History of the city of Öhringen
The history of the city of Öhringen describes the development of Öhringen in the Hohenlohe district of Baden-Württemberg . After the first settlements in Roman times, the city on the Limes developed into the residence city of Hohenlohe from the 11th century, especially with the foundation of a canon monastery . The city was first mentioned in a document in the Öhringer foundation letter dated 1037 . After the transition to Württemberg in 1806, the city became an administrative center, in 1938 the seat of the district of Öhringen and remained the district town until the Hohenlohe district was founded in 1973. Öhringen has been a major district town since 1994 . Around 23,000 people currently live in the city.
City history of Öhringen
prehistory
In several places in the precincts of the city Öhringen traces were the Linear Pottery , one of the oldest Neolithic groups are discovered. At the end of the 1920s, numerous residential pits were discovered in the development of the community area , some of which were examined. Some striking shards and flint tools , stone axes and charred grain residues were recovered. Further individual finds from the Neolithic period are known from the entire urban area, which are considered evidence of a dense and intensive settlement of the area during the early Neolithic.
During the younger Neolithic, settlements were built on mountain ledges and knolls and the settlements in flat terrain were abandoned. Settlements were probably built on the witness mountains in and around Öhringen. From the Lindelberg there are only a few finds of flint tools, while from the Golberg more late Neolithic finds are known (flint tips, fragments of hatchets and axes and a few shards). The area of the Golberg plateau seems to have been cordoned off roughly in the middle by a wall, the edges of the slopes were probably artificially steepened. It is possible that a fortified complex from the late Neolithic was located on the plateau. The Golberg is considered the most easterly site of the Michelsberg culture .
There is very little evidence of settlements in the Bronze and Iron Ages in and around Öhringen. Traces of settlement from this time were found during construction work in the Bürg area. There are also very few sites from the Younger Iron Age. During the construction of the Neuenstadt – Ohrnberg railway line , a cut shallow grave was discovered in Möglingen , which contained, among other things, a large collar ring and other pieces of jewelry.
Roman Öhringen
Öhringen acquired its first historical significance with the Roman movement of the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes eastwards to the Upper Germanic “Vorderen Limes” and thus also to the Öhringen area. This military and logistical masterpiece, which was carried out in a very short time with the entire border troops on the previous Limes, led to the greatest expansion of the Dekumatland and can now be precisely located at the time around 159/160 AD. At that time, two border guard garrisons were built close to each other in Öhringen, which were occupied by a maximum of a thousand soldiers as a regular troop. Numerous brick stamps from the Cohors I Helvetiorum are documented both at their older location in Heilbronn-Böckingen on the Neckar Limes and in Öhringen. At the same time or a little later, two smaller units ( Numbers) of unknown size followed, which were probably summarized after a relatively short time under a new name as Numerus Brittones Aurelianenses . This number was named after the civil place that was built almost at the same time as the two forts in the area of today's Öhringen and received its inscribed name, Vicus Aurelianus , most likely in honor of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius . The relatively mild climate and the very fertile landscape were ideal for a positive development of the civilian settlement without this having had a major impact on the emergence of the garrison location, which was initially judged purely from a military point of view. This expanded to an area of around 20 to 30 hectares and gained supra-regional economic importance, which expressed a wealthy population.
In addition to the 1st Helvetian cohort, the Cohors I Septimia Belgarum in Öhringen is documented from the time between 222 and 231 AD . It is unknown whether the newly added troops replaced the Helvetian cohort or were planned as military reinforcements for the Öhringen area.
Both forts were destroyed by rapid overbuilding in the 20th century. Their internal structuring and architectural layout is therefore only partially known archaeologically. The with its inner surface 2.18 hectares of West fort that after the field names also Bürgkastell is called, was on a terrace between a bend in the river above the Unterohrn and Maßholderbach . At the beginning of the 20th century, today's hospital was built there. An extension of this hospital will probably destroy one of the last free areas of the ground monument by 2023. The Ost- or Rendelkastell , roughly the same size and largely unknown, was located in the east of the city and was destroyed under high pressure, especially after 1957, by a settlement with private individual houses. The provincial Roman archaeologist Hans Schönberger (1916–2005) had less than a month to examine the interior of the 2.20 hectare (2.16 hectare inner area), even in a meaningful way. He therefore concentrated on a fort gate and a corner tower.
The location of a Roman watchtower on Alte Straße is known on the Öhringer mark . Its base was excavated in 1982 by the then State Monuments Office, and in 1983 it was reconstructed. The tower with a base area of 5 m × 5 m had a line of sight to the watchtowers in Pfahlbach and Gleichen. Together with the hexagonal tower in Gleichen, the towers in Öhringen and Pfahlbach presumably served as the main measurement points for the Limes, as they were embedded in the earth wall that was only raised after the towers were built. The Limes is no longer visible on the Öhringer marker, but its course can be followed on the basis of roads and dirt roads and the boundaries of the district. The Limes runs between Haller Straße and Ohrn on the border between Öhringen and Cappel .
The Alemanni storm of 259 and 260 AD led to the final fall of the Limes. However, no evidence of a violent end could be found in either the west or east fort. The coin series ended in 2004 in the years 244/249. A rubble pit from the Vicus Aurelianus could be related to the first great Alemanni invasion of 233/235. The most recent inscriptions from there were only put up on December 13, 232 AD. On December 4th, 241, a long-interrupted water pipe was inaugurated in the fort. The line, built in 187 AD, may have been destroyed during the incursions of 233/235.
On the Vorderen Limes , post-Limesque coins are mainly known from the Jagsthausen fort and Öhringen. Perhaps they point to the continued existence of the Roman provincial population, whose life now took place on a more modest scale and without military protection.
Early middle ages
There is no archaeological evidence of an Alemannic settlement in Öhringen . From the Roman period to the early Middle Ages , there seems to be no continuity of settlement in the Öhringen area.
