Narinder Singh Kapany: Difference between revisions

Narinder Singh Kapany
Narinder Singh Kapany
ਨਰਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਪਾਨੀ
	Father of Fiber Optics
Born	31 October 1926; Moga, Punjab, British India; (present-day Punjab, India)
Died	4 December 2020 (aged 94); California, U.S.
Nationality	Indian; American
Alma mater	Agra University; Imperial College London;
Known for	Pioneering work on fibre optics
Awards	Pravasi Bharatiya Samman; The Excellence 2000 Award; Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (1998); Padma Vibhushan (2021);
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Agra University; Ordnance Factories Board; Imperial College of Science; British Royal Academy of Engineering; Optical Society of America; American Association for the Advancement of Science; Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB); University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC); Stanford University;

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Narinder Singh Kapany (31 October 1926 – 4 December 2020) was an Indian-American physicist best known for his work on fiber optics.^[2]^[3]^[4] Kapany is a pioneer in the field of fiber optics, known for coining and popularising the term.^[5]^[6] Fortune named him one of seven "Unsung Heroes of the 20th Century" for his Nobel Prize-deserving invention.^[7]^[3]^[8] He was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, posthumously in 2021.^[9]^[10] He served as an Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) officer.^[11] He was also offered the post of Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India, by the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru.^[12] He is considered the father of Fiber Optics.

Early life and research

Kapany was born on 31 October 1926, in Moga, Punjab to Sundar Singh and Kundan Kaur. He was from a Sikh Khatri family of Sodhi Clan and were landlords.^[13]^[14] He completed his schooling in Dehradun and went on to graduate from Agra University.^[14]^[15] He served as an Indian Ordnance Factories Service officer, before going to Imperial College London in 1952 to work on a Ph.D. degree in optics from the University of London, which he obtained in 1955.^[14]^[16]

At Imperial College, Kapany worked with Harold Hopkins on transmission through fibers, achieving good image transmission through a large bundle of optical fibers for the first time in 1953.^[17]^[18]^[19] Optical fibers had been tried for image transmission before, but Hopkins and Kapany's technique allowed much better image quality than could previously be achieved. This, combined with the almost-simultaneous development of optical cladding by Dutch scientist Bram van Heel, helped jump start the new field of fiber optics. Kapany coined the term 'fiber optics' in an article in Scientific American in 1960, wrote the first book about the new field, and was the new field's most prominent researcher, writer, and spokesperson.^[17]^[20]^[21]

Kapany's research and work encompassed fiber-optics communications, lasers, biomedical instrumentation, solar energy and pollution monitoring. He had over 120 patents, and was a member of the National Inventors Council.^[22] He was an International Fellow^[1] of numerous scientific societies including the Royal Academy of Engineering,^[1] the Optical Society of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.^[16]

Career

As an entrepreneur and business executive, Kapany specialized in the processes of innovation and the management of technology and technology transfer. In 1960, he founded Optics Technology Inc. and was chairman of the board, president, and director of research for twelve years. In 1967 the company went public with numerous corporate acquisitions and joint-ventures in the United States and abroad. In 1973, Kapany founded Kaptron Inc. and was president and CEO until 1990 when he sold the company to AMP Incorporated. For the next nine years, Kapany was an AMP Fellow, heading the Entrepreneur & Technical Expert Program and serving as chief technologist for global communications business. He founded K2 Optronics. He also served on the boards of various companies. He was a member of the Young Presidents Organization and later a member of the World Presidents Organization.^[16]^[23]

As an academic, Kapany taught and supervised research activity of postgraduate students. He was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He founded the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurial Development (CIED) at UCSC^[22] and served as director for seven years. At Stanford University, he was a visiting scholar in the Physics Department and consulting professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering.^[21]

As an author and lecturer, Kapany published over 100 scientific papers and four books on opto-electronics and entrepreneurship.

