Tobacco pipe

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pipe from Munich, manufactured before 1900

The tobacco pipe (sometimes also tobacco pipe or simply pipe ) is a smoking instrument in which tobacco glows in a combustion chamber and the resulting smoke is released through a mouthpiece. The tobacco pipe has been known for almost as long as tobacco smoking itself and is part of many North and South American cultures. Alongside snuffing and chewing tobacco, pipe smoking was the most common way of consuming tobacco until the end of the 19th century. Since then, tobacco pipes and pipe smokers have taken a back seat due to the proliferation of cigarettes and cigars .

history

The dating of the oldest European pipe finds has been the subject of heated technical discussions since the 19th century. Whether an object from Bad Abbach, Lower Bavaria, from the Middle Bronze Age (1600–1300 BC) is actually a pipe for smoking can be seriously doubted. Since tobacco, as a New World plant, did not exist in Europe at that time, it is assumed that fruit, dried herbs or hemp were probably smoked with it. Basically there is currently no doubt among clay pipe researchers that the oldest pipes used for smoking tobacco were made in England in the late 16th century.

North American settlers' pipes, the appearance of which they adopted from the Indians

The oldest known find of a pipe that was definitely used for tobacco smoking comes from the island of Marajó at the mouth of the Amazon . It was dated back to the 15th century BC. Chr. Dated. Pipe-like items were also known in the Middle East at that time , where they were probably used to consume hemp or opium .

In the time before Christopher Columbus , pipe smoking was known throughout northern America, only the Eskimos are said to have adopted this custom only 100 years after Columbus. The pipes of that time were mostly made of wood , horn , catlinite stone or ceramic . In 1496, the Spanish monk Román Pané, who accompanied Columbus on his second journey, described the two-pronged tobacco pipe that he had seen on the residents of Santo Domingo .

The peace pipe ( Lakota : Chanunpa Wakan ) is still today a well-known and common symbol for dispute settlement . The peace pipe was formerly called the “holy pipe” and was used for prayer by several Indian ethnic groups , such as the Lakota Indians. The “holy pipe” was also smoked for making peace agreements, for “sealing” friendships and during negotiations, deals and contracts. This is why the white settlers who came into contact with the ritual in this context coined the term “pipe of peace”.

Since the tobacco pipe came to Europe from the New World as a result of the cultural exchange with the Indians, along with tobacco , there have been many technical variations in pipe production to this day. Basically, you have to differentiate between clay pipes, metal pipes and wooden pipes. For the latter, briar wood has also been used since the end of the 19th century and machines have been used for the mass production of cheaper pipes since the 20th century.

Different methods were used to manufacture clay pipes in different regions of Europe. High-quality pipes were formed in two-part metal models, simpler pipes could also be rolled by hand. There are also pipe models that have been wholly or partially turned on the potter's wheel or assembled from two parts.

Kiseru , a small Japanese pipe. Illustration from the novel Komon gawa by Santō Kyōden , 1790

The typical pipe shape has changed a lot compared to the long, thin pipes of the Native Americans . The tobacco pipe got shorter and smaller, got a bigger head, a shorter stem and a curved mouthpiece. The tobacco pipe shape known today has only been used since the 18th century. The American and European clay pipes remained the most common smoking instrument for tobacco until the beginning of the 19th century and can be dated very precisely thanks to the marks or inscriptions on them. Clay pipes can be a good dating aid within an archaeological dig.

In the Netherlands (especially the city of Gouda is known for this) long, narrow clay pipes were smoked until around 1900. They are often depicted in the paintings of Jan Steens , Jan Vermeer and other 17th century masters. The depiction of a pipe often had a moralizing meaning. Like the wine goblet and the soap bubble, it was considered a symbol of intemperance or vanity.

In the music booklet for Anna Magdalena Bach there is a song of praise by Johann Sebastian Bach to his “Tobackspfeife”, in which he identifies and compares himself with it.

Many people (including from JRR Tolkien ) call pipe smoking, in contrast to cigarette or cigar smoking, an "art", since the successful smoking of a pipe requires a level of skill and experience that should not be underestimated.