A Merovingian grave from the 7th century came to light when the civil area was being built over in 1925 . For a long time it was the only grave find of this time in the area between Kocher and Keuperbergland, which proves the settlement of the side valleys of the Kocher. Only during the archaeological investigation of the military bath belonging to the western fort, which became known in small parts between 2016 and 2018 after the demolition of the municipal slaughterhouse built in 1912, were human skeletal remains found again, which were buried in the ruins of the bath in the early Middle Ages.
Foundation letter and Öhringer Weistum
→ Main article: Öhringer foundation letter and Canons monastery Öhringen
In the foundation letter, dated August 16, 1037, Öhringen was first mentioned as Oringowe (Gau an der Ohrn), later the place was referred to as Orngau and from 1472 as Ö (h) ringen. This document probably dates from around 1090. There are no doubts about the credibility of the content. The extent of the donation to the Öhringen Church and the rank of the donors suggest that the previous own church and the count's seat were founded well before the 11th century, but this cannot be proven with archaeological sources. The ending - gau of the place name suggests a settlement in Merovingian times. The area near the church fountain is assumed to be the first settlement, and another settlement is assumed to be in the old town .
The foundation letter certifies the establishment of a canon monastery of Regensburg Bishop Gebhard III. at the parish church in the villa oringowe . Around the year 1240 the parts of the settlement were combined to form the city.
In the Öhringer Weistum , a contract of 1253 erroneously called Weistum by Jacob Grimm , details about the urban (ownership) conditions are recorded. The ownership of Öhringen passed from the diocese of Regensburg to the Hohenlohe . These expanded their sovereignty in the following two centuries (including through acquisitions). From 1253 to 1806 Öhringen was under Hohenlohe rule. Of the 17 small towns in Hohenlohe, Öhringen was the largest and therefore did not belong to any of the sovereign rulers, which were branched into several lines. In addition to the Hohenlohe house, the lords of Berlichingen , the lords of Gemmingen , von Weiler and von Stetten had property and rights in the place. In addition, an influential patriciate was formed .
hospital
→ Main article: Öhringen Hospital
The Öhringen Hospital is a facility to support the poor, the infirm and the sick in Öhringen and the surrounding area. The hospital was founded in 1353 by the Hohenlohe family. The foundation still exists today and played an important role as landowner, especially in the period after the Second World War, as it owned numerous properties in and around Öhringen, on which numerous companies settled.
During the peasant war
During the Peasants' War in 1525, there were unrest in Öhringen. The farmer leader Jäcklein Rohrbach moved with a crowd of around 1,500 farmers from the Heilbronn area to Öhringen in April 1525 to support the demands of the local farmers, whose field clerk Wendel Hipler was. The Neuensteiner Hipler became the political leader of the farmers and in May he headed the farmers 'parliament in Heilbronn as farmers' chancellor. The heap moved on to Schöntal Abbey and left behind a garrison in Öhringen that was reinforced by farmers from Öhringen and the surrounding area. In Schöntal the farmers united with the Black Heap to form the Neckartal-Odenwälder Haufen and called themselves Heller Haufen . The peasant army had a strength of 8,000 to 10,000 men.
From Schöntal, the peasant army moved to Neuenstein to take over the town and castle there. In Öhringen the farmers met little resistance. On April 11th, the Treaty of Grünbühl was signed between the Counts of Hohenlohe and the farmers . The counts consented to all demands ( Twelve Articles ). Shortly thereafter, the peasant army moved on to Weinsberg , where the Weinsberg bloody act took place and the castle there was destroyed.
On May 30, the army of the Swabian Confederation reached Öhringen en route from Neckarsulm to Würzburg . The city was not looted, but had to pay a "fee" of 2,000 guilders. On June 2nd, 1525, the Neckar Valley-Odenwälder near Königshofen was devastated. With the surrender of the last farmers near Würzburg on June 7th, the Peasants' War in Franconia was over. The Grünbühl contract was declared invalid. Some sovereigns punished their cities for participating in the peasant war. In Öhringen, for example, an annual special tax of 30 guilders, the peasant allowance , had to be paid until 1531 . The guns were confiscated, the guilds were banned. The city of Öhringen had to pay the tower keeper on the blow tower itself, who was previously in the service of the counts. For the participation of some citizens in the destruction of Württemberg , 1520-1534 Austrian vineyard, the city had to pay 1,200 guilders to the Austrian government along with other Hohenlohe cities.
After the Peace of Augsburg, the rulers decreed church reform in their communities - also in Öhringen. In 1556 the monastery was reformed. The foundation's assets were to be used exclusively for church and school purposes. The administration was taken over by the sovereigns, which in fact resulted in the dissolution of the canon monastery.
During the Thirty Years War
The relocation of the scene of the Thirty Years' War to the Palatinate in 1620 brought Hohenlohe and with it Öhringen into contact with the war. The armies of Peter Ernst II von Mansfeld and Johann t'Serclaes von Tilly marched through the county with tens of thousands of soldiers. In 1622, Öhringen had 633 guilders spent on the war people traveling through . The expenses for the city treasury for soldiers marching past and billeted rose sharply, from 1631 to 1636 the city treasury had to raise over 60,000 guilders. The city was plundered and occupied several times.
As elsewhere, in Hohenlohe and Öhringen, famine was the direct consequence of the war. In the death register for the year, the number of deaths is around half higher than in previous years. The famine probably played a decisive role in the effects of the plague in 1625. The plague broke out a second time in 1634 and 1635. In 1642 there were still 260 citizens living in Öhringen, a little more than half the number before the war.
After the Peace of Westphalia in October 1648, occupying armies were still encamped in Öhringen. After her departure, Öhringen recovered only slowly economically.
