Organ landscape Thuringia

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Compenius prospectus from 1648 in Erfurt

The organ landscape of Thuringia includes the organ inventory that has grown over time in the Free State of Thuringia . Since the partition of Erfurt (1572), the cultural region has been subdivided into various princes and duchies and has been subject to changing borders. An independent organ landscape developed from the 17th to the 19th century, which reached its heyday with the work of Tobias Heinrich Gottfried Trost .

The article deals with the history of organ building and the organs that have been preserved in what is now Thuringia. Further information on individual instruments can be found in the list of organs in Thuringia .

Gothic and Renaissance

Meyer organ from 1590

The first references to organs in Thuringia can be found in the 13th century. For example, there is evidence of an organ in Erfurt Cathedral in 1225, and one in the Benedictine abbey there in St. Peter's Church in 1226 . The choir stalls of Erfurt Cathedral are decorated with late Gothic carvings from the 1350s that show an angel playing a small positive . The oldest surviving organ in Thuringia was completed in 1590 by Daniel Meyer from Göttingen on behalf of Landgrave Wilhelm IV . The instrument in Wilhelmsburg Castle in Schmalkalden has six wooden registers with a total of 252 pipes and, like the organ in Frederiksborg Castle by Esaias Compenius the Elder, is in the tradition of the “organo di legno”. The prospect pipes are covered with gold and ivory and are crowned with carved tendrils. Four labial and two tongue registers enable a rich sound spectrum in which Italian with North German-Dutch colors merge into one unit. The principal has vocal quality, the flutes sound soft and the two registers are bitter and old-fashioned. The work is one of the most important Renaissance organs in Northern Europe.

Baroque

Thuringia in 1680
Volckland organ in Mühlberg (1729)
Consolation organ of the town church Waltershausen (1730)

Organ building in Thuringia reached its climax in the Baroque era. Compared to the more conventional Saxon organ building, the dispositions were more imaginative and chamber music. The prospectuses were more complex and were characterized by a large number of towers and pipe fields with their own profiled cornices.

Ludwig Compenius came from the famous Compenius family , which was one of the leading central German organ building families in the 16th and 17th centuries. The early Baroque prospect in the Erfurt Predigerkirche from 1648 has been preserved from him. The organ building family Papenius , whose ancestor Georg Benedict Papenius worked in Nordhausen around 1662 , was initially mainly active in northern Thuringia. Evidence is the still preserved organ from 1662 in the St. Martin and Johannes Church in Bielen . Johann Osan created an organ in Oberweimar / St. Peter and Paul, of which the historical case is still original. The Saxon organ builder Christoph Donat built an instrument in the Eisenberg Castle Church in 1683 , which Tobias Heinrich Gottfried Trost expanded from 1731–1733. By Johann Friedrich Wender are Bachkirche Arnstadt the prospectus and 320 pipes from the years 1699-1703 received. Johann Sebastian Bach held his first position as organist on the new organ from 1703 to 1707 . In Bach's baptistery, the Georgenkirche in Eisenach , the prospectus of the Eisenach organ builder Georg Christoph Stertzing (1707) has been preserved. The Stertzing organ in Büßleben / St. Petri, which is still largely original, dates from 1702. It was originally built for the St. Peter's Church in Erfurt and implemented in 1812 after the Benedictine monastery was abolished.

The baroque organ in Bedheim / St. Kilian is peculiar . The organ of Nicolaus Seeber of 1711 was a Swallow organ of Caspar Schippel supplemented from 1721, the mechanical construction connected by 20 meters length, with the abstract of the main organ and is playable from the bottom of Manual. In the same year Heinrich Nicolaus Trebs completed his organ in Niederroßla , for which Johann Gottfried Walther designed the arrangement . In Wickerstedt , Trebs created an organ in 1738 using parts from the previous organ from the 17th century. Seeber's competitor and probably Schippel's successor was Johann Christian Dotzauer , who worked in the Duchy of Saxony-Hildburghausen . The small organ by an unknown organ builder in the chapel of Bodenstein Castle from around 1725 includes pipework, some of which also dates from the 17th century. The case was originally probably a Rückpositiv , which was converted into an altar organ in the 18th century . Johann Georg Fincke built organs in Altenbeuthen / Vierzehnheiligen (Jena) (1716), Neustadt an der Orla / Stadtkirche Sankt Johannes (1726) and Gräfenthal / St. Marien (1729).