Philanthropy and art

As a philanthropist, Kapany was active in education and the arts. He was the founding chairman of the Sikh Foundation and a major funder of its activities for over 50 years.^[24] In collaboration with international institutions and publishers, the Foundation runs programs in publishing, academia and the arts.^[25] In 1998, Kapany endowed a Chair of Sikh Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His gift in 1999 of $500,000 to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco established a gallery in its new building displaying the works he donated from his collection of Sikh art.^[26]^[27]^[28] In 1999, he endowed a Chair of Optoelectronics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Again in 2012, he established the Narinder Kapany Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship at UC Santa Cruz.^[29] He was a trustee of the University of California, Santa Cruz Foundation.^[30] He also served as a trustee of the Menlo School in Menlo Park, California.^[23]

As an art collector, Kapany specialised in Sikh art. He provided paintings and other objects on loan for the "Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms" exhibition, which was held at London's Victoria & Albert Museum beginning in March 1999.^[31] From there, the exhibition proceeded to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (with the Sikh Foundation as a sponsor) and opened in May 2000 at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. The exhibition follows "Splendors of the Punjab: Sikh Art and Literature in 1992" organised by Kapany in collaboration with the Asian Art Museum and UC Berkeley to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Sikh Foundation.^[32] As an artist, Kapany's 'dynoptic' sculptures were displayed at the Exploratorium of the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco in 1972 and at museums and art galleries in Chicago, Monterey, Palo Alto, and Stanford.^[33]^[26]

Awards and recognitions

Kapany was posthumously included in the list of Padma Vibhushan awardees^[34] for 2021.^[35] The award is India's second highest civilian honor. He received the UC Santa Cruz Foundation Fiat Lux Award in 2008.^[36]^[37] He was also the recipient of the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman in 2004. He received the Excellence 2000 Award from the USA Pan-Asian American Chamber of Commerce in 1998. In November 1999, he was identified by Fortune as one of the seven "unsung heroes who greatly influenced life in the twentieth century" in the "Businessmen of the Century" issue. Dr. Kapany was also on Time Magazine's list of top ten scientists of the 20th century in Time's last issue of 1999.^[38]^[39]

Personal life

Kapany married Satinder Kaur in 1954, in Lahore.^[40]^[15] She died in 2016 after a long battle against Parkinson's disease.^[41]

Death

Kapany died on 4 December 2020, aged 94.^[23]^[42]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "List of Fellows". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ "Narinder Kapany, Ph.D., Founder and Chairman, K2 Optronics, Inc". Archived from the original on 31 July 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
^ ^a ^b rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers Archived 3 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Specials.rediff.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.
^ How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2011.
^ "Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics". University of California Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017..
^ Dharmakumar, Rohin (11 March 2011). "Lighting up the Last Mile". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ "Unsung Heroes They may not be household names, but without the contributions of these individuals, the business landscape would look radically different today. – November 22, 1999". archive.fortune.com. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business Archived 15 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.
^ "PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced". Pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
^ "Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list". The Times of India. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Father Of Fibre Optics, Narinder Singh Kapany Created A Communication Revolution". IndiaTimes. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ Kapany, Narinder (4 October 2021). Narinder Singh Kapany: The Man Who Bent Light. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-92130-00-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sharma, Dinesh C. (15 October 2009). "Nobel Question Mark". New Delhi: India Today. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b Risen, Clay (7 January 2021). "Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics". southasia.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ ^a ^b Hecht, Jeff (2004). City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics (revised ed.). Oxford University. pp. 55–70. ISBN 9780195162554.
^ Hopkins, H. H. & Kapany, N. S. (1954). "A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning". Nature. 173 (4392): 39–41. Bibcode:1954Natur.173...39H. doi:10.1038/173039b0. S2CID 4275331.
^ Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009
^ How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 8 February 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month: The Father of Fiber Optics". Transportation History. 3 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
^ ^a ^b Stephens, Tim. "Narinder Kapany, known as the 'father of fiber optics,' dies at 94". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Service, Tribune News. "Father of fibre optics and patron of Sikh arts Narinder Singh Kapany dies at 94". Tribuneindia News Service. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ "About Us". Sikh Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ "Sikh Arts – The Sikh Foundation International". Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ ^a ^b "The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles". www.sikhfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ "Saints and Kings: Arts, Culture, and Legacy of the Sikhs | Exhibitions | Asian Art Museum". Exhibitions. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ Reporter, SUNITA SOHRABJI/India-West Staff. "Sikh Foundation Celebrates 50th Anniversary with Exhibit at Asian Art Museum". India West. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ Stephens, Tim. "Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
^ Rappaport, Scott. "Gift from Narinder Kapany will establish Sikh book collection and study room at McHenry Library". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
^ Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum (11 January 2011). "The Art of the Sikh Kingdoms". www.vam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
^ "Sikh Art and Literature". Sikh Art and Literature. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
^ "Sikh Art Museum mooted for BC | South Asian Post | Indo Canadian newspaper – Vancouver, Surrey, Calgary, Toronto, Brampton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal". www.southasianpost.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ "Padma Awards 2021 announced". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ "Punjab born Indian-American Sikh scientist gets Padma Vibhushan posthumously". The Indian Express. 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "Fiat Lux Award". foundation.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
^ Stephens, Tim. "Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
^ Boitano, Margaret; Carvell, Tim (22 November 1999). "Unsung Heroes". Fortune Magazine: 144–146 – via EBSCO.
^ "Jewels of Punjab – Dr Narinder Singh Kapany – The Sikh Foundation International". 23 December 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ Service, Tribune News. "Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist". Tribuneindia News Service. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ "A Portrait of Elegance and Grace – Satinder Kaur Kapany". www.sikhfoundation.org. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
^ Haldar, Raktim. "Dr Narinder Singh Kapany: Forgotten 'Father of Fiber-Optics'". Science Reporter. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.