Residential city
In 1677 Öhringen became the residence of Count Johann Friedrich I. zu Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen. The city remained in the joint ownership of the two Hohenlohe main lines Hohenlohe-Waldenburg and Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen until 1782. In 1782 Ludwig Friedrich Karl zu Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen acquired the Waldenburg share for a sum of 235,000 guilders.
With the elevation to the residence Öhringen experienced a structural upswing: after the expansion of the castle, which was built as a widow's seat, Paul Platz from Belfort , who also worked in Weikersheim , built the stables from 1681 to 1683 , and in 1714 the interior of the castle was further expanded. At the same time, from 1712 to 1717, the Friedrichsruhe Palace was built on the grounds of the zoo in Zweiflingen. In 1743 a theater was built, and at the end of the 18th century the so-called Karlsvorstadt was built under Prince Ludwig Friedrich Karl .
The elevation of Count Johann Friedrich II. To Prince of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen by Emperor Franz I in 1764 was of particular importance for the development of Öhringen as a royal seat. Johann Friedrich died in the year after he was raised to the rank of imperial prince , his successor was his son Ludwig Friedrich Karl I (1723-1805). He ruled the Principality of Hohenlohe-Öhringen for 40 years until his death. With the death of Ludwig Friedrich Karl I, the Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen line became extinct, it was inherited by Friedrich Ludwig zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (1746–1818), who had given the prince title to his son Friedrich August zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen († 1853) in 1806. transmitted.
At that time, Öhringen was the largest of the 17 Hohenlohe cities and had 3,000 to 4,000 inhabitants (for comparison: the neighboring imperial city of Hall had around 5,000 inhabitants at that time, the imperial city of Heilbronn around 6,000 inhabitants). As the center of a large rural area, Öhringen was primarily a town of craftsmen and traders. More than 100 court officials and servants worked at the princely court.
In 1790 Hohenloh farmers demanded that their rights be extended and the manorial burdens reduced. On May 10, 1790, several hundred dissatisfied farmers gathered in front of Öhringen Castle to protest against the high taxes. An attempt to mediate between the prince and the peasants, in which the pastor Johann Friedrich Mayer played a key role, failed. Peace could not be restored with a new tax and fee system, and the unrest continued. The farmers continued to refuse to pay the required taxes. The Hohenlohe-Öhringen government took the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm II's stay in his Frankish possessions as an opportunity to ask Friedrich Wilhelm for support from his troops against the rebellious peasants. The Prince of Öhringen was particularly concerned about his personal well-being. When the rumor spread that the French had crossed the Rhine and were approaching Heilbronn, Ludwig Friedrich Karl von Öhringen fled to Langenburg .
Württemberg Oberamtsstadt
In 1806 French troops occupied Öhringen, and the Württemberg military stood ready to march on the arteries of the city. Under this pressure, the Hohenlohe principalities were incorporated into the Kingdom of Württemberg . On September 13, 1806, the Principality of Hohenlohe Württemberg was transferred to the Öhringer Steinhaus. At that time, Öhringen had 3,200 residents (including the residents of the hamlet of Möhrig), with 370 houses and 90 barns or stables on the marked area. The princely house, the monastery and the hospital owned the most important land and buildings. The community itself owned the towers on the city wall, the town hall and some other buildings and gardens and meadows, including the Allmand .
With the incorporation of Hohenlohe, Württemberg law, Württemberg measures and weights, taxes and penalties were introduced. The previously unknown conscription in Hohenlohe caused unrest and dissatisfaction. King Friedrich of Württemberg had six infantry companies deployed in Öhringen in order to crack down on the "bad mood". On March 1, 1812, King Friedrich conducted a troop muster of the Württemberg contingent on the Zuckmantel near Öhringen for Napoleon Bonaparte's Russian campaign , with 18,500 men, 3,400 horses and 34 guns taking part.
When Württemberg was divided into districts, the Fourth District Öhringen was formed in 1806 , which consisted of the Oberämter Neuenstein, Nitzenhausen and Schöntal (from 1807). In 1810, new senior offices were created in Württemberg, including the Oberamt Öhringen, which emerged from the Oberamt Neuenstein. The city of Öhringen became the seat of the Oberamt. It belonged with the upper offices of Gerabronn, Hall, Künzelsau and Mergentheim to the new Landvogtei an der Jagst , whose seat was Öhringen from 1810 to 1817. A reorganization of the administrative units took place on January 1, 1818, when four new districts replaced the bailiffs. Since then Öhringen has belonged to the Jagstkreis , whose seat was in Ellwangen . Öhringen remained the seat of the Oberamt, which was renamed the Öhringen district in 1934 and expanded to the Öhringen district in 1938 . Öhringen remained the district town until the Hohenlohekreis was founded in 1973.
The city council with 13 members exercised the city administration rights in Öhringen. He not only took decision-making functions, but also exercised the administrative functions of the city. The members of the city council received no salary for this, but had the right to keep the fees for their official acts. The city councilors were elected from among the citizens for two years, with re-election for life. This regulation was replaced in 1849 by an election for six years. The town mayor was appointed by the county government for life, here the Prince had a say. For this purpose, three candidates were to be proposed to the district government, who were determined by an election of the citizens.
