Literary group

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A literary group is a voluntary grouping of word producers who, loosely or firmly, pursue common aesthetic and / or public goals. Its members are usually in personal contact with one another. A nominal or "quasi-group" is when external observers or authorities summarize writers under a style term or a political characteristic (e.g. Young Germany (literature) ).

Literary groups have formed again and again, because some poets appeared in their “literary feuds to have a personal bodyguard urgently desirable, indeed necessary”, as Fontane notes about Saphir , the founder of the tunnel over the Spree .

Types of literary groups and their history

Poetry school

The La Pléiade group focused on teaching poetry . She fell back on ancient models.

In the Baroque era , social recognition was a major concern, for example when writers were united with a large number of princes in a group like the “ Fruitful Society ”. In addition, there was also the intention to go to school , i. H. To draw like- minded “ disciples ” and to teach young people poetry in the spirit of the Pléiade, as expressed for example in “ Von der Deutschen Poeterey ” by Martin Opitz . Different directions can emerge from one school, such as the Accademia dei Quinti by Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina from the Accademia dell'Arcadia .

League of poets

In the classical period, on the one hand, there was still the motif of social recognition, such as that secured by the court of muses for the Duchess Amalia . But self-assurance also played a decisive role, for example in the smallest association of poets, the “League of Seriousness and Love” between Goethe and Schiller , which arose from Schiller's analysis of Goethe's artistic intentions. When writing the xenias , of course, they had more of a literary controversy in mind when, according to a contemporary report, they broke out into "Homeric laughter".

Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano and the Brothers Grimm were also important twosomes in the Romantic period .

Literary salon and poets' association

Safeguarding against literary controversy was the main motive in early Romanticism and the early naturalists. In contrast, in many other group formations, self-assurance and social contact in the educated bourgeois sublimation of courtly aristocratic life played the decisive motive, for example in the literary salons of the early 19th century.

Circle, group, collective

In the 20th century, the master-disciple relationship in the George Circle was once again particularly impressive, while in Group 47, in addition to self-assurance during the Adenauer period, which was threatened by restorative tendencies, the motive of public relations and marketing also played a notable role.

Author groups with waiver of individual copyright are called writers collective .

Professional associations

Finally, there is the amalgamation of poets and writers in a professional association, such as the German Mastersingers and Dutch Rederijkers in the late Middle Ages, or today's writers 'associations , which are more likely to be classified as trade unions, or writers' associations such as the PEN , which set themselves humanitarian and political goals.

Literary concept formation

The most common “group formation” is that of literary historians , who in literary history group authors together according to literary epochs and styles , regardless of whether they have known each other personally .

Examples

middle Ages

Italian

Late Middle Ages

French

Early modern age

French

Baroque

German

Italian

18th century

Anglo-American

German

19th century

German

French

Russian

20th century

Intercontinental

  • Oulipo , since 1960, aim of the group: language expansion through formal constraints (France, Italy, USA, Transylvania)
  • Stuttgart group / school , movement since the late 1950s (Brazil, Germany, England, France, Japan, Austria, Czech Republic)

Anglo-American language area

  • Imagism , 1912 – approx. 1918, center of movement: London
United States

German language area

Germany

Groups continued or newly founded after the reunification of Germany :

FRG
GDR
Austria
Switzerland
  • Olten Group , an association of Swiss authors that existed from 1971 to 2002

Italian

Polish

Russian

Czech

  • Group 42 , from 1942 until the late 1960s

Turkish

  • Garip , group of poets, active from around the 1940s to the 1950s
  • Second new , counter-movement to the Garip group and the socialist realism it represents from 1956

21st century

German language area

Germany
Switzerland

See also

literature

  • Jost Hermand: The German poets' associations. From the Mastersingers to the PEN Club . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-412-09897-3 .
  • Wulf Wülfing, Karin Bruns, Rolf Parr (eds.): Handbook of literary-cultural associations, groups and associations 1825–1933 . (Repertories on the history of German literature, 18). Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1998, ISBN 3-476-01336-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Peter Seibert: The literary salon. Literature and conviviality between the Enlightenment and the pre-March period . Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1993.
  2. ↑ Walther Müller-Jentsch: Exclusivity and the public. About strategies in the literary field . In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Vol. 36 (2007), no. 3, pp. 219–241.