External links

Article on Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany at the Wayback Machine (archived 16 March 2019)
News Article on Narinder Singh Kapany
Obituary of Narinder Singh Kapany by Science Reporter (Published on 8 January 2021)

[List_of_Fellows-1] "List of Fellows". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2014.

[soe.ucsc.edu-2] "Narinder Kapany, Ph.D., Founder and Chairman, K2 Optronics, Inc". Archived from the original on 31 July 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2008.

[rediff.com:_Honouring_the_Achievers-3] rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers Archived 3 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Specials.rediff.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.

[rediff.com:_How_India_missed_another_Nobel_Prize-4] How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2011.

[ucsc.edu-5] "Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics". University of California Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017..

[forbes.com-6] Dharmakumar, Rohin (11 March 2011). "Lighting up the Last Mile". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

[7] "Unsung Heroes They may not be household names, but without the contributions of these individuals, the business landscape would look radically different today. – November 22, 1999". archive.fortune.com. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

[tribuneindia.com-8] The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business Archived 15 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.

[Padma-9] "PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced". Pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2011.

[10] "Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list". The Times of India. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.

[11] "Father Of Fibre Optics, Narinder Singh Kapany Created A Communication Revolution". IndiaTimes. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

[12] "How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

[13] Kapany, Narinder (4 October 2021). Narinder Singh Kapany: The Man Who Bent Light. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-92130-00-7.

[indiatoday.intoday.in-14] Sharma, Dinesh C. (15 October 2009). "Nobel Question Mark". New Delhi: India Today. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2017.

[NYTProfile-15] Risen, Clay (7 January 2021). "Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.

[:1-16] "Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics". southasia.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[Hecht2004-17] Hecht, Jeff (2004). City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics (revised ed.). Oxford University. pp. 55–70. ISBN 9780195162554.

[18] Hopkins, H. H. & Kapany, N. S. (1954). "A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning". Nature. 173 (4392): 39–41. Bibcode:1954Natur.173...39H. doi:10.1038/173039b0. S2CID 4275331.

[19] Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009

[20] How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 8 February 2017.

[auto2-21] "Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month: The Father of Fiber Optics". Transportation History. 3 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[auto-22] Stephens, Tim. "Narinder Kapany, known as the 'father of fiber optics,' dies at 94". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

[:2-23] Service, Tribune News. "Father of fibre optics and patron of Sikh arts Narinder Singh Kapany dies at 94". Tribuneindia News Service. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[24] "About Us". Sikh Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.

[25] "Sikh Arts – The Sikh Foundation International". Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[auto3-26] "The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles". www.sikhfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[27] "Saints and Kings: Arts, Culture, and Legacy of the Sikhs | Exhibitions | Asian Art Museum". Exhibitions. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[28] Reporter, SUNITA SOHRABJI/India-West Staff. "Sikh Foundation Celebrates 50th Anniversary with Exhibit at Asian Art Museum". India West. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[29] Stephens, Tim. "Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

