Wünsdorf

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Wünsdorf
City of Zossen
Coat of arms of Wünsdorf
Coordinates: 52 ° 9 ′ 47 "  N , 13 ° 28 ′ 28"  E
Height : 47 m
Area : 72.92 km²
Residents : 6202  (March 31, 2005)
Population density : 85 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : October 26, 2003
Postal code : 15806
Area code : 033702

Wünsdorf is a district of the town of Zossen in the Teltow-Fläming district in the state of Brandenburg . In March 2005 it had 6,202 inhabitants (3,060 of them male and 3,142 female). The place itself has an area of ​​13.8 km², with the municipal parts 72.92 km². During the Second World War , Wünsdorf was the "nervous system of the Wehrmacht".

Geographical location

The place is about 40 kilometers south of Berlin on the federal highway 96 . The districts of Neuhof and Waldstadt belong to Wünsdorf . Wünsdorf is located on the southwestern edge of the Wünsdorfer Platte . The Große Wünsdorfer See and the small Wünsdorfer See belong to a chain of lakes in the Töpchiner Talung, a glacial channel from the Vistula glaciation .

politics

coat of arms

The coat of arms was designed by the heraldist Frank Diemar .

Incorporations

  • In 1957 the residential area of ​​the Zehrensdorf estate was incorporated into Wünsdorf.
  • In 1970 Neu-Wünsdorf became part of Wünsdorf.
  • Neuhof has belonged to Wünsdorf since April 1st, 1974.
  • On September 27, 1998, Waldstadt was incorporated. The community of Waldstadt was founded on February 16, 1996 on the area of ​​the previously unincorporated military area.
  • On October 26, 2003, Wünsdorf was incorporated into Zossen.

history

From the first mention to the construction of the first military training area

Wünsdorf Church

"Wünsdorf" seems to be of Slavic origin, as the syllable "wun" or "wyn" means water. The reference to a settlement on the water is given by the lake.

On the banks of the river that connects the two lakes, Neben-Wünsdorf and Fern-Wünsdorf emerged as twin villages "in den beyden dorffern wonsdorff" (1501). The name of the village next-Wünsdorf changed from Wustdorf , Wusttorf (1346) to Nestwunstorff and Negst Wunsdorff (1583). The village of Fern-Wünsdorf can be found for the first time in a document "uff demgericht thu ferren Wunstorf" in 1430.

In 1545 an office was carried designation . Thereafter, both villages belonged to the German-speaking side of the former rule Zossen , both with a field mark of 13 Hufen , 12 Hüfner with the Schulzen, 4 Kossäthen and fishing justice .

Next-Wünsdorf already had a branch church of Zossen in 1583, to which Fern-Wünsdorf was parish, both villages belonged to the Zossen domain office . In the Thirty Years' War the villages became almost desolate , the first pastor known by name, Andreas Hansche, worked from 1631 to 1639. The Landreiter reported in 1652 that there were still eight long-established farmers in Next-Wünsdorf (Jochim Brößigk, Hanß and Adam Balcke, Christoff Fischer , Martin Theylicke, Michel Otto and Hanß Theyle; from Jachzenbrück Gurge Schmolle) and two co-workers who moved in (Michel Zusche and Michel Boldenick) and in Fern-Wünsdorf two old farmers (Bartell Balcke and Andreaß Schultze), from outside the deputy schoolboy Jacob Lieben, the Farmer Hanß Müller and the three farmers (Andreaß Henicke, Adam and Gurge Zusatz). It was not until 1655 that the twelve vacant farms could be occupied again. Next-Wünsdorf received a new half-timbered church around 1662, the old one was badly damaged by the war, but it had to be demolished in 1743 because of dilapidation. In Next-Wünsdorf there was a jug and outside the village there was a forge. At Christmas 1744 the new church, a rectangular building with a retracted rectangular choir, was inaugurated.