The sensitization of the inhabitants for political questions in the March Revolution did not go past Hohenlohe and Öhringen. On March 22, 1848, a political assembly was founded in Öhringen , with the purpose of regular gathering of citizens of all classes to exchange views on political questions. Above all craftsmen, merchants and civil servants took part. The first President of the Political Assembly was Pastor Fischer. The assembly took a conservative stance and favored the constitutional monarchy based on the English model for the newly created German nation- state and rejected the republican form of government. The Political Assembly welcomed the call for the members of the constituency Künzelsau-Öhringen to be elected to the Frankfurt National Assembly in a general, equal and direct election. On April 13, 1848, the first large popular assembly in Hohenlohe took place in Künzelsau, in which, according to estimates, up to 3,000 men took part in the preselection of candidates. The attempt at direct democracy also failed because an electoral committee had formed in Öhringen that did not want to leave the selection of the candidate to the people and carried out the election of Friedrich Rödinger as MP. In the election for the Frankfurt National Assembly, he was elected as a member of parliament with a turnout of 80%. Rödinger belonged to the United Left in the National Assembly. Rödinger was also elected in the election to the Württemberg state parliament four weeks later. The elections and the related assemblies promoted the political discussion in Öhringen, which was no longer limited to the Political Association , which had meanwhile emerged from the Political Assembly. The gymnastics club, founded in May, worked together with the Political Association, through which the political discussion was carried into the vigilante group , which was a March achievement and was under the command of Prince Hugo zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen. In January 1849 the Political Association in Öhringen became a March Association , as in numerous other cities in Württemberg.
Dissatisfaction with the political situation led to unrest and riots in Öhringen. A civic association was founded in competition with the March Association with the intention of maintaining order in the city. In the elections to the Württemberg state parliament and in the elections to the city council, these two associations fought hard against each other.
Until the second half of the 19th century, Öhringen remained a town of craftsmen and traders. Until 1862 the craft was organized in guilds with guild restrictions on access and capacity as well as other regulations. The central function of the city as a shopping and administrative center can be seen in the relatively high number of 44 restaurants.
The time as the Oberamtsstadt brought important infrastructural advances for the city: In 1850 the trunk road to Schwäbisch Hall was expanded to Chaussee , and in 1862 the Royal Württemberg State Railways opened the Kocherbahn Heilbronn – Hall, which connected Öhringen to the railway network. The telegraph came to town by train. In 1895, at the insistence of the trade association, a telephone company was set up.
The 20th century to World War II
On May 5, 1933, the old municipal council was dissolved and replaced by twelve councilors who were not directly elected, but were appointed to this body after the results of the Reichstag elections in March 1933. Eight of the new councilors were provided by the NSDAP and two by the Kampfbund Schwarz-Weiß-Rot, allied with it. This alliance had received 67 percent of the vote in Öhringen in the Reichstag election. The SPD votes were only enough for two members who announced their resignation with reference to the new political conditions. Mayor remained Peter Berner, who was able to stay in office by joining the NSDAP.
In the course of time, gymnastics and sports clubs were dissolved and merged to form the TSG; the male choir and lieder wreath became the singers' association. Jewish fellow citizens were pushed out of the clubs and civil life, and their businesses were boycotted. In 1933 Öhringen had around 160 Jews. Most of them were able to emigrate in time, around 40 stayed and fell victim to the Holocaust . In 1933, foreign commandos picked up Jews, communists and social democrats at random, drove them through the city and mistreated them, and in 1938 they vandalized the synagogue .
With the beginning of the Second World War, Polish and Soviet forced laborers were deported to Öhringen. They had to work in the Huber tin goods factory , the Hohenlohe school furniture factory and the Dynamit Nobel AG factory in Adolzfurt . At least 22 of the abducted died in Öhringen and are buried in the Öhringer, Michelbacher and Ohrnberger cemeteries.
Many houses were destroyed or damaged in the final days and weeks of World War II, including the collegiate church and town hall. On February 22, 1945, the viaduct and trains in the Öhringen station were attacked by Allied aircraft. Sixteen people were killed. Ohrnberg was shelled by American artillery in April and occupied a few days later after the US units had crossed the Kocher . Immediately afterwards Baumerlenbach, Büttelbronn, Eckartsweiler, Möglingen, Schwöllbronn and Verrenberg were occupied by an American tank force. There had been almost no fighting there, while in Michelbach and Öhringen the fighting was more difficult. Shortly before the invasion of the Americans, the Wehrmacht blew up the Öhringen railway viaduct over the Ohrn and the Möhriger Ohrnbrücke. There was no electricity or water in the city. American troops occupied the city on April 13, 1945.
After the Second World War
One of the first measures of the military government, which resided in the District Office in Bahnhofstrasse, was to rename the street names, so Adolf-Hitler- Strasse became Bahnhofstrasse again and Wilhelm-Gustloff- Strasse became Justinus-Kerner- Strasse.
The housing shortage at this time was great in Öhringen. A newly founded housing office tried to alleviate the hardship by compulsory occupancy of apartments. By mid-1945 the number of inhabitants had risen to 6,600; before the war, around 4,500 people lived in Öhringen. Refugees from eastern Germany and evacuees from bombed cities came to Öhringen.
On January 27, 1946, the first election of a community council with twelve members took place. In 1948 Franz Illenberger became the first directly elected mayor after the war.
The district of Öhringen with Öhringen as the district town emerged from the Oberamt Öhringen in 1938 . This existed until the district reform in 1973 , when it merged with the Künzelsau district in the Hohenlohe district. Originally, the majority of the district of Öhringen was supposed to fall to the district of Heilbronn during the district reform, the rest and the district of Künzelsau were to be incorporated into the district of Schwäbisch Hall. However, this could be prevented by a joint commitment of the districts of Künzelsau and Öhringen, so that the Hohenlohekreis was created. With 85,000 inhabitants at the time of foundation, the Hohenlohekreis was and is the smallest district in Baden-Württemberg. With the decision to move the district headquarters to Künzelsau, in addition to the district office with over 100 employees, numerous special authorities, the police, the savings bank and the general local health insurance fund moved to Künzelsau; only the tax office remained in Öhringen. To compensate for the loss of centrality, the city received 1.5 million marks from the country.
From 1972 to 1975, as part of the Baden-Wuerttemberg community reform, nine surrounding communities, today's Öhringen suburbs, were incorporated after the rebuilding of a large town Öhringen had failed. According to this plan, the city of Öhringen, all of today's districts of Öhringen as well as Zweiflingen and Orendelsall were to dissolve and unite to form a new city. However, this plan was rejected by Cappel, Eckartsweiler, Büttelbronn, Zweiflingen and Orendelsall.
