Literary group
A literary group is a voluntary grouping of word producers who, loosely or firmly, pursue common aesthetic and / or public goals. Its members are usually in personal contact with one another. A nominal or "quasi-group" is when external observers or authorities summarize writers under a style term or a political characteristic (e.g. Young Germany (literature) ).
Literary groups have formed again and again, because some poets appeared in their “literary feuds to have a personal bodyguard urgently desirable, indeed necessary”, as Fontane notes about Saphir , the founder of the tunnel over the Spree .
Types of literary groups and their history
Poetry school
The La Pléiade group focused on teaching poetry . She fell back on ancient models.
In the Baroque era , social recognition was a major concern, for example when writers were united with a large number of princes in a group like the “ Fruitful Society ”. In addition, there was also the intention to go to school , i. H. To draw like- minded “ disciples ” and to teach young people poetry in the spirit of the Pléiade, as expressed for example in “ Von der Deutschen Poeterey ” by Martin Opitz . Different directions can emerge from one school, such as the Accademia dei Quinti by Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina from the Accademia dell'Arcadia .
League of poets
In the classical period, on the one hand, there was still the motif of social recognition, such as that secured by the court of muses for the Duchess Amalia . But self-assurance also played a decisive role, for example in the smallest association of poets, the “League of Seriousness and Love” between Goethe and Schiller , which arose from Schiller's analysis of Goethe's artistic intentions. When writing the xenias , of course, they had more of a literary controversy in mind when, according to a contemporary report, they broke out into "Homeric laughter".
Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano and the Brothers Grimm were also important twosomes in the Romantic period .
Literary salon and poets' association
Safeguarding against literary controversy was the main motive in early Romanticism and the early naturalists. In contrast, in many other group formations, self-assurance and social contact in the educated bourgeois sublimation of courtly aristocratic life played the decisive motive, for example in the literary salons of the early 19th century.
Circle, group, collective
In the 20th century, the master-disciple relationship in the George Circle was once again particularly impressive, while in Group 47, in addition to self-assurance during the Adenauer period, which was threatened by restorative tendencies, the motive of public relations and marketing also played a notable role.
Author groups with waiver of individual copyright are called writers collective .
Professional associations
Finally, there is the amalgamation of poets and writers in a professional association, such as the German Mastersingers and Dutch Rederijkers in the late Middle Ages, or today's writers 'associations , which are more likely to be classified as trade unions, or writers' associations such as the PEN , which set themselves humanitarian and political goals.
Literary concept formation
The most common “group formation” is that of literary historians , who in literary history group authors together according to literary epochs and styles , regardless of whether they have known each other personally .
Examples
middle Ages
Italian
- Sicilian school of poets 13th century (Italy)
Late Middle Ages
French
- Les Rhétoriqueurs , 15th century (France)
Early modern age
French
- Lyon school of poets
- La Pléiade (France)
Baroque
German
- Elbe Swan Order
- Fruitful society
- Pegnese Order of Flowers
- Silesian poetry school
- Second Silesian School
Italian
18th century
Anglo-American
- Connecticut Wits (USA)
German
- Emkendorfer Kreis ( Friederike Juliane Countess von Reventlow )
- Halberstadt poets around Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim
- Göttingen Hainbund
- Munster circle
- Upper Rhine poets' circle
19th century
German
- Ellora (Association) (Berlin), 1852, around Friedrich Eggers , Theodor Fontane
- Friedrichshagener Dichterkreis (Berlin) 1888–1898
- Herwegh-Klub (Leipzig), around Georg Herwegh , Theodor Fontane , Friedrich Max Müller , Wilhelm Wolfsohn
- Young Germany , 1830–1835, around Heinrich Laube , Karl Gutzkow a . a.
- Die Krokodile (Munich), 1856–1870, around Julius Grosse , Paul Heyse
- Lenau Association (Berlin), around Theodor Fontane , Julius Faucher , Hermann Maron
- Literary Association in Stuttgart (also: Litterarischer Verein in Stuttgart )
- Maikäferbund (Bonn), 1840–1848, around Johanna and Gottfried Kinkel
- Nordsternbund (Berlin), 1803, suggested by Varnhagen von Ense and Chamisso
- Platen Association (Berlin), around Theodor Fontane , Egbert Hanisch , Werner Hahn
- Rütli (Berlin), 1852–1897, around Friedrich Eggers , Theodor Fontane , Franz Kugler , Bernhard von Lepel , Adolph Menzel , Theodor Storm
- Scharfenberger Kreis , 1812–1824, around Dietrich von Miltitz , Karl Borromäus von Miltitz , Novalis , Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué , August Apel , ETA Hoffmann , Theodor Körner
- Schwäbische Dichterschule (Tübingen), 1805–1808, around Justinus Kerner , Ludwig Uhland
- Serapionsbrüder (Berlin) , around 1814–1818, around ETA Hoffmann
- Seracher Dichterkreis (Esslingen am Neckar), 1831, around Alexander von Württemberg
- Tunnel over the Spree (Berlin), 1827–1898, around Moritz Gottlieb Saphir , Theodor Fontane , Friedrich Wilhelm Klemm , Ludwig Schneider
French
- Félibrige (France), from 1854 to Frédéric Mistral
- Mardis (France), from 1877 to Stéphane Mallarmé
- Parnassia (France), 1860–1870, around Leconte de Lisle , Théophile Gautier
Russian
- Arsamas (Petersburg), 1815–1818, around Alexander Sergejewitsch Pushkin
20th century
Intercontinental
- Oulipo , since 1960, aim of the group: language expansion through formal constraints (France, Italy, USA, Transylvania)
- Stuttgart group / school , movement since the late 1950s (Brazil, Germany, England, France, Japan, Austria, Czech Republic)
Anglo-American language area
- Imagism , 1912 – approx. 1918, center of movement: London
United States
- Lost Generation , approx. 1914–1930s, American writer in Europe
- Beat Generation , around 1950s to 1970s, well-known Beat authors are Jack Kerouac , Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs with influence a. a. on German underground literature
German language area
- George Circle , early 20th century; Members: Stefan George , Friedrich Gundolf , Karl Wolfskehl , Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg
- New Community (Berlin), 1902–1904, around Julius Hart , Heinrich Hart and Gustav Landauer
- The new club , (Berlin) 1909–1912 Kurt Hiller
Germany
Groups continued or newly founded after the reunification of Germany :
- Neue Gesellschaft für Literatur , founded in 1973 by Ingeborg Drewitz and others to support authors and other cultural institutions in Berlin and Brandenburg, existed until 2003, the date and circumstances of its dissolution are unknown
- Literarisches Colloquium Berlin , forum founded on May 16, 1963 for all professional groups related to literature
- Lübeck Literature Meeting, a German circle of authors founded by Günter Grass on December 5, 2005
- Werkkreis Literatur der Arbeitswelt , a writers' association founded on March 7, 1970, which expressly does not only address professional authors
FRG
- Group 47 , 1947–1968 (1972, 1977, 1990), refers to the participants in the German-speaking writers ' meetings to which Hans Werner Richter invited from 1947 to 1967. The price of Group 47 determined in a democratic vote turned out to be for many award winners - u. a. for Günter Grass - as the beginning of a literary career.