[30] Rappaport, Scott. "Gift from Narinder Kapany will establish Sikh book collection and study room at McHenry Library". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[31] Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum (11 January 2011). "The Art of the Sikh Kingdoms". www.vam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[32] "Sikh Art and Literature". Sikh Art and Literature. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[33] "Sikh Art Museum mooted for BC | South Asian Post | Indo Canadian newspaper – Vancouver, Surrey, Calgary, Toronto, Brampton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal". www.southasianpost.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[34] "Padma Awards 2021 announced". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[35] "Punjab born Indian-American Sikh scientist gets Padma Vibhushan posthumously". The Indian Express. 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[36] "Fiat Lux Award". foundation.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[37] Stephens, Tim. "Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship". UC Santa Cruz News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[38] Boitano, Margaret; Carvell, Tim (22 November 1999). "Unsung Heroes". Fortune Magazine: 144–146 – via EBSCO.

[39] "Jewels of Punjab – Dr Narinder Singh Kapany – The Sikh Foundation International". 23 December 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[auto1-40] Service, Tribune News. "Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist". Tribuneindia News Service. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[satinder_kaur-41] "A Portrait of Elegance and Grace – Satinder Kaur Kapany". www.sikhfoundation.org. Retrieved 21 April 2024.

[42] Haldar, Raktim. "Dr Narinder Singh Kapany: Forgotten 'Father of Fiber-Optics'". Science Reporter. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 {{Infobox scientist
 | name              = Narinder Singh Kapany
+| native_name       = ਨਰਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਪਾਨੀ
 | image             = Photograph of Narinder Singh Kapany, the father of fibre optics.jpg
-| caption           =
+| caption           = Father of Fiber Optics
 | birth_date        = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|10|31}}
 | birth_place       = [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br>{{Small|(present-day [[Punjab, India]])}}
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
 }}
-'''Narinder Singh Kapany''' (31 October 1926 – 4 December 2020) was an [[Indian-American]] [[physicist]] best known for his work on [[fiber optics]].<ref name="soe.ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Kapany, Ph.D., Founder and Chairman, K2 Optronics, Inc.|url=http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050731094716/http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|archive-date=31 July 2005|access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers">[http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603115121/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm|date=3 June 2018}}. Specials.rediff.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref><ref name="rediff.com: How India missed another Nobel Prize">[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm|date=14 December 2019}}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref> Kapany is a pioneer in the field of [[fiber optics]], and known for coining and popularising the term.<ref name="ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics|url=http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521222508/http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|archive-date=21 May 2017|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=University of California Santa Cruz}}.</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite magazine|last=Dharmakumar|first=Rohin|date=11 March 2011|title=Lighting up the Last Mile|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|url-status=live|magazine=Forbes India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728120034/https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|archive-date=28 July 2019|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' named him one of seven 'Unsung Heroes of the 20th century' for his [[Nobel Prize]]-deserving invention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unsung Heroes They may not be household names, but without the contributions of these individuals, the business landscape would look radically different today. – November 22, 1999|url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/11/22/269122/index.htm|access-date=2021-01-27|website=archive.fortune.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers"/><ref name="tribuneindia.com">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615165936/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1|date=15 June 2017}}. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref> He was awarded India's second highest civilian award the [[Padma Vibhushan]] posthumously in 2021.<ref name=Padma>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |title=PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-02 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073917/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128190946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)]] officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html|title=Father Of Fibre Optics, Narinder Singh Kapany Created A Communication Revolution|date=15 November 2020|website=IndiaTimes|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163100/https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also offered the post of Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India, by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|title=How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"|website=NDTV.com|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|url-status=live}}</ref>
+'''Narinder Singh Kapany''' (31 October 1926 – 4 December 2020) was an [[Indian-American]] [[physicist]] best known for his work on [[fiber optics]].<ref name="soe.ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Kapany, Ph.D., Founder and Chairman, K2 Optronics, Inc.|url=http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050731094716/http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|archive-date=31 July 2005|access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers">[http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603115121/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm|date=3 June 2018}}. Specials.rediff.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref><ref name="rediff.com: How India missed another Nobel Prize">[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm|date=14 December 2019}}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref> Kapany is a pioneer in the field of [[fiber optics]], known for coining and popularising the term.<ref name="ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics|url=http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521222508/http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|archive-date=21 May 2017|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=University of California Santa Cruz}}.</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite magazine|last=Dharmakumar|first=Rohin|date=11 March 2011|title=Lighting up the Last Mile|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|url-status=live|magazine=Forbes India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728120034/https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|archive-date=28 July 2019|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' named him one of seven "Unsung Heroes of the 20th Century" for his [[Nobel Prize]]-deserving invention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unsung Heroes They may not be household names, but without the contributions of these individuals, the business landscape would look radically different today. – November 22, 1999|url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/11/22/269122/index.htm|access-date=2021-01-27|website=archive.fortune.