Incorporations
- February 1, 1972: Schwöllbronn and Verrenberg
- December 31, 1972: Baumerlenbach, Michelbach am Wald, Möglingen and Ohrnberg
- January 1, 1975: Cappel and Eckardtsweiler
present
After the incorporation, Öhringen was no longer a district town, but it was the largest town in the Hohenlohe district. There were also efforts to achieve the status of a major district town created in 1956. However, Öhringen could only have reached the limit of 20,000 inhabitants in conjunction with the Pfedelbach community . At this point in time, however, the neighboring community had grown to around 6,500 inhabitants through incorporation and showed no interest in the Öhringer plans. Several times the Pfedelbach municipal council rejected the plans to form a unified congregation . From the plans for a large district town, however, an agreed administrative community between Öhringen and Zweiflingen emerged on January 1, 1975, and from July 1, 1975 with Pfedelbach and Zweiflingen. In 1993 the population of Öhringen exceeded the 20,000 mark. As a result, the city administration submitted the application for a major district town, which was approved by the state government of Baden-Württemberg with effect from July 1, 1994.
In 1993 the Baden-Württemberg Home Days took place in Öhringen . The city celebrated its 750th anniversary in 2003.
Development of Religions
Evangelical parish
The area of the city of Öhringen originally belonged to the diocese of Würzburg and was assigned to the archdeaconate of Weinsberg . In 1556 the Reformation was introduced by the Lords of Hohenlohe ; the city became the seat of a general consistory for the county of Hohenlohe. After that, Öhringen was a predominantly Protestant city for many centuries. After the transition to Württemberg , the parish belonged to the Evangelical Church in Württemberg . Öhringen became the seat of the church district Öhringen , to which today the parishes of the entire surrounding area belong. In the urban area of Öhringen there are four parishes: the parish of Öhringen (town of Öhringen with Untersöllbach, Cappel, Eckartsweiler, Ober- and Untermaßholderbach, Büttelbronn, Möhrig, Unterohrn and the urban area "Zwetschgenwäldle" as well as the Zweiflingen district of Western Möbach) and the parishes of Baumerbach Michelbach am Wald and Ohrnberg. Verrenberg belongs to the parish of Bitzfeld.
The parish church of the Protestant parish is the Öhringen collegiate church , which is owned by the state of Baden-Württemberg.
A church maintenance organization was founded in Öhringen in 1889. It was subordinated to the general parish council elected for the first time this year. Until the middle of the 19th century, parishes in Württemberg were not independent bodies; the pastors remained Württemberg officials until 1918. The Protestant parish built its first "club house" on Hunnenstrasse. It was inaugurated on September 10, 1905. In addition to an event hall, it housed the deaconess station opened in December 1892 (set up by the Evangelical Deaconess Institution Schwäbisch Hall until 1979) and the school for small children. The members of the old pietists also had their meeting place there (until 1930). A large community hall was added in 1957. Today, in addition to the community hall and a kindergarten (neighborhood center), there are rooms for the school dean's office and youth welfare in the building complex.
On the embankment, the parish built a Martin Luther Home for the youth in 1957 , which was replaced in 1981 by the new Martin Luther House . In 1963 the parish acquired the hospital church from the Catholic parish.
The Öhringen cemetery, until then located on today's market square, was moved in front of the city walls around 1500. Until 1962, the cemetery was owned by the Protestant parish and was subsequently taken over by the city of Öhringen, as the parish no longer wanted to take on the burden of burial for the dead of all denominations. In 1980 the parish transferred the St. Anna Chapel in the city's cemetery.
Catholic parish
With the Reformation, Catholic life in Öhringen died out around 1581. In 1667, with the return of the Waldenburg counts to the Catholic faith, it timidly awoke again. The Catholic parishes of Pfedelbach, Waldenburg and Kupferzell (patronage parishes, all belonging to the diocese of Würzburg) came into being over the years. With the reorganization of the church districts at the beginning of the 19th century, the Öhringen area belonged to the newly established Rottenburg diocese in 1821. In 1858 Öhringen had 74 Catholic residents. From 1867 occasional services were held. The Öhringen Catholics were looked after as a "branch" from Pfedelbach. From 1882 the Catholics could celebrate their services in the hospital church . In 1900 there were 135 Catholics and 3210 Protestants in Öhringen. In 1940 the parish acquired the church from the hospital foundation. With the beginning of the war more and more Catholics moved to Öhringen; at the end of the war in 1945 there were 1,200 Catholics in Öhringen (1935: 275). The area north of Pfedelbach was separated from the Pfedelbach mother parish in 1951 and the independent parish administration of Öhringen was established with the Neuenstein vicarage. The first pastor was Pastor Gottfried Leuz. On January 1, 1957, Öhringen became a city parish. The number of Catholics continued to grow, at that time 1,900 Catholics lived in the city and 850 in the outskirts. The hospital church was much too small. The groundbreaking ceremony for the new St. Josephs Church on Cappelrain took place on Easter Wednesday 1960 . A whole community center with a kindergarten, community hall and rectory was built there.
The Catholic parish of St. Joseph (2006: around 6,200 Catholics) is for the entire Öhringen urban area with all districts (except for Michelbach am Wald, which belongs to the parish of Pfedelbach) and also for the neighboring towns of Zweiflingen, Eichach, Friedrichsruhe, Orendelsall, Pfahlbach, Tiefensall and Westernbach are responsible. Since December 28, 2000, it has formed a pastoral care unit with the parish Christ King in Neuenstein, which was separated from Öhringen in 1981 . The Catholics from the Michelbach am Wald district belong to the parish of St. Petrus and Paulus Pfedelbach. All three parishes (Öhringen, Neuenstein and Pfedelbach) belong to the Hohenlohe deanery within the Rottenburg-Stuttgart diocese .
