2 Optronics. He also served on the boards of various companies. He was a member of the Young Presidents Organization and later a member of the World Presidents Organization.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Father of fibre optics and patron of Sikh arts Narinder Singh Kapany dies at 94|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/father-of-fibre-optics-and-patron-of-sikh-arts-narinder-singh-kapany-dies-at-94-179849|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204221550/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/father-of-fibre-optics-and-patron-of-sikh-arts-narinder-singh-kapany-dies-at-94-179849|archive-date=4 December 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
As an entrepreneur and business executive, Kapany specialized in the processes of innovation and the management of technology and technology transfer. In 1960, he founded Optics Technology Inc. and was chairman of the board, President, and Director of Research for twelve years. In 1967 the company went public with numerous corporate acquisitions and joint-ventures in the United States and abroad. In 1973, Kapany founded Kaptron Inc. and was president and CEO until 1990 when he sold the company to [[AMP Incorporated]]. For the next nine years, Kapany was an AMP Fellow, heading the Entrepreneur & Technical Expert Program and serving as Chief Technologist for Global Communications Business. He founded K2 Optronics. He also served on the boards of various companies. He was a member of the Young Presidents Organization and later a member of the World Presidents Organization.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Father of fibre optics and patron of Sikh arts Narinder Singh Kapany dies at 94|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/father-of-fibre-optics-and-patron-of-sikh-arts-narinder-singh-kapany-dies-at-94-179849|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204221550/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/father-of-fibre-optics-and-patron-of-sikh-arts-narinder-singh-kapany-dies-at-94-179849|archive-date=4 December 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>


As an academic, Kapany taught and supervised research activity of postgraduate students. He was a Regents Professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (UCB) and at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. He founded the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurial Development (CIED) at UCSC<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Narinder Kapany, known as the 'father of fiber optics,' dies at 94|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2020/12/narinder-kapany-in-memoriam.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en}}</ref> and served as Director for seven years. At [[Stanford University]], he was a Visiting Scholar in the Physics Department and Consulting Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2017|title=Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month: The Father of Fiber Optics|url=https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Transportation History|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612161936/https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
As an academic, Kapany taught and supervised research activity of postgraduate students. He was a Regents Professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (UCB) and at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. He founded the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurial Development (CIED) at UCSC<ref name="auto"/> and served as Director for seven years. At [[Stanford University]], he was a Visiting Scholar in the Physics Department and Consulting Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering.<ref name="auto2"/>


As an author and lecturer, Kapany published over 100 scientific papers and four books on opto-electronics and [[entrepreneurship]]. He lectured to various national and international scientific societies.
As an author and lecturer, Kapany published over 100 scientific papers and four books on opto-electronics and [[entrepreneurship]]. He lectured to various national and international scientific societies.
Line 41: Line 41:
==Philanthropy and art==
==Philanthropy and art==
[[File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak meets Natha Siddhas, Kapany collection.jpg|thumb|left|19th century Sikh manuscripts from the Kapany collection at the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco]]
[[File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak meets Natha Siddhas, Kapany collection.jpg|thumb|left|19th century Sikh manuscripts from the Kapany collection at the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco]]
As a [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]], Kapany was active in education and the arts. He was the founding chairman of the Sikh Foundation and a major funder of its activities for over 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=Sikh Foundation |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522162302/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In collaboration with international institutions and publishers, the Foundation runs programs in publishing, academia and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Arts – The Sikh Foundation International|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-arts/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-CA}}</ref> In 1998, Kapany endowed a Chair of Sikh Studies at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. His gift in 1999 of $500,000 to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco established a gallery in its new building displaying the works he donated from his collection of Sikh art.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/comprof0602.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.sikhfoundation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saints and Kings: Arts, Culture, and Legacy of the Sikhs {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Asian Art Museum|url=https://exhibitions.asianart.org/exhibitions/saints-and-kings-arts-culture-and-legacy-of-the-sikhs/|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Exhibitions|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=SUNITA SOHRABJI/India-West Staff|title=Sikh Foundation Celebrates 50th Anniversary with Exhibit at Asian Art Museum|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/sikh-foundation-celebrates-50th-anniversary-with-exhibit-at-asian-art-museum/article_3942de84-f46c-11e6-bbae-9fb6e3687a60.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=India West|language=en}}</ref> In 1999, he endowed a Chair of Optoelectronics at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. Again in 2012, he established the Narinder Kapany Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship at UC Santa Cruz.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|access-date=2020-12-11|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en}}</ref> He was a trustee of the University of California, Santa Cruz Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rappaport|first=Scott|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany will establish Sikh book collection and study room at McHenry Library|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2017/03/kapany-library-sikh-gift.html|access-date=12 June 2020|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2017/03/kapany-library-sikh-gift.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as a trustee of the [[Menlo School]] in [[Menlo Park, California]].<ref name=":2" />
As a [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]], Kapany was active in education and the arts. He was the founding chairman of the Sikh Foundation and a major funder of its activities for over 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=Sikh Foundation |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522162302/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In collaboration with international institutions and publishers, the Foundation runs programs in publishing, academia and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Arts – The Sikh Foundation International|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-arts/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-CA}}</ref> In 1998, Kapany endowed a Chair of Sikh Studies at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. His gift in 1999 of $500,000 to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco established a gallery in its new building displaying the works he donated from his collection of Sikh art.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/comprof0602.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.sikhfoundation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saints and Kings: Arts, Culture, and Legacy of the Sikhs {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Asian Art Museum|url=https://exhibitions.asianart.org/exhibitions/saints-and-kings-arts-culture-and-legacy-of-the-sikhs/|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Exhibitions|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=SUNITA SOHRABJI/India-West Staff|title=Sikh Foundation Celebrates 50th Anniversary with Exhibit at Asian Art Museum|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/sikh-foundation-celebrates-50th-anniversary-with-exhibit-at-asian-art-museum/article_3942de84-f46c-11e6-bbae-9fb6e3687a60.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=India West|language=en}}</ref> In 1999, he endowed a Chair of Optoelectronics at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. Again in 2012, he established the Narinder Kapany Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship at UC Santa Cruz.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|access-date=2020-12-11|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en}}</ref> He was a trustee of the University of California, Santa Cruz Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rappaport|first=Scott|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany will establish Sikh book collection and study room at McHenry Library|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2017/03/kapany-library-sikh-gift.html|access-date=12 June 2020|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2017/03/kapany-library-sikh-gift.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as a trustee of the [[Menlo School]] in [[Menlo Park, California]].<ref name=":2" />