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers"/><ref name="tribuneindia.com">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615165936/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1|date=15 June 2017}}. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref> He was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the [[Padma Vibhushan]], posthumously in 2021.<ref name=Padma>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |title=PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-02 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073917/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128190946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)]] officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html|title=Father Of Fibre Optics, Narinder Singh Kapany Created A Communication Revolution|date=15 November 2020|website=IndiaTimes|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163100/https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also offered the post of Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India, by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|title=How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"|website=NDTV.com|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|url-status=live}}</ref> He is considered the father of Fiber Optics.
 ==Early life and research==
-Kapany was born on 31 October 1926, in a Sikh family in [[Moga, Punjab]] to Sundar Singh and Kundan Kaur. He was from a [[Sodhi|Sodhi Khatri]] family of [[Zamindar|landlords]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narinder Singh Kapany – The Global Sikh Trail |url=https://theglobalsikhtrail.com/stories_posts/narinder-singh-kapany/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapany |first=Narinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZFOEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en |title=Narinder Singh Kapany: The Man Who Bent Light |date=2021-10-04 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-92130-00-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in" /><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205024518/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed his schooling in [[Dehradun]] and went on to graduate from [[Agra University]].<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Dinesh C.|date=15 October 2009|title=Nobel Question Mark|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022729/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=India Today|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="NYTProfile">{{cite web |last1=Risen |first1=Clay |title=Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html |website=The New York Times |date=7 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210145758/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] officer, before going to [[Imperial College London]] in 1952 to work on a Ph.D. degree in optics from the [[University of London]], which he obtained in 1955.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name=":1" />
+Kapany was born on 31 October 1926, in [[Moga, Punjab]] to Sundar Singh and Kundan Kaur. He was from a [[Sikh]] [[Khatri]] family of [[Sodhi]] Clan and were [[Zamindar|landlords]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapany |first=Narinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZFOEAAAQBAJ |title=Narinder Singh Kapany: The Man Who Bent Light |date=2021-10-04 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-92130-00-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in" /> He completed his schooling in [[Dehradun]] and went on to graduate from [[Agra University]].<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Dinesh C.|date=15 October 2009|title=Nobel Question Mark|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022729/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=India Today|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="NYTProfile">{{cite web |last1=Risen |first1=Clay |title=Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html |website=The New York Times |date=7 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210145758/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] officer, before going to [[Imperial College London]] in 1952 to work on a Ph.D. degree in optics from the [[University of London]], which he obtained in 1955.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name=":1" />
 At [[Imperial College London|Imperial College]], Kapany worked with [[Harold Hopkins (physicist)|Harold Hopkins]] on transmission through fibers, achieving good image transmission through a large bundle of optical fibers for the first time in 1953.<ref name=Hecht2004>{{cite book |first=Jeff |last=Hecht |title=City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics |url=https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258 |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University |edition=revised |date=2004 |isbn=9780195162554 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258/page/n67 55]–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hopkins, H. H. |author2=Kapany, N. S. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/173039b0 |volume=173|pages= 39–41 |year=1954 |title=A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning|issue=4392|bibcode = 1954Natur.173...39H |s2cid=4275331 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061117/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/sciback_phy_09.pdf Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies]. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009</ref> Optical fibers had been tried for image transmission before, but Hopkins and Kapany's technique allowed much better image quality than could previously be achieved. This, combined with the almost-simultaneous development of [[Cladding (fiber optics)|optical cladding]] by Dutch scientist Bram van Heel, helped jump start the new field of [[fibre optics|fiber optics]]. Kapany coined the term 'fiber optics' in an article in ''[[Scientific American]]'' in 1960, wrote the first book about the new field, and was the new field's most prominent researcher, writer, and spokesperson.<ref name=Hecht2004/><ref>[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm |date=14 December 2019 }}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 8 February 2017.</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|date=3 May 2017|title=Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month: The Father of Fiber Optics|url=https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Transportation History|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612161936/https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 35: / Line 36: @@
 As an entrepreneur and business executive, Kapany specialized in the processes of innovation and the management of technology and technology transfer. In 1960, he founded Optics Technology Inc. and was chairman of the board, president, and director of research for twelve years. In 1967 the company went public with numerous corporate acquisitions and joint-ventures in the United States and abroad. In 1973, Kapany founded Kaptron Inc. and was president and CEO until 1990 when he sold the company to [[AMP Incorporated]]. For the next nine years, Kapany was an AMP Fellow, heading the Entrepreneur & Technical Expert Program and serving as chief technologist for global communications business. He founded K2 Optronics. He also served on the boards of various companies. He was a member of the Young Presidents Organization and later a member of the World Presidents Organization.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Father of fibre optics and patron of Sikh arts Narinder Singh Kapany dies at 94|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/father-of-fibre-optics-and-patron-of-sikh-arts-narinder-singh-kapany-dies-at-94-179849|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204221550/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/father-of-fibre-optics-and-patron-of-sikh-arts-narinder-singh-kapany-dies-at-94-179849|archive-date=4 December 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