Johann Georg Schröter is one of the productive Thuringian organ builders of the Baroque period with works in Rohda (1719), Kerspleben (1720, partly preserved), Töttleben (1722), Wandersleben / Sankt-Petri-Kirche (1724, partly preserved), Klettbach (1725, Attribution), Niedernissa (1731), Neuroda (1742) and Andisleben (1743). Eilert Köhler , who came from Burhave , built an organ for the Suhler Kreuzkirche from 1738–1740 . The instrument made by Johann Christoph Thielemann in Pfullendorf (1711) is based on a two-foot prospect, the one in Molsdorf (1721) on a four-foot prospect. His organ in Graefenhain / St. Trinitatis (1728–1731) has a bell and a cymbal star . The Thielemann organ in Grabsleben / St. Magdalena (1738-1739).

From the Saxon organ builder Gottfried Silbermann there are two organs in the area of ​​today's Thuringia, in the Ponitz Friedenskirche (1734–1737) and in the castle chapel of Castle Burgk (1743?). Both works are largely unchanged. The Erfurt organ builder Franciscus Volckland created high quality instruments, some of which have been preserved: Mühlberg / Sankt-Lukas-Kirche (1729), Erfurt / Neuwerkskirche (1737), Sohnstedt / St. Trinitatis (around 1740), Elxleben / St. Peter and Paul (1750–1751) and Tröchtelborn / St. Bonifatius (1767) . Volckland only created one- and two-manual organs whose dispositions, similar to Silbermann's, show strong similarities.

The most important organ builder in Thuringia was Tobias Heinrich Gottfried Trost . He built a total of 21 new organs and converted five. His organs have been preserved in Großengottern / St. Walpurgis (1712–1716), in the town church of Waltershausen (1722–1730), in the castle church of Altenburg (1736–1739), Thonhausen (1744–1746). His works in Altenburg and Waltershausen are "among the brilliant achievements of central German organ building in the 18th century". Trost was an innovative organ builder who, unlike Silbermann, was keen to experiment. Typical for organ building in Thuringia are the numerous eight-foot registers in an equal position , the unusual timbres and the gentle plenum .

In the Bach House Eisenach several are Positive issued from the Baroque era, including one from 1650, the oldest surviving Thuringian positive organ.

Rococo and Classicism

Rommel organ in Geba (1793)

Together with his brother Johannes Wagner, Johann Michael Wagner founded a family business that had been active in Thuringia and Hesse for three generations. The Holland family later took over the practical implementation. Johann Michael Wagner himself worked as an organ builder for almost six decades. His organ is preserved in the Marienkirche in Suhl (1760–1762). By Johann Stephan Schmaltz the organs in coming Kornhochheim / St. Nikolaus (1745), Elleben (1768), Altenfeld (1776) and Hohenebra / Church “Gloria Deo” (1778).

Johann Caspar Rommel worked in West Thuringia and East Hesse in the second half of the 18th century. Its richly designed brochures follow the Main Franconian tradition. He built organs in Herpf / St. Johannis (1752?), Kaltenlengsfeld (1755–1757), possibly Stedtlingen (1750), Wohlmuthshausen (1765/1766), Zella-Mehlis / St. Blasii (1778/1779), Geba (1793).

The instrument in Oßmannstedt /St.-Petrus-Kirche was made by Johann Benjamin Witzmann in 1810. The organ from Johann Christian Adam Gerhard in Dornburg /St.-Jacobi-Kirche (1820), the five stops from the Previous organ included. His work in Großobringen / St. Peter and Paul (1819/1820). His listed late work in Saalborn (1834) stands on the threshold from classicism to early romanticism.

romance

Opitz organ in Frankenau (1853)
Sauer organ in Apolda (1894)

As in other organ landscapes, the change in sound aesthetics in the Romantic era was accompanied by major changes in organ building. The classic work principle was abandoned. Aliquot registers , reeds and mixed voices gave way to fundamental registers that enabled the most infinitely variable sound dynamics possible. The new action and drawer systems that prevailed at the end of the 19th century revolutionized organ building. From 1880, the brochures were mainly designed in a neo-Gothic style.

The Schmerbach family of organ builders produced a Johann Wilhelm Schmerbach in three generations, which makes the subsequent assignment difficult. Johann Wilhelm Schmerbach the Younger created a work in Rengelrode in 1838 that has seen almost no changes. The Knauf family of organ builders was extremely productive . Valentin Knauf built an organ in Frankenhain / St. Leonhardi (1843), his son Friedrich Knauf one for Schloss Friedenstein (1858).