As an art collector, Kapany specialised in Sikh art. He provided paintings and other objects on loan for the "Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms" exhibition, which was held at London's Victoria & Albert Museum beginning in March 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Victoria and Albert Museum|first=Online Museum|date=11 January 2011|title=The Art of the Sikh Kingdoms|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=www.vam.ac.uk|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|url-status=live}}</ref> From there, the exhibition proceeded to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (with the Sikh Foundation as a sponsor) and opened in May 2000 at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] in Toronto. The exhibition follows "Splendors of the Punjab: Sikh Art and Literature in 1992" organised by Kapany in collaboration with the Asian Art Museum and UC Berkeley to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Sikh Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art and Literature|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Sikh Art and Literature|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|url-status=live}}</ref> As an artist, Kapany's dynoptic{{typo help inline|date=May 2021}} sculptures were displayed at the Exploratorium of the [[Palace of Fine Arts]] in San Francisco in 1972 and at museums and art galleries in Chicago, Monterey, Palo Alto, and Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art Museum mooted for BC {{!}} South Asian Post {{!}} Indo Canadian newspaper – Vancouver, Surrey, Calgary, Toronto, Brampton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal|url=https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.southasianpost.com|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205012707/https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/comprof0602.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.sikhfoundation.org}}</ref>
As an art collector, Kapany specialised in Sikh art. He provided paintings and other objects on loan for the "Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms" exhibition, which was held at London's Victoria & Albert Museum beginning in March 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Victoria and Albert Museum|first=Online Museum|date=11 January 2011|title=The Art of the Sikh Kingdoms|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=www.vam.ac.uk|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|url-status=live}}</ref> From there, the exhibition proceeded to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (with the Sikh Foundation as a sponsor) and opened in May 2000 at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] in Toronto. The exhibition follows "Splendors of the Punjab: Sikh Art and Literature in 1992" organised by Kapany in collaboration with the Asian Art Museum and UC Berkeley to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Sikh Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art and Literature|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Sikh Art and Literature|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|url-status=live}}</ref> As an artist, Kapany's dynoptic{{typo help inline|date=May 2021}} sculptures were displayed at the Exploratorium of the [[Palace of Fine Arts]] in San Francisco in 1972 and at museums and art galleries in Chicago, Monterey, Palo Alto, and Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art Museum mooted for BC {{!}} South Asian Post {{!}} Indo Canadian newspaper – Vancouver, Surrey, Calgary, Toronto, Brampton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal|url=https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.southasianpost.com|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205012707/https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>




Line 50: Line 50:


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
Kapany married Miss Satinder Kaur in 1954, in London.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYTProfile" /> His wife Satinder Kaur died in 2016.<ref name="NYTProfile" />
Kapany married Miss Satinder Kaur in 1954, in London.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="NYTProfile" /> His wife Satinder Kaur died in 2016.<ref name="NYTProfile" />


== Death==
== Death==

Revision as of 16:31, 24 December 2021

"Narinder Singh" redirects here. For the Indian cricketer, see Narinder Singh (cricketer).