After entire rows of houses burned down in many villages, strict regulations were issued in the 18th century under Count Palatine Karl IV to prevent a fire, which also regulated the use of a tobacco pipe in accordance with regulations.

construction

Pipe above with hole for 9 mm filter, below with normal hole

A tobacco pipe usually consists of a chamber for burning the tobacco and a stem that ends in the mouthpiece from the head of the pipe. The mouthpiece used to be made of natural rubber ( ebonite ), but nowadays it is mostly made of heat-resistant acrylic and is inserted into the stem. Ebonite mouthpieces have the advantage that their bite is softer. Their main disadvantage, however, is that they turn green over time due to oxidation and then taste unpleasant. To prevent this from happening, they often have to be cleaned and polished. The spigot, the part of the mouthpiece that is inserted into the pipe bowl, is made from Teflon . Some pipes have a so-called juice sack. This is used to catch condensation and saliva.

The pipe stem is often made in such a way that a filter can be inserted between the head and the stem . In Germany this system is predominant with a design for filters with a diameter of 9 mm. The most popular filter material is activated carbon . However, pipes without filters or pipes with other filter formats are also available. In many foreign regions and states only one specific pipe format is available. Furthermore, there are a few manufacturers who produce special filters for pipes that are actually filterless. These filters are numbered according to the diameter of the bar: the smaller the diameter, the higher the number. For example, a number 4 filter is 3 millimeters in diameter, and a number 5 filter is 2 millimeters in diameter.

The tobacco smoke is sucked from the embers through the rest of the tobacco into the stem, where it is possibly filtered and absorbed into the mouth through the mouthpiece. Mouthpieces with which the smoking pipe with teeth can hold in the mouth are the most common. This shape is called a normal bite . Mouthpieces that are shaped so that you can hold the pipe in your mouth with both your lips and your teeth are less common. These mouthpieces have the somewhat misleading name of the lip bite mouthpiece . The key difference is that the smoke opening is directed upwards in the direction of the less sensitive palate . With normal bite mouthpieces, it is aimed at the tongue, which is more sensitive to taste and temperature. The bend towards the palate makes it harder to clean lip bite mouthpieces. Some pipe manufacturers include these special mouthpieces with a pipe as a bonus.

Manufacturing, forms and prices

Tobacco pipes can be made by machine or by hand , which is reflected in the retail price . Handmade pipes can usually only be bought from 100 euros and up, while machine-made pipes can be had from 5 euros. “Branded pipes” from well-known pipe manufacturers such as Dunhill , Stanwell or Vauen can cost several hundred euros. Collector's pipes, such as signed and limited annual and Christmas pipes, individual items such as free-hand pipes and antique pieces , can reach a mid five-digit euro price. The price is still based on the reputation of the manufacturer and in particular on the quality of the wood used.

Pipe bowls without putty to hide naturally grown wood defects are particularly rare and expensive. Interesting wood grains are called Straight Grain , Cross Grain or Birds Eye . A straight grain is a grain of straight, parallel and narrow lines. Cross grains are lines that seem to intersect and the birds eye is a characteristic small ring on one side of the pipe bowl or on the stem, reminiscent of a bird's eye.

Pipes in the lower price categories usually have hardly any visible grain and are also painted dark. In addition to the smooth surface, machined surfaces ( rusticated or sandblasted ) are also known. For decoration purposes, applications made of acrylic, precious woods or metals such as brass, silver or gold can be attached to the pipe.

In terms of shapes, a distinction is made between classic pipe shapes and the freely designed freehand pipes that pipe makers develop without the aid of planning or templates. Some pipe smokers buy inexpensive used pipes (estate pipes) in order to adapt them to their needs, to restore them, to collect them or to have a cheap pipe for smoking.

Today, without including free-hand pipes, a distinction is made between twenty and fifty pipe shapes. The most famous and best-selling forms are the billiards and the bent .

The billiard pipe is a ten to fifteen centimeter long pipe with a straight stem and straight mouthpiece. Without using the hands, it is difficult to hold in the mouth and therefore more of a pipe shape for pipe smokers who do not have any other occupation while smoking.

The Bent pipe is a good hiking or reading pipe. It can be easily held in the mouth with your teeth and is more aesthetic for many smokers due to the bent stem and the curved mouthpiece .