In the following decade, the preacher and the schoolmaster, a Lehnschulze with two hooves and a citizen field, eleven Einhüfner, two Kossät (one of the brewers), a Halbkossät, a quarter Kossät, two Büdner, a blacksmith, a shepherd, two couples settled in Next-Wünsdorf and two single residents. In Fern-Wünsdorf the Lehnschulze lived on two vacant hooves, eleven Einhüfner, two Ganzkossät with some field, a Halbkossät, two Büdner, three pairs of householders and two pairs of residents. Around 1801 there was a windmill in Neben-Wünsdorf , and the population had risen to 163; 111 people lived in Fern-Wünsdorf.

At the end of June 1838 a major fire broke out in Fern-Wünsdorf, which spread to Next-Wünsdorf and almost completely reduced both villages to rubble and ashes; the church was destroyed again. The then provost Straube asked the royal government in Potsdam to build a new church in 1840 : “The village of Wünsdorf, to which the villages of Neuhof, Zehrensdorf and Jauchzenbrück (now Lindenbrück) are parish, has been without the church for more than two years, which in summer Was destroyed by fire in 1838. The pastor of the parish, Mr. Preacher Hanf in Zossen, is very saddened that the spiritual development of the parish is suffering very much as a result ... “ The foundation stone for the classical plastered building was laid on May 13, 1841, and the church was consecrated in 1843. The population now rose by leaps and bounds and there were various craftsmen in both villages, the church was fenced in in 1858, which has been preserved, and the church cemetery was within this area until 1945. Today, individual tombstones still bear witness to this past. In 1860 the two villages had 283 inhabitants, plus the Wolziger Mühle residential area , a water mill , and the Schlothorst establishment with 18 inhabitants.

By royal decree of May 24, 1874, the two villages were united. Wünsdorf became the largest municipality in what was then the Teltow district and comprised 2800 acres of fields, 670 acres of meadows, 914 acres of pasture and 1483 acres of forest.

By the next turn of the century the number of inhabitants had more than doubled, in 1897 a separate train station was opened on the Berlin – Dresden railway line, in 1906 a military training area was built and an infantry school was built , which resulted in the settlement of civil servants and tradespeople.

View of the mosque in the so-called half moon camp in Wünsdorf

Military base 1910–1918

Zehrensdorf Indian Cemetery

As early as the summer of 1877, an artillery firing range for the Prussian Artillery Examination Commission was opened in Kummersdorf . From 1888 it was connected to the Jüterbog shooting range by a small test railway , which was replaced from May 1897 by the extension of the Prussian military railway from the Kummersdorf shooting range to the Jüterbog military station.

In the course of the expansion of the grounds of the Jüterbog and Kummersdorf military training areas, the area of ​​Zossen, Wünsdorf, Zehrensdorf and Töpchin was included from 1907 and the population of Zehrensdorf was permanently resettled between 1909 and 1911. From 1910 onwards, numerous barracks and military training areas in the forest were built in Wünsdorf : in 1912 the telephone and telegraph office and in 1913 the infantry school. Accelerated by the First World War - Wünsdorf became the headquarters of  the Imperial Army - the Imperial Gymnastics Institute was established, which existed from 1914 to 1945.

The first mosque in the German Empire with an imam was built in Wünsdorf during the First World War in July 1915 . The Ottoman Empire was then the ally of the Central Powers .

The imam was sent by the Ottoman Empire to the German Empire on behalf of the Caliph of Constantinople . Only enemy soldiers of Islamic faith who were able to pursue their religious practices in the house of worship were held in the prisoner-of-war camp . Financed by the Prussian military, the building with the approximately 25-meter-high minaret was erected in just five weeks.

Military base 1918–1939

The military area continued to be used after the end of the war in 1918. In the gymnasium, the first military sports courses were held from October 1, 1924 as part of the newly founded popular sports movement , which were carried out across the Reich until 1933. From 1934 it was converted into the Army Sports School in Wünsdorf , which directed the sporting fortunes of the Reichswehr in relation to competitive sports . The German competitors were prepared here for the 1936 Olympics in Berlin , while all other nations were accommodated in the Olympic Village . Its first director was from 1919 to 1924 Hans Surén . More barracks, a hospital and horse stables followed . With the use of the area by the Soviet Army , the area became known as the "House of Officers" or " Lenin City".