Other denominations and religions
There is a Methodist Evangelical Church in Öhringen . The first Methodist preachers came to Öhringen in 1852. Initially, the work of the preachers was directed from Heilbronn, from 1868 an auxiliary preacher was stationed in Öhringen. In 1874 the young community became an independent district, two years earlier a building of its own was acquired. The first chapel was consecrated in 1877. There was a ballroom on the ground floor of the new building, and an apartment for the preacher on the upper floor. In the 1960s, the community sold the building to the neighboring post office and built a Christ Church on Pfaffenmühlweg (from 1965). It was inaugurated on January 30, 1966 and renovated in 2005 together with the community center.
A New Apostolic parish has existed in Öhringen since 1906. It has its own church building, which was erected and inaugurated on Hohenlohestrasse in 1928. The parish belongs to the New Apostolic church district Künzelsau. It has 240 members (as of 2006).
Other denominations and religions represented in Öhringen include the South German Community , the Jehovah's Witnesses with their own Kingdom Hall , the Free Christian Community of Philadelphia (part of the Bund Freikirchlicher Pentecostal Churches ) and Muslims who have built their own mosque .
Jewish community
A Jewish community in Öhringen first existed in the Middle Ages. It was destroyed by the persecution of the Jews in 1298 and 1349. With the influx of Jews from the area, a new Jewish community in Öhringen was founded in 1889 , which at times had up to 180 members. In 1933 there were 163 Jewish people living in the city. Many of them were murdered during the Nazi era.
The Jewish community in Öhringen first had a simple prayer room in the Karlsvorstadt. In 1888 she acquired the Gasthof Zur Sonne at the Untere Tor, which was converted into a synagogue with a Jewish religious school, teacher's apartment and ritual bath. The establishment of the synagogue was destroyed by the SA during the November pogroms in 1938 . The city acquired the building in 1939 from the Jewish community, which, however, was not allowed to use the purchase amount. During the war, the building was used by a teacher training institute and later by a Stuttgart women's work school. After that, the former synagogue became the House of Youth , which housed a youth hostel , a kindergarten and the city library. In today's Haus der Jugend there is, among other things, an office of the district youth association and apartments.
The Jewish cemetery in Öhringen was built on the Galgenberg from 1911 . Until then, the dead of the Jewish community in Öhringen were buried in the Affaltrach Jewish cemetery or the Berlichingen Jewish cemetery . Around 60 people were buried in this cemetery by 1939. After 1940 some of the tombstones were sold to stonemasons and the cemetery should be cleared. The cleared tombstones were put back up or replaced from 1945. The cemetery hall has been preserved.
History of the city administration
The lordly mayor originally stood at the head of the city . A mayor is named for the first time in the 14th century . He was assisted by 12 judges. Later twelve minters were added, who were subordinate to the Vogt . Thus the rule always had an influence on the city. After the transfer to Württemberg, the city school leader (from December 1, 1930: mayor) headed the city administration. Since July 1, 1994, when Öhringen became a major district town, the mayor has held the title of mayor . He is elected for eight years by the electorate and is chairman of the municipal council .
Mayor / Lord Mayor (the list is incomplete)
- 1766–1784: Johann Friedrich Heinle
- 1804–1820: Johann Michael Heinle
- 1824–1835: Carl Friedrich Gottlob Weizsäcker
- 1835–1838: Heinrich Feyerabend
- 1838–1852: Eberhard Friedrich Ade (elected senior administrator in 1852)
- 1852–1887: Friedrich Karl Rößle
- 1887–1906: Schäufele (previously Stadtschultheiß in Kupferzell )
- 1906–1918: Albert Meyder
- 1919–1945: Peter Berner
- 1945–1948: Wilhelm Rösch
- 1948–1954: Franz Illenberger
- 1954–1967: Richard Laidig
- 1967–1987: Ulrich Fahrenbruch
- 1987–2009: Jochen K. Kübler
- Since 2009: Thilo Michler
Öhringen has had six mayors since the Second World War. When the Americans marched in in April 1945, Peter Berner was mayor, who had been elected by the citizens in 1919. On April 30, he was removed from office by the American occupation forces and taken into political custody. The US officers thereupon appointed Wilhelm Rösch, board member of Öhringer Volksbank, as mayor. He should work with a significantly reduced city administration, as many civil servants and employees should be fired because of their party affiliation. Rösch achieved with the American military government that the majority of these officials and employees could temporarily stay in office with reduced salaries and limited powers. Rösch did not want to run for the planned mayoral election in September 1947. However, the only applicant for the office had taken on other duties in the meantime and was no longer running. An election, for which six applicants ran, then took place in April 1948. The Öhringen council clerk Richard Laidig had also applied, but was not eligible for political reasons according to legal regulations, so that in the end five candidates ran. In the election on April 11, 1948, the consulate secretary Franz Illenberger was elected with 64% of the votes cast. He had been recommended by the DVP , the SPD , the CDU and the trade union federation. He took office on July 1, 1948. In the spring of 1954 he ran in Schorndorf and was elected mayor there. During his tenure in Öhringen, more than 1,100 new apartments and the outdoor pool were built in Öhringen.
In the election on May 9, 1954, Richard Laidig was elected mayor with 70% of the votes cast. In the election on May 20, 1962, he was the only candidate and was re-elected with a turnout of 67%. During Laidig's first term in office, the number of inhabitants rose by 3,000 people, and the city had more than 10,000 inhabitants for the first time. More than 1,500 new apartments were built and eight new businesses with over 700 jobs settled in Öhringen. Two new schools, a kindergarten, an old people's housing estate, a stadium with a gym and the first transitional home for refugees in Baden-Württemberg were built, and the city bought the castle. Although Laidig was elected for twelve years, he resigned from his post in 1967 for health reasons.