Briar tobacco pipes
Carved wooden pipe from East Timor

The shape of the pipe has little influence on the taste of the tobacco. If, however, the tobacco smoke is drawn through a long stem and a long mouthpiece, for example reading pipes that have a long mouthpiece of about eight inches, the smoke is cooler and is perceived as more pleasant. In addition, a long stem on reading pipes reduces eye irritation from the smoke.

materials

The material of a pipe has a not inconsiderable influence on the taste and aesthetics of the pipe. Tobacco pipes are made from many different materials. The most commonly used are briar wood, sepiolite (meerschaum) , clay or other woods such as cherry and olive .

More rarely made and therefore are very expensive pipes from specially bred African Calabash - pumpkins with sea foam insert. Glass pipes are more like objects of art, and these are also used to smoke cannabis .

volume

Clay pipes from Einbeck, archaeological finds, dating to the first third of the 18th century.

The first European tobacco pipes were of pipes bakers or potters or potters from clay made. Different methods were used for production in different regions of Europe. High-quality pipes were formed in two-part metal models, simpler pipes could also be rolled by hand. There are also pipe models that have been wholly or partially turned on the potter's wheel or assembled from two parts.

Due to the durable material and the regionally different shapes and manufacturer stamps, tobacco pipes have become valuable dating aids for archaeologists. Collectors are also enthusiastic about this type of pipe. In the 19th century, clay pipes were more and more replaced by wooden pipes, which were handier and less fragile.

Today clay pipes are mainly used as guest pipes because of their low purchase price. The heat-resistant material also makes them suitable as tasting pipes for new types of tobacco. After use, they can be completely cleaned by annealing. In northern Germany they still play a major role at traditional events such as the Schaffermahlzeit in Bremen . Here they are now just a sign of distinction .

Briar

Most of the pipes sold today, whether handmade or machine made, are made from briar wood. This very glow-resistant wood was first used in 1880 by pipe makers from the French Jura town of Saint-Claude to manufacture tobacco pipes. Briar is made from the tubers of tree heather , which mostly grows wild in Mediterranean areas. It has a structure that consists alternately of solid components and those with a spongy character that can absorb a great deal of condensate . It has a typical light wood color, which can be changed in color with stains and varnishes without losing its typical wood grain . Particularly high-quality pipes are made from the edge area of ​​the tuber, the so-called plateau wood, which usually has a very nice grain. Over time, stones and grains of sand also grow into the wood, which later become putty.

plastic

Furthermore, plastic pipes (made of Bakelite or plastic pipes with a metal insert) are on the market.

Corn on the cob

Corn on the cob pipe

Since the 1860s, pipes have been made from the inner part (the so-called spindle) of corn on the cob in the US state of Missouri . A special type of maize is used to make pipes, which is larger and harder than the well-known vegetable maize. The corn is grown exclusively for this purpose. Due to the low raw material price, this pipe is often offered as a guest pipe. However, the shelf life is nowhere near as great as that of a briar pipe.

In reference to the first industrial manufacturer of this pipe, it is also called Missouri meerschaum .

Meerschaum

Meerschaum pipe, unsmoked

Meerschaum pipes originally come from Turkey . In all likelihood they were already in use there in the 17th century after the introduction of tobacco. The northern Anatolian city of Eskişehir has been a manufacturing center for this type of pipe since 1700 ; it has been known in Europe since the 18th century. While unsmoked meerschaum pipes are white, they darken with frequent use. This peculiarity distinguishes them from other pipe models.

Meerschaum pipes are made from the clay mineral sepiolite , which was originally called "Lüle stone" after the Turkish name lületaş . This magnesium silicate , which occurs mainly in the region around Eskişehir and is related to magnesite , was extracted as early as 1173 between the fossil calcareous sediments there, which are stored at depths of up to 250 meters. There are also other deposits of the mineral in Tanzania , but also z. B. in Italy at Baldissero Canavese ( Piedmont ).

The advantages of meerschaum pipes over pipes made of wood consist u. a. in that there is no need to smoke them, that they are initially tasteless and that the material (sepiolite = colloquially "meerschaum") is extremely fire-resistant. This means that burning such a pipe is theoretically impossible and it is possible to smoke such a pipe while hot. A disadvantage, however, is that meerschaum absorbs tobacco aromas, which are annoying when smoking various types of tobacco. Meerschaum is also a very fragile material.