Wünsdorf also became known for the construction of the first mosque on German soil from autumn 1914, the inauguration took place on July 13, 1915. Erected for Muslim prisoners of war in the so-called half - moon camp, the possibility of practicing religion should facilitate a “re-education” of the prisoners of war . After the end of the war, it was used by the Berlin Islamic community for some time, fell into disrepair and was demolished around 1925 because it was dilapidated. The camp cemetery for the prisoners of war was the Zehrensdorf cemetery, where 206 Indian soldiers were also buried. At the end of the 1920s, the French exhumed their dead and buried them in the large war cemeteries near Verdun and Langemarck . The cemetery became overgrown and was used again for a short time during the Second World War to bury the dead from the air raids on Wünsdorf. Then the cemetery fell into disrepair. In 1995 this unique interdenominational cemetery was placed under monument protection, in 2002 work began to secure and restore the cemetery, which was completed in 2005 with the inauguration as the Zehrensdorf Indian Cemetery .

After the end of the war in 1918, displaced persons from Alsace-Lorraine and Poland were housed in the camps, and the barracks grounds were used by the Lützow Freikorps from January 1919 to April 1920 .

In the 1920s Wünsdorf had about 1300 inhabitants; soldiers for the Reichswehr followed ; in connection with the Treaty of Rapallo , the Reichswehr collaborated with the Red Army for a short time and a Russian Orthodox church was built .

With the seizure of power by the NSDAP at the end of January 1933, Wünsdorf developed into a center in the development of fast troops and, in particular, armored troops . The first motorized unit of the Reichswehr had been relocated to Wünsdorf as early as 1931, but the military facilities were now being greatly expanded. In 1933 the first tank unit of the future German Wehrmacht was set up on the training area , in 1935 the 3rd tank division was re -established in Wünsdorf and the army driving school was relocated to the town. In March 1935 the Army High Command (OKH) moved into its headquarters ; the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW) followed in 1938. To accommodate the members and employees of the Wehrmacht, a forest settlement began to be built in the north of the village. At the time of the Soviet occupation, the 3rd military town ("Fliegerstädtchen") was housed in this area. Today the area is open to the public and is known under the name "Book and Bunker City Wünsdorf".

The existing military sports facilities were used in 1936, in the run-up to the Olympic Games , for training the German team. At the same time, the military bathing establishment was built, which was rebuilt by the Soviet armed forces in the mid-1950s .

High bunker of the Winkel type

In 1937, work began on the bomb-proof and partly underground bunkers (camouflage designations "Maybach I" and "Maybach II"), including the ultra-modern communication center "Zeppelin" and around 20  air raid bunkers ( bunkers of the Winkel type ). A country-style settlement was built above ground for camouflage . The work on Maybach I was completed in 1939 and the systems, which are up to 20 meters deep, were put into operation.

Military base 1939–1945

A few days before the German invasion of Poland , on August 26, 1939, the OKH headquarters was relocated to the "Maybach I" bunker. The “Maybach II” bunker, completed in early summer 1940, housed the OKW. Up to April 1945, orders to German troops throughout Europe came from the “Zeppelin” bunker (camouflage name “Amt 500”), one of the largest communication hubs during the Second World War. In addition, from 1943 onwards, due to the stronger air strikes by the Allies on Berlin, other Wehrmacht offices were relocated to Wünsdorf, including parts of the Army Weapons Office and positions of the Army High Command.

Adolf Hitler used the term "Geist von Zossen" to describe the OKH's concerns about an attack on France.