Laidig's successor in the election on July 30, 1967 (new election on August 13) was Ulrich Fahrenbruch, who had been city director in Oer-Erkenschwick until then . He was installed in office on October 2, 1967. A tough election campaign took place in Öhringen at the end of Fahrenbruch's first term in office. The CDU, FDP , and parts of the free voters opposed the incumbent and declared the Pfedelbach mayor Erich Fritz to be their candidate. In this election, the nine new districts voted for the first time. Election campaign issues were particularly the loss of the district seat and the failure of the plan to elevate Öhringen to the status of a major district town. With 4587 votes, Fahrenbruch received 57%, Fritz 43% of the votes cast. During the second term in office of Fahrenbruch, the indoor swimming pool and the Hohenlohe sports hall were built, schools and kindergartens were expanded, and the city administration moved into the renovated castle.
In 1984, for the first time, a first deputy headed the administration alongside the mayor. In the mayoral election in 1987, the incumbent Fahrbruch did not stand for election. Jochen K. Kübler, Mayor of Enzklösterle , was elected in the first round of elections on July 5, 1987 with 69% of the votes cast. He was installed in office on October 2nd. When he was raised to a major district town, he became mayor in 1994, and the first alderman received the title of mayor. Kübler was re-elected in 1995 and in the July 13, 2003 election. In the state elections in 2001 and 2006, he was elected as a member of the state parliament of Baden-Württemberg and has held both offices since then.
Settlement development
Until World War II
Until the "Kocherbahn", the Heilbronn – Hall railway line, was built around 1860, Öhringen consisted of the medieval town center, the late medieval old town around the hospital and the eastern Karlsvorstadt. A third phase of growth in the core city began with the construction of the railway. Residential houses, Wilhelminian style villas and industrial plants were grouped around the newly built train station (1862) , creating a new district to the north and west of the city center. In addition to the train station, the Schillerschule (1880), the notary's office and the post office (1894) were built as public buildings in this area. New public buildings were also built in the east of the city with the old gymnasium (1889) and the Protestant parish hall with kindergarten (1906). To the north of the railway line there were only a few industrial plants and the district hospital (1911). From the 1920s on, numerous one and two-family houses were built there too. The Karlsvorstadt was also expanded to include commercial and residential buildings. The expansion of the settlement on Pfedelbacher Strasse was concentrated in the south of the city; a little further east of this, the Württembergische Heimstätte Stuttgart built a settlement cell with 49 building units. Here, in particular, houses with stables for arable citizens were built .
present
The city center was largely spared from the war, even if 100 houses in the city center were damaged and nine completely destroyed. After the end of the war, 1,100 evacuees and 1,500 refugees lived in the city, 220 prisoners of war were expected. Statistics from 1947/48 show that 3,500 living spaces were missing. In the following years, aided by the currency reform , the largest building phase in the history of the city began. From 1948 to 1986, around 7,000 new apartments were built. The district building cooperative, which was founded in 1948, developed into the city's most important residential construction company.
By 1955, large new building areas were built north of the railway line, in which larger blocks of houses were also built. Numerous one- and two-family houses were also built in the east and south of the city. From 1955, the city designated the area around Hungerfeldstrasse as the largest contiguous residential area. In the late 1960s, the city in the southwest, in the area of the Katharinensiedlung , received its first and so far only high-rise buildings. Three nine-storey apartment blocks were built here. Numerous apartment blocks were also built in the northeast around this time. Since the mid-1980s, further new development areas were designated in the west and northwest, including the residential area in the Zwetschgenwäldle ("Büttelbronner Höhe" and "Möhriger Feld"), in which three thousand people live, including many Russian Germans . New development areas also emerged in the districts, for example in the Hornberg area in the Cappel district . In the 1990s, another new building area was built in the south of Öhringen. With the Limes Park in the east of the city, a residential area has been created since 2004, which will be 105 hectares in size when completed and will offer space for over 5,000 residents. This residential area is gradually being developed and is planned for a period of around 25 to 30 years.
literature
- Wilhelm Mattes: Öhringer Heimatbuch , Öhringen 1929 (reprint 1987)
- Öhringen. City and pen. Published by the city of Öhringen. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1988, ISBN 3-7995-7631-2 ( Research from Württembergisch-Franconia . Volume 31)
- Jürgen Hermann Rauser: Öhringer book . In: Ohrntaler Heimatbuch . Jahrbuch-Verlag, Weinsberg 1982 ( Hohenlohekreis local library . Volume 11/12)
- The Hohenlohe district . Edited by the Baden-Württemberg State Archive in conjunction with the Hohenlohe district. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2006 (Baden-Württemberg - The state in its circles), ISBN 3-7995-1367-1
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Christoph Unz: Prehistory of the Öhringen region. In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ↑ CIL 13, 06546 .
- ↑ Hans Schönberger : The Roman fort Öhringen-West (Bürgkastell) . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 53, 1972/1973, pp. 233–296; here: p. 291.
- ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: The Roman settlement in the area around Heilbronn. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1493-X , p. 145.
- ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The contribution of the dendrodata from Rainau book to the Limesdatierung. In: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la frontera Romana. Ediciones Polifemo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-96813-25-0 , p. 1289.
- ↑ Bernd Becker: Felling dates of Roman construction timbers based on a 2350 year old South German oak tree ring chronology . In find reports from Baden Württemberg . Volume 6, Theiss, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8062-1252-X , p. 386.
- ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 82 u. Fig. 84.
- ↑ Marcus Reuter: Studies on the "numeri" of the Roman army in the middle imperial period. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 80, 1999, von Zabern, Mainz 2001, ISBN 3-8053-2631-9 , pp. 357-569; here p. 443, (at the same time: Freiburg (Breisgau), Univ., Diss., 1996).