To Christoph Opitz against 33 new organs back, especially in Altenburger space. He made the organs in Mohlis (1845), Göllnitz (1847), Hainspitz (1848), Hohenleuben (1852), Frankenau (1853), Jonaswalde (1855), Nauendorf (1857), Heyersdorf (1858), Reichstädt (1862) , Gauern (1863), Dürrenebersdorf (1865), Buchheim (1866), Sommeritz (1869), Vollmershain (1870, built for Weißbach ) and Jauern (1879). His largest work is in Altkirchen (1871) and has 26 registers divided between two manuals and a pedal. A similar number of new organs were built by Julius Strobel , who was decisively influenced by his teacher Johann Friedrich Schulze . Strobel organs can be found in Holzengel / St. Trinitatis Church (1844), Wasserthaleben (1845), Himmelsberg / St. Mauritius Church (1847), Steinthaleben / St. Dionysius (1852), Donndorf / St. Peter and Paul (1856), Sondershausen Castle (1859), Günserode / St. Nikolaus (1860), Gehofen / St. Johann Baptist (1861), Seega (1868), Ichstedt (around 1870), Ringleben / St. Valentin (1876), Toba / St. Moritz (1879), Schernberg / St. Crucis (1881), Badra / St. Spiritus (1883), Wenigensommern / Cyriakuskirche (1884), Stempeda / St. Moritz, Udersleben (1884), Bad Frankenhausen / St. Marien (1886) and Nausitz / St. Johannis (1893). His two sons Reinhold & Adolf Strobel built the organ in Bretleben / St. Johannes in 1897 . The organ in Denstedt Church was built by the Peternell brothers in 1860 and was regularly used by Franz Liszt , who held private concerts and "organ conferences" here. August Witzmann , son of Johann Benjamin Witzmann, built the organ in Bechstedtstrasse / St. Bonifatius between 1875 and 1877.

At the end of the 19th century, organ building in Thuringia merged with general organ building. Organ builders operating nationwide and in some cases internationally dominated the field and produced organs in large numbers. The famous Friedrich Ladegast from Weißenfels created the organ in Rudolstadt / St. Andreas (1882) behind the historical prospectus from 1636. The three-manual work by Richard Kreutzbach (Borna) in the Johanniskirche Gera (1885) had box drawers and glass play valves, which Kreutzbach developed himself would have. Max Reger worked on the organ of Martin Josef Schlimbach & Sohn in the Meiningen town church (1889) from 1911 to 1914. The Wilhelm Sauer organ in the Bad Salzungen town church (1909) was designed according to Reger's ideas. Sauer had a production building in Frankfurt an der Oder and built over 1,100 organs during his lifetime. Preserved works can be found in Mühlhausen / Marienkirche (1891), Lutherkirche Apolda (1894) and Saalfeld / Johanniskirche (1894, behind a baroque prospect). Ernst Röver built an organ with a pneumatic action in the Salvatorkirche Gera (1903–1905).

Some churches have an organ made by EF Walcker & Cie from Ludwigsburg, such as the Herder Church in Weimar (1907). The factory in Ilmenau / St. Jakobus Church (1911) is equipped with electro-pneumatic cone chests and is the largest romantic organ in Thuringia with 65 stops on three manuals and pedal. The Walcker organ in the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt (1936) has a free pipe prospect.

20th and 21st centuries

Schuke organ in Erfurt Cathedral (1992)

From the 20th century, most of the new buildings were built by organ builders who were based outside of Thuringia. Alexander Schuke from Potsdam built three large, three-manual organ works in Thuringia, in the Erfurt Thomaskirche (1950), in the Mühlhauser Divi-Blasii-Kirche (1958) and in the Erfurt Cathedral (1992). The neo-baroque organ in Gera / St. Elisabeth von Paul Ott from Göttingen (1958) was built for St. Michael (Hildesheim) and was rebuilt in Gera in 2004 in a somewhat reduced form. Jehmlich Orgelbau Dresden built three manual organs for the concert hall of the Liszt School of Music Weimar in 1993 and Orgelbau Waltershausen in 2011 for the Herz-Jesu-Kirche there . The establishment of Rösel & Hercher Orgelbau in 1990, like Orgelbau Waltershausen, was made possible in 1991 by the German reunification . The restoration of historical instruments is also a focus of activity at the traditional company Schönfeld in Stadtilm .