After the first bombing in 1945, the 8th US Air Force flew the third and heaviest attack on Wünsdorf on Thursday, March 15, 1945 with over 580 aircraft. 120 people died and numerous houses were damaged or destroyed. On April 20, Soviet troops marched in and Wünsdorf was surrendered almost without a fight. The military command of the Soviet Marshal Zhukov took his quarters in Wünsdorf for the battle for Berlin .

Military base 1945–1994

Wjunsdorf (Вюнсдорф), as the place was called by the "Russians", remained military and received the seat of the High Command of the Group of Soviet Armed Forces in Germany (GSSD) (from June 1989 under the name of the Western Group of Troops ). The Wünsdorf station, with its own section, was the station of the Soviet troops and thus one of the four special stations of the Allies in Berlin and its surroundings (see Berlin-Lichterfelde West station - for the US troops , Berlin-Tegel station - for the French troops , Berlin-Charlottenburg train station - for the British troops ). There was a daily train to Moscow until 1994 .

In accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , the bunkers and most of the air defense towers were blown up after the technical equipment had been dismantled in 1947 in order to make them unusable for further military use. At “Amt 500” only the west entrance area was destroyed, the structure itself withstood the blasting. In March 1953, the evacuation of apartments and houses, the post office, pharmacy , savings and loan fund and of shops east of the railway line began, the B 96 was closed to through traffic, around 800 residents were relocated and 30,000 Soviet soldiers were stationed.

In 1955, the population of Wünsdorf founded the first LPG (Type I) with 10 members and 31 hectares on land that was not used by the military. In 1961, the LPGs "German-Soviet Friendship" and "Heimatliebe" were united in Wünsdorf. In the same year the PGH of the roofing trade was founded . Together with the district forester , they provided the largest employers in the area until the fall of the Berlin Wall .

Under the commanding Marshal Ivan Konew , Soviet armor protection for the construction of the Berlin Wall was organized from Wünsdorf . The aviation security to guarantee the GDR, which was founded in 1974 in Wünsdorf United headquarters 14 , founded in 1990 by Soviet with officers of the NVA , from the German reunification with officers of the German Air Force , worked together. The headquarters of the 16th Soviet Air Army (16th LA) with the last code names "RANET" and "WIMPEL" were based in Wünsdorf from 1977. The command center of the "RANET" was the Zeppelin bunker (Amt 500), which had been repaired for this purpose and provided with a lock system made of armored doors.

In addition to the approximately 2,700 inhabitants, 50,000 to 75,000 Soviet men, women and children lived there at peak times . The area was a restricted area for citizens of the GDR . Until 1994, there were numerous Soviet facilities such as kindergartens, schools, sports fields, swimming pools and shops within the fenced and walled area.

Bathing establishment of the Soviet troops in Wünsdorf

The troops withdrew in 1994. In September 1994 they left a deserted garrison town and an area of ​​260 hectares of suspected ammunition. 98,300 pieces of ammunition and 47,000 pieces of other ordnance, 29.3 tons of ammunition scrap and other bomb and weapon parts were disposed of. 45,000 cubic meters of household and bulky waste were removed; There were also tons of chemicals , used oils , used paints, used tires , accumulators and asbestos waste .

Post-military use

As early as 1992, the state development company for urban development, housing and transport of the State of Brandenburg mbH (LEG) was involved in order to prepare for use after 1994. Their main task was the development of a housing policy concept for Wünsdorf. On June 23, 1995, the development company Waldstadt Wünsdorf / Zehrensdorf (EWZ) was founded as a subsidiary of LEG with shares from the municipality of Wünsdorf and the district of Teltow-Fläming, "in order to demonstrate a model conversion in Wünsdorf to show how barracks, deal with military heritage ”. EWZ acquired land in the Wünsdorf area from Brandenburgische Boden (BBG) for development and marketing purposes. The communities of Wünsdorf and Waldstadt would not have been able to do this with their own means. A concept for urban development by 2005 was drawn up. In 2001 the EWZ office in Wünsdorf was closed. EWZ from Groß Glienicke, where the parent company, LEG iL, has its headquarters, is continuing the task of transforming 590 hectares and around 700 buildings that can be renovated into civilian use. The Ateliergemeinschaft Töpchin was founded in 1992 in the middle of the former military training area . Visual artists such as Andreas Theurer , Harald Müller, Susanne Specht , Yoshimi Hashimoto, Sieghard Auer, Ralf Sander founded a cultural island in a former secret film archive. In 1995 the art exhibition "Geisterstadt Geistesstatt" was organized by Manfred Sieloff and the Töpchin studio community in the empty barracks.