-As an academic, Kapany taught and supervised research activity of postgraduate students. He was a regents professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (UCB) and at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. He founded the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurial Development (CIED) at UCSC<ref name="auto"/> and served as director for seven years. At [[Stanford University]], he was a visiting scholar in the Physics Department and consulting professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering.<ref name="auto2"/>
+As an academic, Kapany taught and supervised research activity of postgraduate students. He was a professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. He founded the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurial Development (CIED) at UCSC<ref name="auto"/> and served as director for seven years. At [[Stanford University]], he was a visiting scholar in the Physics Department and consulting professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering.<ref name="auto2"/>
-As an author and lecturer, Kapany published over 100 scientific papers and four books on opto-electronics and [[entrepreneurship]]. He lectured to various national and international scientific societies.
+As an author and lecturer, Kapany published over 100 scientific papers and four books on opto-electronics and [[entrepreneurship]].
 ==Philanthropy and art==
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 As a [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]], Kapany was active in education and the arts. He was the founding chairman of the Sikh Foundation and a major funder of its activities for over 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=Sikh Foundation |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522162302/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In collaboration with international institutions and publishers, the Foundation runs programs in publishing, academia and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Arts – The Sikh Foundation International|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-arts/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-CA|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201211842/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-arts/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, Kapany endowed a Chair of [[Sikh Studies]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. His gift in 1999 of $500,000 to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco established a gallery in its new building displaying the works he donated from his collection of Sikh art.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/comprof0602.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.sikhfoundation.org|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228211900/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/comprof0602.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saints and Kings: Arts, Culture, and Legacy of the Sikhs {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Asian Art Museum|url=https://exhibitions.asianart.org/exhibitions/saints-and-kings-arts-culture-and-legacy-of-the-sikhs/|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Exhibitions|language=en-US|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514015437/https://exhibitions.asianart.org/exhibitions/saints-and-kings-arts-culture-and-legacy-of-the-sikhs/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=SUNITA SOHRABJI/India-West Staff|title=Sikh Foundation Celebrates 50th Anniversary with Exhibit at Asian Art Museum|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/sikh-foundation-celebrates-50th-anniversary-with-exhibit-at-asian-art-museum/article_3942de84-f46c-11e6-bbae-9fb6e3687a60.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=India West|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209070837/https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/sikh-foundation-celebrates-50th-anniversary-with-exhibit-at-asian-art-museum/article_3942de84-f46c-11e6-bbae-9fb6e3687a60.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1999, he endowed a Chair of Optoelectronics at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. Again in 2012, he established the Narinder Kapany Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship at UC Santa Cruz.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|access-date=2020-12-11|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  He was a trustee of the University of California, Santa Cruz Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rappaport|first=Scott|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany will establish Sikh book collection and study room at McHenry Library|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2017/03/kapany-library-sikh-gift.html|access-date=12 June 2020|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2017/03/kapany-library-sikh-gift.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as a trustee of the [[Menlo School]] in [[Menlo Park, California]].<ref name=":2" />
-As an art collector, Kapany specialised in Sikh art. He provided paintings and other objects on loan for the "Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms" exhibition, which was held at London's Victoria & Albert Museum beginning in March 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Victoria and Albert Museum|first=Online Museum|date=11 January 2011|title=The Art of the Sikh Kingdoms|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=www.vam.ac.uk|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|url-status=live}}</ref> From there, the exhibition proceeded to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (with the Sikh Foundation as a sponsor) and opened in May 2000 at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] in Toronto. The exhibition follows "Splendors of the Punjab: Sikh Art and Literature in 1992" organised by Kapany in collaboration with the Asian Art Museum and UC Berkeley to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Sikh Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art and Literature|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Sikh Art and Literature|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|url-status=live}}</ref> As an artist, Kapany's dynoptic{{typo help inline|date=May 2021}} sculptures were displayed at the Exploratorium of the [[Palace of Fine Arts]] in San Francisco in 1972 and at museums and art galleries in Chicago, Monterey, Palo Alto, and Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art Museum mooted for BC {{!}} South Asian Post {{!}} Indo Canadian newspaper – Vancouver, Surrey, Calgary, Toronto, Brampton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal|url=https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.southasianpost.com|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205012707/https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>