literature

  • Ulrich Dähnert: Historical organs in Saxony. An organ inventory . VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Frankfurt 1980, ISBN 3-920112-76-8 .
  • Ulrich Dähnert: The organ landscape of Saxony and Thuringia. In: Acta Organologica . Volume 1, 1967, pp. 46-62.
  • Felix Friedrich: Organ building in Thuringia. Bibliography . Musikwissenschaftliche Verlags-Gesellschaft, Kleinblittersdorf 1994, ISBN 3-920670-32-9 .
  • Felix Friedrich , Eberhard Kneipel: Organs in Thuringia . Klaus-Jürgen Kamprad, Altenburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-930550-67-8 .
  • Hartmut Haupt : Organs in the Suhl district. Editor: Council of the District of Suhl, Department of Culture and State Museums Meiningen, Suhl 1985, DNB 891509186 , 72 pp.
  • Hartmut Haupt: Organs in the Gera district - an overview of the organ landscape in East Thuringia. Publisher: Council of the District of Gera, Dept. of Culture, Gera 1989, DNB 968413137 , 96 pp.
  • Hartmut Haupt : Organs in East and South Thuringia . Education and knowledge, Bad Homburg / Leipzig 1995, ISBN 3-927879-59-2 .
  • Hartmut Haupt: Organs in North and West Thuringia . Education and knowledge, Bad Homburg / Leipzig 1998, ISBN 3-932366-00-X .
  • Hartmut Haupt: Thuringia - an organ landscape . In: Rebekka Fritz, Christian Bettels (ed.): "To those who love, and especially those who are familiar with such work, to cheer up the mind". Winfried Schlepphorst on his 65th birthday . Bärenreiter, Kassel 2002, ISBN 3-7618-1576-X , p. 105-109 .
  • Viola-Bianka Kießling : Queen of instruments. An organ guide through the Weimar region and Weimarer Land. Ed. District Office Weimarer Land, Fagott-Orgelverlag, Friedrichshafen 2007, ISBN 978-3-00-021071-6 .
  • Uwe Pape (Ed.): Lexicon of North German Organ Builders . tape 1 : Thuringia and the surrounding area. Pape Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-921140-86-4 .

Web links

Commons : Organs in Thuringia  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Friedrich, Kneipel: Organs in Thuringia. 2010, p. 38.
  2. ^ History of the organ . stertzingorgel.de; accessed on May 5, 2019.
  3. ↑ St. Marien Cathedral in Erfurt. thueringen.info; accessed on May 5, 2019.
  4. ↑ Friedrich, Kneipel: Organs in Thuringia. 2010, p. 118.
  5. ↑ Harald Vogel : The Genesis and Radiance of a Court Organ . In: Kerala J. Snyder (Ed.): The Organ as a Mirror of Its Time. North European Reflections, 1610-2000 . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-514415-5 , pp. 48–59, here: 48 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  6. ↑ a b Dähnert: Historical organs in Saxony. 1980, p. 14.
  7. ^ Organ of the Predigerkirche Erfurt , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  8. ^ Organ in Erfurt / Peterskirche , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  9. ↑ Friedrich, Kneipel: Organs in Thuringia. 2010, pp. 91-92.
  10. ^ Organ Databank (NL): Organ in Neustadt an der Orla. Retrieved May 5, 2019 .
  11. ^ Organ in Wandersleben , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  12. ↑ Friedrich, Kneipel: Organs in Thuringia. 2010, p. 42.
  13. ↑ Felix Friedrich: The organ builder Tobias Heinrich Gottfried Trost (PDF) p. 103, accessed on May 5, 2019 (PDF file; 369 kB).
  14. ↑ Thuringian Baroque Organ returned home , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  15. ^ Pape: Lexicon of North German Organ Builders. 2009, p. 232.
  16. ↑ Herpf. In: Haupt: Organs in East and South Thuringia. 1995, p. 125.
  17. ^ Organ in Kaltenlengsfeld , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  18. ↑ Main: Organs in East and South Thuringia. 1995, p. 163.
  19. ^ Church of Zella St. Blasii , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  20. ^ Organ in Oßmannstedt , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  21. ^ Organ in Rengelrode , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  22. ^ Organ in Frankenhain , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  23. ↑ Friedrich, Kneipel: Organs in Thuringia. 2010, p. 28.
  24. ^ Organ of the Johanniskirche Gera , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  25. ↑ Friedrich, Kneipel: Organs in Thuringia. 2010, p. 144.
  26. ^ Organ in Ilmenau , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  27. ↑ Friedrich, Kneipel: Organs in Thuringia. 2010, p. 125.
  28. ^ Organ of the Augustinian Church in Erfurt , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  29. ^ Organ in Erfurt Cathedral , accessed on May 5, 2019.
  30. ^ Organ in Weimar, Herz Jesu , accessed on May 5, 2019.