- ↑ Horst Geiger: attempted reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct of Öhringen with inscriptions . In: Gilbert Wiplinger (Ed.): Cura Aquarum in Ephesus Congress Report, Ephesus 2006. Babesch Supplementa 12, pp. 287–293; here: p. 287.
- ↑ Horst Geiger: attempted reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct of Öhringen with inscriptions . In: Gilbert Wiplinger (Ed.): Cura Aquarum in Ephesus Congress Report, Ephesus 2006. Babesch Supplementa 12, pp. 287–293; here: p. 287.
- ↑ Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 236.
- ↑ Dieter Planck : Neue Ausgrabungen am Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany 12), 1975, p. 10.
- ↑ Hohenloher Krankenhaus gGmbH - New Hospital in Öhringen - Allocation of planning and construction services in the partnering model Reference number of the announcement: 2020/381 ; ausschreiben-deutschland.de; accessed on April 30, 2020
- ↑ Peter Hohl: To save from the Roman inheritance what can still be saved . Stimme.de, January 18, 2019.
- ↑ Hans Schönberger : Brief report on an excavation in the Rendel fort in Öhringen . In: Germania 36, 3/4, 1958, pp. 464-469; here: p. 464.
- ↑ C. Sebastian Sommer : Öhringen. Fortresses and Vicus Aurelianus. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart, 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 236 ff .; here: p. 236.
- ^ Hans Schönberger : The Römerkastell Öhringen West (Bürgkastell). In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 53, 1972 (1973) pp. 233-296.
- ↑ Helmut Stoll: The Roman Öhringen. In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ^ Claudia Theune : Teutons and Romanes in the Alamannia . de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-11-017866-4 , p. 404.
- ↑ Jochen Haas: The environmental crisis of the 3rd century AD in the northwest of the Roman Empire. Interdisciplinary studies on one aspect of the general imperial crisis in the area of the two Germaniae as well as the Belgica and the Raetia. (= Geographica Historica 22), Steiner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-515-08880-6 . P. 178.
- ↑ Volker Michael Strocka : consecrated monuments from Öhringen . In: Find reports from Swabia N.F. 18, 1, 1967, pp. 112-131; here: p. 130.
- ^ Philipp Filtzinger : Limes Museum Aalen. Society for the Promotion of the Württemberg State Museum Stuttgart, Stuttgart 1991. p. 186.
- ↑ Horst Geiger: attempted reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct of Öhringen with inscriptions . In: Gilbert Wiplinger (Ed.): Cura Aquarum in Ephesus Congress Report, Ephesus 2006. Babesch Supplementa 12, pp. 287–293; here: p. 291.
- ↑ Horst Geiger: attempted reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct of Öhringen with inscriptions . In: Gilbert Wiplinger (Ed.): Cura Aquarum in Ephesus Congress Report, Ephesus 2006. Babesch Supplementa 12, pp. 287–293; here: p. 290.
- ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: Roman times . In: Heilbronn and the middle Neckarland between Marbach and Gundelsheim (= guide to archaeological monuments in Germany 22), Theiss, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8062-0870-0 . P. 52 ff .; here: p. 63.
- ↑ Christoph Unz: Early history of the Öhringen region. In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ↑ Sarah Roth, Klaus Kortüm : Rediscovery after a long time. In Hanßelmann's footsteps - the fort bath of Öhringen . In: Der Limes 13, Heft 2, 2019, pp. 16–21; here: p. 20.
- ^ Gerhard Taddey: Foundation letter and Öhringer Weistum . In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ↑ a b Gerhard Taddey: Hohenlohe - a historical overview. In: Otto Bauschert: Hohenlohe . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1993, p. 21ff.
- ^ Gerhard Taddey: Öhringen in the peasant war. In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ↑ Here and in the following people are meant with citizenship , it can be assumed that the population was four to five times the number of citizens, see: Heinrich Laidig: Öhringen im Thirty Years War. In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ^ Heinrich Laidig: Öhringen in the Thirty Years War. In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ^ Rudolf hose: Hohenlohe Franconia . Glock and Lutz, Nuremberg 1964.
- ^ Reinhard Teske: Hohenlohe cultural landscape. Reflections on the fine arts . In: Otto Bauschert: Hohenlohe . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1993, p. 236ff.
- ↑ Kurt Schreiner: From the count to the princely residence. In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ↑ Hartmut Weber: Mediatization and its consequences. In: Öhringen. City and pen . (see literature)
- ↑ a b Hartmut Weber: Württemberg Oberamtstadt . In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ↑ Working group for research into the history of the Jews in southern Germany and neighboring areas: The Synagogue in Öhringen (accessed on March 19, 2008)
- ↑ a b Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality register for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 455 .
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 467 .
- ↑ a b c Reinhard Weber: Postwar Period and Present. Öhringen since 1945 In: Öhringen. City and pen. (see literature)
- ↑ Website of the city of Öhringen with information on the administrative community ( Memento of the original from February 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed March 24, 2008).
- ↑ Website of the evangelical parish of Öhringen ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on March 19, 2008)
- ↑ Website of the Protestant Church in Hohenlohe ( memento of the original from October 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on March 19, 2008)
- ^ Evangelical parish in Öhringen: 100 years of the club house. Brochure for the anniversary 2005.
- ^ Website of the Catholic parish (accessed on March 19, 2008)
- ^ Website of the New Apostolic Church (accessed March 19, 2008)
- ^ Website of the working group for research into the history of Jews in southern Germany and the neighboring area: Öhringer Synagoge
- ^ Website of the working group for research into the history of Jews in southern Germany and the neighboring area: Öhringer Friedhof
- ↑ Württemberg municipal code of March 19, 1930 (accessed on March 24, 2008)
- ↑ New building area Limespark on the website of the city of Öhringen ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on October 4, 2008)