A waste product of the meerschaum is “massa”, a mass that is mixed from the waste of the blocks and some other substances such as plaster of paris and a binding agent, pressed into corresponding blocks and processed into pipes. The pipes made from this material are therefore - like the raw material itself - somewhat heavier than the real meerschaum. There are also pipes made of briar wood with a meerschaum insert. They are cheaper and less sensitive to use.

Paper mache

The luxury goods manufacturer Stobwasser in Braunschweig , known for its lacquer work, replaced meerschaum in its lacquered tobacco pipes with paper mache in the 18th century .

porcelain

At the end of the 18th to the middle of the 19th century, porcelain pipes became a popular gift item that was personalized with personal dedications and messages to the recipient in porcelain painting. Often such pipe bowls are found as studentica in the color of the donor's student association . The reservistica that was popular at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century , i.e. souvenirs of the time of military service, also includes porcelain pipes with the name of the soldier and his unit.

In the 2nd third of the 19th century (citizens' porcelain), the decorations painted with brightly colored muffle colors also served to multiply art. In addition to old masters, current paintings from art exhibitions, collections or reviews were chosen as templates. Reproductions of works from the Düsseldorf School of Painting are particularly popular.

Calabash pipes (pumpkin pipes)

Also on the market, but very expensive and rare, are Calabash pipes, which are made from the bottle gourd that grows in southern Africa and which are made into a pipe with a meerschaum insert. The Calabash pipe has a strongly curved stem and a conical pipe head (for pictures see web links ).

Glass pipe (art object)

Glass

Glass pipes are used almost exclusively for smoking cannabis . Hand-blown pipes are one of the most produced, but also one of the most complex workpieces to create. The use of heat-resistant and more resistant borosilicate glasses is typical . Glass pipes do not affect the smoke in any way thanks to their neutral taste and odor. However, in contrast to wood, clay or meerschaum, the glass cannot absorb the condensation water that occurs when smoking, so that this soaks the tobacco or cannabis and the clumped condensate (brew) can get into the mouth. Hemp flowers , on the other hand, are seldom smoked as slowly and sporadically as pipe tobacco, since the resulting smoke is usually inhaled. The decisive advantage of using glass is that it is easier to clean off sticky resin residues. Mention should also be made of the now huge selection of glass pipes with water filtration (so-called bongs ).

Pipes made of sheet iron, archaeological finds from Switzerland, approx. 1660/1680 to 1740/50.

metal

Even if this is unusual today, there have been phases in the history of the tobacco pipe when they were made of metal. Elaborately designed pipes made of silver, cast pipes made of brass or bronze and soldered together made of sheet iron are documented. Regardless of the material of the pipe body, lids for the bowls were also in use for decades. And these were mostly made of metal and decorated with chasings or reliefs. Wellner in Aue was known as a manufacturer of such metal pipe lids .

Arabic hookah

Shisha (Ottoman water pipe)

The shisha, also known as water pipe or hookah (not to be confused with the bong ), is not a typical tobacco pipe. In addition to the special water pipe tobacco, water and special charcoal are used to smoke them, which heats the tobacco but is not supposed to burn it directly. The structure of the shisha is more like a chemical washing bottle than a tobacco pipe. It consists of at least four parts: a vessel, a column of smoke, a head and a hose. The vessel is called a bowl or vase. It is often decorated and made of glass or metal. The smoke column is plugged or screwed onto the bowl. It is generally made of metal that has been coated with chrome or brass and can also be decorated. Some columns of smoke are also made of wood. The head is placed on the column of smoke. It is a small vessel made of clay (usually painted) or metal with holes on the underside. There are several hose connections on the smoke column. Since many hookahs only have one hose, a valve can be screwed on instead, which serves to avoid overpressure.

Beekeeper pipe

The beekeeper pipe (also smoker ) is not a pipe in the traditional sense, but rather a smoke blower. It is used to reduce the willingness of the bees to sting with the smoke generated when the beekeeper is working on the beehive . A valve can be installed inside, which only allows you to blow and is intended to prevent smoke from being drawn in, since inexpensive materials such as sawdust, grass, tansy or rotten softwood (e.g. poplar ) are usually used as smoking material . The beekeeper pipe is mostly made of aluminum for reasons of durability and weight .