Narinder Singh Kapany
Born(1926-10-31)31 October 1926
Moga, Punjab Province, British India
(present day Moga, Punjab, India)
Died4 December 2020(2020-12-04) (aged 94)
California, U.S.
NationalityIndian
American
Alma mater
Known forPioneering work on fibre optics
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Institutions

Narinder Singh Kapany (31 October 1926 – 4 December 2020) was an Indian-American physicist best known for his work on fiber optics.[2][3][4] He is credited with inventing fiber optics, and is considered the 'Father of Fiber Optics'.[5][6] Fortune named him one of seven 'Unsung Heroes of the 20th century' for his Nobel Prize-deserving invention.[7][3][8]He was awarded India's second highest civilian award the Padma Vibhushan posthumously in 2021.[9][10] He served as an Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) officer.[11] He was also offered the post of Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India, by the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. [12]

Early life and research

Kapany was born on 31 October 1926, in a Sikh family in Moga, Punjab.[13][14] He completed his schooling in Dehradun and went on to graduate from Agra University.[13][15] He served as an Indian Ordnance Factories Service officer, before going to Imperial College London in 1952 to work on a Ph.D. degree in optics from the University of London, which he obtained in 1955.[13][16]

At Imperial College, Kapany worked with Harold Hopkins on transmission through fibers, achieving good image transmission through a large bundle of optical fibers for the first time in 1953.[17][18][19] Optical fibers had been tried for image transmission before, but Hopkins and Kapany's technique allowed much better image quality than could previously be achieved. This, combined with the almost-simultaneous development of optical cladding by Dutch scientist Bram van Heel, helped jump start the new field of fiber optics. Kapany coined the term 'fiber optics' in an article in Scientific American in 1960, wrote the first book about the new field, and was the new field's most prominent researcher, writer, and spokesperson.[17][20][21]

Kapany's research and work encompassed fiber-optics communications, lasers, biomedical instrumentation, solar energy and pollution monitoring. He had over 120 patents, and was a member of the National Inventors Council.[22] He was an International Fellow[1] of numerous scientific societies including the Royal Academy of Engineering,[1] the Optical Society of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[16]

Career

Optical fibers

As an entrepreneur and business executive, Kapany specialized in the processes of innovation and the management of technology and technology transfer. In 1960, he founded Optics Technology Inc. and was chairman of the board, President, and Director of Research for twelve years. In 1967 the company went public with numerous corporate acquisitions and joint-ventures in the United States and abroad. In 1973, Kapany founded Kaptron Inc. and was president and CEO until 1990 when he sold the company to AMP Incorporated. For the next nine years, Kapany was an AMP Fellow, heading the Entrepreneur & Technical Expert Program and serving as Chief Technologist for Global Communications Business. He founded K2 Optronics. He also served on the boards of various companies. He was a member of the Young Presidents Organization and later a member of the World Presidents Organization.[16][23]

As an academic, Kapany taught and supervised research activity of postgraduate students. He was a Regents Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) and at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He founded the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurial Development (CIED) at UCSC[22] and served as Director for seven years. At Stanford University, he was a Visiting Scholar in the Physics Department and Consulting Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering.[21]

As an author and lecturer, Kapany published over 100 scientific papers and four books on opto-electronics and entrepreneurship. He lectured to various national and international scientific societies.

Philanthropy and art

19th century Sikh manuscripts from the Kapany collection at the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco

As a philanthropist, Kapany was active in education and the arts. He was the founding chairman of the Sikh Foundation and a major funder of its activities for over 50 years.[24] In collaboration with international institutions and publishers, the Foundation runs programs in publishing, academia and the arts.[25] In 1998, Kapany endowed a Chair of Sikh Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His gift in 1999 of $500,000 to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco established a gallery in its new building displaying the works he donated from his collection of Sikh art.[26][27][28] In 1999, he endowed a Chair of Optoelectronics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Again in 2012, he established the Narinder Kapany Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship at UC Santa Cruz.[29] He was a trustee of the University of California, Santa Cruz Foundation.[30] He also served as a trustee of the Menlo School in Menlo Park, California.[23]

As an art collector, Kapany specialised in Sikh art. He provided paintings and other objects on loan for the "Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms" exhibition, which was held at London's Victoria & Albert Museum beginning in March 1999.[31] From there, the exhibition proceeded to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (with the Sikh Foundation as a sponsor) and opened in May 2000 at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. The exhibition follows "Splendors of the Punjab: Sikh Art and Literature in 1992" organised by Kapany in collaboration with the Asian Art Museum and UC Berkeley to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Sikh Foundation.[32] As an artist, Kapany's dynoptic[check spelling] sculptures were displayed at the Exploratorium of the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco in 1972 and at museums and art galleries in Chicago, Monterey, Palo Alto, and Stanford.[33][26]