Numerous authorities have settled in the abandoned headquarters, including the Brandenburg State Office for the settlement of open property issues and the Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and the State Archaeological Museum . Most of the former barracks were converted into residential buildings, single-family house areas were created on cleared areas and local amenities, a primary school and kindergartens were built. Together these now represent the Waldstadt part of the municipality.

Attractions

Bookstore in Wünsdorf
  • In Wünsdorf-Waldstadt, one of the few book villages in Germany, the Book City of Wünsdorf, has been located within the area formerly used by the Soviet armed forces since 1998 .
  • The largest existing statue of Lenin in Germany stands in front of the “House of Officers” in Wünsdorf
  • The New Gallery in the Gutenberg House.
  • Have received numerous bunkers of the Wehrmacht , during the bunker tours of the city of books Touristik GmbH can be visited, including a Spitzbunker type angle . Around 20,000 visitors come every year.
  • The village church in Wünsdorf is a hall church in the round arch style from the years 1841 to 1843. The church furnishings come from the same period of construction.
  • The Wünsdorf Cycling Museum in the Gutenberghaus shows exhibits related to cycling with a focus on Berlin and Brandenburg.
  • Garrison Museum of the Förderverein Garnisonsmuseum Wünsdorf eV
  • Museum of the Teltow
  • Motorcycle museum on the B 96 with motorcycles , mopeds and scooters , mostly from GDR production (closed since 2012)
  • “Kulturhof Wünsdorf”, a typical old farmhouse, founded in 1839, the buildings, which are now partially restored, house a gallery and workshop with interesting photo and sculpture exhibitions
  • The Helmut Gollwitzer House of the Evangelical Youth Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia is located in Wünsdorf .

literature

  • Andreas Franke, Detlev Steinberg: Wünsdorf. A Russian city in the GDR. 20 years after the withdrawal of the Soviet Army. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle (Saale) 2014, ISBN 978-3-95462-245-0 . (Photo book with an afterword by Helmut Domke; German / Russian)
  • Wünsdorf. A chronicle in words and pictures. Geiger, Horb am Neckar 1992, ISBN 3-89264-695-3 .
  • Friedrich Beck , Margot Beck, Lieselott Enders (edit.), Klaus Neitmann (ed.): Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg. Part IV: Teltow. (= Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archive (State Archive Potsdam). Volume 13). Weimar 1976, pp. 353-356. (New edition 2011, ISBN 978-3-941919-81-5 )
  • Willy Spatz: The Teltow. (= History of the localities in the Teltow district. Volume 3). Rob. Rohde, Berlin 1912, pp. 335–336.
  • Hans Georg Kampe: 90 years of military history Zossen-Wünsdorf. Projekt + Verlag Dr. Erwin Meißler. (Computer presentation on CD-ROM, three parts)
  • Gerhard Kaiser: restricted area. The secret command centers in Wünsdorf since 1871. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-86153-152-6 .
  • Gerhard Kaiser among others: From the restricted area to the forest town: The history of the secret command centers in Wünsdorf and the surrounding area. 4th edition. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86153-434-1 .
  • Stefan Wieschollek: Conversion. A stillborn child in Wünsdorf-Waldstadt? Problems with the conversion of the former headquarters of the western group of troops into a civil town. ( Full text (PDF) ( Memento from August 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ))