Pipe tobacco

Finished pipe tobacco consists of various raw tobacco that can go through a wide range of processing steps. Different combinations of raw tobacco and processing methods result in the large variety of pipe tobacco available.

Raw tobacco

Virginia

Virginia tobacco plant

Virginia tobacco has always been in high demand and is now the most common type of tobacco used in pipe tobacco. Virginia tobacco has a high natural sugar content, and its smoke has an aromatic and slightly sweet taste and smell. Virginia tobacco ripens on the plant. When the approximately 20–50 cm large leaves take on a yellowish color, the harvest begins, with only the ripe leaves being picked step by step. After picking, the leaves are hung on poles in bundles of 10 to 12 pieces and the tobacco is dried. Most Virginia tobaccos are heat-dried (so-called flue-curing ). The air temperature is slowly brought to approx. 70 degrees, and the exact relationship between temperature and humidity plays a decisive role.

The rarer oriental tobacco is a Virginia tobacco variety. In addition to its Virginia properties, oriental tobacco is particularly aromatic. This is due to the layer of wax that this tobacco develops to protect against drying out. Oriental tobacco forms many small leaves about 5–10 cm in length. When harvesting, the whole plant is harvested in one step. The leaves are then individually picked, stretched and hung in the sun to dry (so-called sun-curing ). Growing countries of oriental tobacco are z. B. Greece or Turkey. Most oriental tobacco is only used in very small quantities as flavoring tobacco in high-quality tobacco blends.

Latakia tobacco is also a Virginia tobacco variety. Sun-dried Virginia is further dried over an open fire (so-called fire-curing ) and absorbs the aromas of fire and smoke. The typical smoky taste also depends on the type of wood used for the fire. This tobacco originally comes from Syria and was shipped via the port of Latakia . Today it is grown in Syria and Cyprus.

Burley

Burley is the second most important type of tobacco used in pipe tobacco. The leaves of this tobacco are roughly the size of Virginia tobacco leaves (approx. 20–50 cm), but are much thicker. This tobacco contains almost no sugar and therefore does not have the sweetness of Virginia tobacco, but strong aromas that are reminiscent of cocoa. Burley tobacco is often used as a carrier of flavorings. When the ripe tobacco is harvested, the leaves are still green. Here, as with oriental tobacco, the plants are harvested whole and only then are the leaves plucked from the plant. The leaves are hung up in sheds to protect them from the sun to dry. Warm air is not used, but the drying conditions are regulated by the supply of fresh air (so-called air-curing ).

Kentucky tobacco is a specially dried Burley tobacco. Here the leaves are smoke-dried after air-drying (so-called fire-curing ). A wood fire is made in the drying shed and the Burley leaves absorb its smoke. Accordingly, the Kentucky tobacco has a slightly smoky taste and smell. Kentucky tobacco originally comes from the US state of the same name, but is now also grown in other parts of the world.

Perique tobacco is red Burley tobacco from Louisiana. It is rare, burns slowly, tastes strong and is rather strong. Perique tobacco is dried for a shorter time than traditional Burley tobacco. It is then pressed in large wooden barrels under strong pressure for up to a year and regularly mixed up in between. The aromatic and nicotine-rich Perique is rarely smoked pure, but is used as flavoring tobacco in high-quality tobacco blends.

Cavendish tobacco

Cavendish tobacco is not actually a type of tobacco, but the result of a special processing method used for Virginia and Burley tobacco. Sugar is needed for the Cavendish process. Since Burley tobacco contains almost no sugar, it has to be added from the outside. The tobacco is then either supplied with heat and moisture by means of steam, or the tobacco is pressed and heated at the same time. Both processes result in a dark, mild and sweet tobacco.

Types of tobacco mixtures

Country names for tobacco mainly relate to the type of tobacco. This may or may not match the country of manufacture. So z. For example, a typically “Danish” blend may be produced in England, or a tobacco manufacturer based in Denmark may produce typically “English” tobacco under license. Traditionally, “American” or “Danish” tobacco are lightly to strongly flavored. The typical “pipe tobacco smell”, which is also known to many non-smokers, comes from the “Danish” varieties. Typically “English” tobacco, on the other hand, is mostly based on a non-flavored mixture of Virginia, Oriental and Lataki tobacco. The latter in particular gives them their smoky, earthy aroma. They come close to strong cigars in their spicy smoke scent. In addition to these two formats, there was a trend in the 1990s towards very strongly flavored tobacco, which are mostly mixed with artificial fruit flavors (e.g. cherry, vanilla) and in which the "carrier material" tobacco can sometimes only be guessed at.