Awards and recognitions

Kapany was posthumously included in the list of Padma Vibhushan awardees for 2021.[34] The award is India's second highest civilian honor. He received the UC Santa Cruz Foundation Fiat Lux Award in 2008.[35][36] He was also the recipient of the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman in 2004. "The Excellence 2000 Award" from the USA Pan-Asian American Chamber of Commerce in 1998. In November 1999, he was identified by Fortune as one of the seven "unsung heroes who greatly influenced life in the twentieth century" in the "Businessmen of the Century" issue. Dr. Kapany was also on Time Magazine's list of top ten scientists of the 20th century in Time's last issue of 1999.[37][38]

Personal life

Kapany married Miss Satinder Kaur in 1954, in London.[14][15] His wife Satinder Kaur died in 2016.[15]

Death

He died on 4 December 2020, aged 94.[23][39]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "List of Fellows". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  2. ^ "Narinder Kapany, Ph.D., Founder and Chairman, K2 Optronics, Inc". Archived from the original on 31 July 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  3. ^ a b rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers Archived 3 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Specials.rediff.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.
  4. ^ How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2011.
  5. ^ "Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics". University of California Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017..
  6. ^ Dharmakumar, Rohin (11 March 2011). "Lighting up the Last Mile". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  7. ^ "Unsung Heroes They may not be household names, but without the contributions of these individuals, the business landscape would look radically different today. - November 22, 1999". archive.fortune.com. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  8. ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business Archived 15 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.
  9. ^ "PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced". Pib.nic.in. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  10. ^ "Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list". The Times of India. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  11. ^ "Father Of Fibre Optics, Narinder Singh Kapany Created A Communication Revolution". IndiaTimes. 15 November 2020.
  12. ^ "How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"". NDTV.com.
  13. ^ a b c Sharma, Dinesh C. (15 October 2009). "Nobel Question Mark". New Delhi: India Today. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  14. ^ a b Service, Tribune News. "Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  15. ^ a b c Risen, Clay (7 January 2021). "Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94". The New York Times.
  16. ^ a b c "Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics". southasia.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  17. ^ a b Hecht, Jeff (2004). City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics (revised ed.). Oxford University. pp. 55–70. ISBN 9780195162554.
  18. ^ Hopkins, H. H. & Kapany, N. S. (1954). "A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning". Nature. 173 (4392): 39–41. Bibcode:1954Natur.173...39H. doi:10.1038/173039b0. S2CID 4275331.
  19. ^ Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009
  20. ^ How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 8 February 2017.
  21. ^ a b "Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month: The Father of Fiber Optics". Transportation History. 3 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  22. ^ a b Stephens, Tim. "Narinder Kapany, known as the 'father of fiber optics,' dies at 94". UC Santa Cruz News. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  23. ^ a b c Service, Tribune News. "Father of fibre optics and patron of Sikh arts Narinder Singh Kapany dies at 94". Tribuneindia News Service. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  24. ^ "About Us". Sikh Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  25. ^ "Sikh Arts – The Sikh Foundation International". Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  26. ^ a b "The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles". www.sikhfoundation.org. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  27. ^ "Saints and Kings: Arts, Culture, and Legacy of the Sikhs | Exhibitions | Asian Art Museum". Exhibitions. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  28. ^ Reporter, SUNITA SOHRABJI/India-West Staff. "Sikh Foundation Celebrates 50th Anniversary with Exhibit at Asian Art Museum". India West. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  29. ^ Stephens, Tim. "Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship". UC Santa Cruz News. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  30. ^ Rappaport, Scott. "Gift from Narinder Kapany will establish Sikh book collection and study room at McHenry Library". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  31. ^ Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum (11 January 2011). "The Art of the Sikh Kingdoms". www.vam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  32. ^ "Sikh Art and Literature". Sikh Art and Literature. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  33. ^ "Sikh Art Museum mooted for BC | South Asian Post | Indo Canadian newspaper – Vancouver, Surrey, Calgary, Toronto, Brampton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal". www.southasianpost.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  34. ^ "Punjab born Indian-American Sikh scientist gets Padma Vibhushan posthumously". The Indian Express. 26 January 2021.
  35. ^ "Fiat Lux Award". foundation.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  36. ^ Stephens, Tim. "Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  37. ^ Boitano, Margaret; Carvell, Tim (22 November 1999). "Unsung Heroes". Fortune Magazine: 144–146 – via EBSCO.
  38. ^ "Jewels of Punjab – Dr Narinder Singh Kapany – The Sikh Foundation International". Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  39. ^ Haldar, Raktim. "Dr Narinder Singh Kapany: Forgotten 'Father of Fiber-Optics'". Science Reporter. Retrieved 8 January 2021.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&oldid=1061883986"