Web links

Commons : Wünsdorf  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Niklas Maak: The forest town of Wünsdorf. faz.net, August 19, 2015. ( faz.net accessed August 19, 2015)
  2. ↑ Olaf Juschus: The young moraine south of Berlin - investigations into the young Quaternary landscape development between Unterspreewald and Nuthe. (= Berlin Geographical Works. 95). Dissertation, Humboldt University Berlin, 2001. Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-9806807-2-X , p. 2. See Figure 2: Plates and glacial valleys in the young moraine south of Berlin . (edoc.hu-berlin.de)
  3. ↑ Municipalities in 1994 and their changes since January 1st, 1948 in the new federal states. Metzler-Poeschel publishing house, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8246-0321-7 , publisher: Federal Statistical Office.
  4. ^ StBA: Changes in the municipalities in Germany, see 1997
  5. ^ StBA: Changes in the municipalities in Germany, see 1996
  6. ^ StBA: Changes in the municipalities in Germany, see 2003
  7. ^ Gerhard Kaiser, Bernd Herrmann: From the restricted area to the forest town (=  the history of the secret command centers in Wünsdorf and the surrounding area ). Ch. Links Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-86153-434-1 , p. 35.
  8. ^ Gerhard Schlimpert : The place names of the Teltow (= Brandenburg name book. Volume 3; = Berlin contributions to name research. Volume 3). Bohlau, Weimar 1972, p. 206.
  9. ^ Publications of the Potsdam State Archives. Volume 13, H. Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar 1976, p. 355.
  10. ^ Adolph Friedrich Riedel : Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis . Part 1, Volume 24, 1863, p. 421.
  11. ↑ Ernst Fidicin: The territories of the Mark Brandenburg or history of the individual districts, cities, manors and villages in the same. Volume 1, self-published, 1857, p. 143.
  12. ^ Arnd Krüger , Frank von Lojewski: Selected aspects of military sports in Lower Saxony in the Weimar period. In: Hans Langenfeld , Stefan Nielsen (Hrsg.): Contributions to the sports history of Lower Saxony. Part 2: Weimar Republic. (⇐ NISH series of publications . Volume 12). NISH, Hoya 1998, ISBN 3-932423-02-X , pp. 124-148.
  13. ^ Martin Kaule: Brandenburg 1933-1945. The historical travel guide. Ch. Links Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-86153-669-7 , p. 81.
  14. ↑ Not Mecca, but Zehrensdorf. In: Deutschlandradio . November 24, 2006.
  15. ↑ Bernfried Lichtnau: Architecture and Urban Development in the Southern Baltic Sea Region between 1936 and 1980 (= publication of the contributions to the Art History Conference February 8-10, 2001, organized by the Caspar David Friedrich Institute , Art History Department , Greifswald University ). Lukas Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-931836-74-6 , p. 95.
  16. ^ Niklas Maak: The forest town of Wünsdorf. faz.net, August 19, 2015. ( faz.net accessed August 19, 2015)
  17. ^ Peter Longerich: Hitler . Siedler, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-8275-0060-1 , p. 710.
  18. ↑ WWII 8thAAF Combat Chronology. 8thafhs.org ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.8thafhs.org
  19. ^ Wünsdorf - the forbidden city. ( Memento from August 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  20. ^ Draft for the land use plan for the city of Zossen; Steinberg, Kießlich, 2000, p. 8.
  21. ↑ Berliner Zeitung. 3rd July 1996.
  22. ↑ Klaus Honnef, Manfred Sieloff: Geisterstadt-Geistesstatt. Conversion art in Wünsdorf-Waldstadt 1997. Strauss, Potsdam 1998, ISBN 3-929748-10-X .
  23. ↑ Book City Wünsdorf - Shattered Visions? ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) September 12, 2008.
  24. ^ Book and bunker town Wünsdorf - second-hand bookshops. 2018.
  25. ↑ https://leninisstillaround.com/2015/03/09/auf-hitlers-rotem-granit/
  26. ^ Helmut Uwer: Bunkers instead of books. nzz.ch, February 25, 2014, accessed on February 25, 2014.