+As an art collector, Kapany specialised in Sikh art. He provided paintings and other objects on loan for the "Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms" exhibition, which was held at London's Victoria & Albert Museum beginning in March 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Victoria and Albert Museum|first=Online Museum|date=11 January 2011|title=The Art of the Sikh Kingdoms|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=www.vam.ac.uk|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|url-status=live}}</ref> From there, the exhibition proceeded to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (with the Sikh Foundation as a sponsor) and opened in May 2000 at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] in Toronto. The exhibition follows "Splendors of the Punjab: Sikh Art and Literature in 1992" organised by Kapany in collaboration with the Asian Art Museum and UC Berkeley to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Sikh Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art and Literature|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Sikh Art and Literature|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|url-status=live}}</ref> As an artist, Kapany's 'dynoptic' sculptures were displayed at the Exploratorium of the [[Palace of Fine Arts]] in San Francisco in 1972 and at museums and art galleries in Chicago, Monterey, Palo Alto, and Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art Museum mooted for BC {{!}} South Asian Post {{!}} Indo Canadian newspaper – Vancouver, Surrey, Calgary, Toronto, Brampton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal|url=https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.southasianpost.com|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205012707/https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>
 == Awards and recognitions ==
-Kapany was posthumously included in the list of Padma Vibhushan awardees<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1692337 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> for 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab born Indian-American Sikh scientist gets Padma Vibhushan posthumously |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-born-indian-american-sikh-scientist-padma-vibhushan-posthumously-7161942/#:~:text=Punjab%20born%20scientist%20Narinder%20Singh,He%20was%2094. |work=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2021 |language=en |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220191806/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-born-indian-american-sikh-scientist-padma-vibhushan-posthumously-7161942/#:~:text=Punjab%20born%20scientist%20Narinder%20Singh,He%20was%2094. |url-status=live }}</ref> The award is India's second highest civilian honor. He received the UC Santa Cruz Foundation Fiat Lux Award in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiat Lux Award|url=https://foundation.ucsc.edu/awards/fiat-lux-award.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160818/https://foundation.ucsc.edu/awards/fiat-lux-award.html|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=foundation.ucsc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en}}</ref> He was also the recipient of the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] in 2004. "The Excellence 2000 Award" from the USA Pan-Asian American Chamber of Commerce in 1998. In November 1999, he was identified by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' as one of the seven "unsung heroes who greatly influenced life in the twentieth century" in the "Businessmen of the Century" issue. Dr. Kapany was also on Time Magazine's list of top ten scientists of the 20th century in Time's last issue of 1999.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boitano|first1=Margaret|last2=Carvell|first2=Tim|date=22 November 1999|title=Unsung Heroes|journal=Fortune Magazine|pages=144–146|via=EBSCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jewels of Punjab – Dr Narinder Singh Kapany – The Sikh Foundation International|url=https://www.sikhfoundation.org/jewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-CA|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027035654/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/jewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Kapany was posthumously included in the list of Padma Vibhushan awardees<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1692337 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> for 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab born Indian-American Sikh scientist gets Padma Vibhushan posthumously |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-born-indian-american-sikh-scientist-padma-vibhushan-posthumously-7161942/#:~:text=Punjab%20born%20scientist%20Narinder%20Singh,He%20was%2094. |work=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2021 |language=en |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220191806/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-born-indian-american-sikh-scientist-padma-vibhushan-posthumously-7161942/#:~:text=Punjab%20born%20scientist%20Narinder%20Singh,He%20was%2094. |url-status=live }}</ref> The award is India's second highest civilian honor. He received the UC Santa Cruz Foundation Fiat Lux Award in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiat Lux Award|url=https://foundation.ucsc.edu/awards/fiat-lux-award.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160818/https://foundation.ucsc.edu/awards/fiat-lux-award.html|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=foundation.ucsc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en}}</ref> He was also the recipient of the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] in 2004. He received the Excellence 2000 Award from the USA Pan-Asian American Chamber of Commerce in 1998. In November 1999, he was identified by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' as one of the seven "unsung heroes who greatly influenced life in the twentieth century" in the "Businessmen of the Century" issue. Dr. Kapany was also on Time Magazine's list of top ten scientists of the 20th century in Time's last issue of 1999.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boitano|first1=Margaret|last2=Carvell|first2=Tim|date=22 November 1999|title=Unsung Heroes|journal=Fortune Magazine|pages=144–146|via=EBSCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jewels of Punjab – Dr Narinder Singh Kapany – The Sikh Foundation International|date=23 December 2017 |url=https://www.sikhfoundation.org/jewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-CA|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027035654/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/jewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Personal life ==
+Kapany married Satinder Kaur in 1954, in Lahore.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205024518/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYTProfile" /> She died in 2016 after a long battle against Parkinson's disease.<ref name="satinder_kaur">{{Cite web|title=A Portrait of Elegance and Grace – Satinder Kaur Kapany|url=https://www.sikhfoundation.org/a-portrait-of-elegance-grace-satinder-kaur-kapany/|access-date=21 April 2024|website=www.sikhfoundation.org|language=en}}</ref>
-Kapany married Satinder Kaur in 1954, in London.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="NYTProfile" /> She died in 2016.<ref name="NYTProfile" />
 == Death ==
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 [[Category:2020 deaths]]
 [[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
-[[Category:Punjabi people]]
 [[Category:Punjabi academics]]
 [[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]
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 [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
 [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
+[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
+[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]