- New Frankfurt School , from 1970s ( FW Bernstein , Bernd Eilert , Eckhard Henscheid , Robert Gernhardt , Chlodwig Poth , Hans Traxler F.K. Waechter )
- German underground literature , see Beat Generation , around 1960s to 1970s (including PG Hübsch , Jürgen Ploog , Jörg Fauser )
GDR
- New Friedrichshagener Poet Circle , founded in 1962
- Saxon Poet School , 1960s
- Group 61 , 1961 – early 1970s (member including Max von der Grün )
Austria
- Viennese salons, e.g. B. Salon of Berta Zuckerkandl and Salon of Eugenie Schwarzwald
- Wiener Gruppe , around 1954–1964, a. a. HC Artmann , Oswald Wiener .
Switzerland
- Olten Group , an association of Swiss authors that existed from 1971 to 2002
Italian
- Wu Ming , collective of writers in Bologna , which emerged from the Luther Blissett Project in 2000 and which integrates itself into the ideological direction of the new social movements.
Polish
- Skamander , from 1920, a. a. Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz
Russian
- Poets Guild , group of poets founded in 1911, which represented acmeism . You belonged u. a. Nikolai Gumiljow , Anna Akhmatova and Ossip Mandelstam .
- Centrifuge (Russia) early 20th century; u. a. Boris Pasternak
- Imaginism was a Russian group of poets at the beginning of the 1920s - probably inspired in 1915 after contacts with the English poet of imagism , Ezra Pound - who on the one hand programmatically differentiated themselves from the futurists by placing the image at the center of their poetry instead of the word , on the other hand, it built on them in many ways. Main representatives were Vadim Scherschenewitsch , Anatoli Marienhof and Alexander Kussikow as well as some Sergei Jessenin .
- Serapion Brothers (Petrograd) from 1921 (Russia)
- Klub Poesija , also called 'Poezia' (poetry), an "underground" literary group in Moscow (1980s-1990s). Members u. a .: Juri Arabow , Valeri Brainin , Jewgenij Bunimovitch , Sergej Gandlevski , Nina Iskrenko , Timur Kibirov , Dmitri Prigow , Lev Rubinstein .
Czech
- Group 42 , from 1942 until the late 1960s
Turkish
- Garip , group of poets, active from around the 1940s to the 1950s
- Second new , counter-movement to the Garip group and the socialist realism it represents from 1956
21st century
German language area
Germany
- Authors' group historical novel Quo Vadis , 2002–2014, amalgamation of most recently over 100 professional writers who have devoted themselves to a wide variety of approaches in the field of historical novels . The members included a. Gabriele Beyerlein , Horst Bosetzky , Rebecca Gablé , Derek Meister , Ulrike Schweikert , Wolf Serno .
- Edition Gegenwind , a label introduced in 2010 that is used by professional writers in particular for self-publications of new editions of out-of-print book titles and also allows them to be active as an author community. Members are (as of 2019) Gabriele Beyerlein , Dagmar Chidolue (until 2017), Uschi Flacke , Thomas Fuchs , Ulrich Karger , Manfred Schlüter , Sylvia Schopf , Pete Smith , Ella Theiss and Christa Zeuch .
Switzerland
- Index - Word and Effect , an independent collective founded in 2001 of around 30 Swiss authors, including Simon Froehling , Lea Gottheil and Ulrike Ulrich .
See also
- Court of muses
- Circle of poets
- Literary society
- Literary salon
- Association of German Writers
- Mastersingers
- Rederijkers
- Library of the Litterarian Society in Stuttgart
literature
- Jost Hermand: The German poets' associations. From the Mastersingers to the PEN Club . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-412-09897-3 .
- Wulf Wülfing, Karin Bruns, Rolf Parr (eds.): Handbook of literary-cultural associations, groups and associations 1825–1933 . (Repertories on the history of German literature, 18). Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1998, ISBN 3-476-01336-7 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Peter Seibert: The literary salon. Literature and conviviality between the Enlightenment and the pre-March period . Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1993.
- ↑ Walther Müller-Jentsch: Exclusivity and the public. About strategies in the literary field . In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Vol. 36 (2007), no. 3, pp. 219–241.