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v t e Recipients of Padma Vibhushan
Arts	Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Prabha Atre Amitabh Bachchan Teejan Bai M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Chiranjeevi Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M. F. Husain Zakir Hussain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R. K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Chhannulal Mishra Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D. K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Balwant Moreshwar Purandare Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S. H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M. S. Subbulakshmi K. G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K. J. Yesudas
Civil service	Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T. N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P. N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M. S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H. V. R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhiya Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K. B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M. G. K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T. V. Rajeswar C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao V. K. R. V. Rao Bipin Rawat Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra
Literature and education	V. S. R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D. P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Radheshyam Khemka Kuvempu O. N. V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidananda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R. K. Narayan P. Parameswaran Amrita Pritam K. N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi
Medicine	Jasbir Singh Bajaj B. K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S. I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V. Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M. S. Valiathan Dilip Mahalanabis
Other	Sunderlal Bahuguna B. K. S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Ravi Shankar Vishwesha Teertha Jaggi Vasudev B. V. Doshi
Public affairs	L. K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P. N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C. D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee George Fernandes P. B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin Gilman Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Zakir Husain V. R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Arun Jaitley Aditya Nath Jha Murli Manohar Joshi Anerood Jugnauth Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V. N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V. K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Venkaiah Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Sunder Lal Patwa Sharad Pawar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N. G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y. Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal P. A. Sangma M. C. Setalvad Kalyan Singh Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Sushma Swaraj Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M. N. Venkatachaliah Kottayan Katankot Venugopal Jigme Dorji Wangchuck S. M. Krishna Mulayam Singh Yadav
Science and engineering	V. K. Aatre Salim Ali Norman Borlaug Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Rajagopala Chidambaram Charles Correa Satish Dhawan Anil Kakodkar A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I. G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K. R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C. R. Rao C. N. R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Udupi Ramachandra Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M. R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M. S. Swaminathan Narinder Singh Kapany S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
Social work	Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U. N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta
Sports	Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Mary Kom Sachin Tendulkar
Trade and industry	Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal Anil Manibhai Naik N. R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J. R. D. Tata Ratan Tata
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