Much of the pipe tobacco on the European market, which is sold under brand names such as For example, Orlik , Stanwell and MacBaren are sold, is now produced and exported in Denmark or in branch offices of Danish companies. Samuel Gawith & Company Ltd , one of the oldest and most traditional manufacturers of pipe and snuff, produces in England . Tobacco factories in Germany are z. B. Planta Berlin , Pöschl and Kohlhase & Kopp .

Strength of a tobacco blend

The “strength” of a pipe tobacco is made up of the taste intensity of the smoke and the nicotine content. The taste intensity is tasted by the smoker with the taste buds of the mouth while smoking. The nicotine content of a tobacco plays a role in how much nicotine can be absorbed by the oral mucosa in the course of a smoking process. The intensity of the taste and the nicotine content of a tobacco do not necessarily have to go hand in hand. So z. B. a dark, strong-tasting tobacco still contains comparatively little nicotine and vice versa. The predominantly mild and sweet Cavendish tobacco is a good example that black tobacco is not synonymous with strong tobacco.

Types of pressing and cutting of pipe tobacco

Finished pipe tobaccos are offered in various types of pressing and cutting. Almost every tobacco is individually mixed and then heated in large plates, pressed, possibly flavored and matured. Then it is usually processed in one of the following types of cuts:

Ready rubbed

Ready-Rubbed pipe tobacco

Pipe tobacco, in which the leaves are first strongly pressed and then loosely packed (ready rubbed mixture) , is very common today . So the tobacco can be smoked without much preparation and it burns more easily.

Flake

Flake tobacco

Flake tobacco is a highly compressed tobacco in thin rectangular slices. The tobacco is pressed into plates with a pressure of over 50 tons for at least twelve hours. The plates are stored for a further weeks to develop their taste. After pressing and storage, the flakes are finally cut into small rectangular slices approx. 1.5 mm thick and packed, often by hand. Flake tobacco was originally developed by seafarers in order to transport large quantities of tobacco as space-saving as possible. Today, many types of flake still have names associated with shipping, such as Navy Flake . Another advantage of the flakes for seafarers was the longer shelf life of these tobaccos; Due to the smaller surface, they hold moisture longer than ready-cut mixtures. Probably the most weighty advantage of flake tobacco is often seen in the fact that the heavily compressed tobacco slices, if they are simply folded and folded into the pipe, burn at a lower temperature than ready-rubbed tobacco. This enables a taste experience that is appreciated by many pipe smokers. Lighting and keeping flake tobacco on fire takes some practice.

Some tobacco manufacturers sell the uncut tobacco cake as a plug , from which the pipe smoker can cut his portions.

The cube cut is a seldom sold cut in which different types of tobacco leaves are placed on top of one another. These are as pressed when Flake and cut into small cubes (cubes) each cut of only a few cubic millimeters. Smoking this type of cut is also demanding, as the small tobacco cubes burn comparatively poorly.

Curly cut

Curly cut tobacco

A curly cut is sliced ​​rod tobacco. First, whole tobacco leaves are selected, pretreated, carefully placed on top of each other and spun into a compact strand about 3 cm in diameter. The juice veins of the tobacco leaf are not removed. The rolled tobacco rods are stored further for ripening, then cut into thin slices approx. 1-2 mm wide and finally dried in the oven to the correct humidity. Making this type of pipe tobacco is very complex. Only intact, whole tobacco leaves can be used, which have to be harvested by hand. The processing of the strand and the packaging is also largely manual work. There are also a few manufacturers who sell the tobacco rods in one piece. The pipe smoker can then cut his own slices. Similar to flake tobacco, the tobacco slices are compacted and glow up when they are only slightly bent into the pipe at a low temperature. This enables a taste experience that is appreciated by many pipe smokers. Lighting and holding curly cut tobacco takes some practice.

Packaging and prices

The mixtures are offered in soft packs (“pouches”), usually 50 grams, occasionally also in 40 gram or 100 gram units, or in vacuum-sealed cans of 50 to 500 grams. The latter can often be resealed almost airtight. However, there are also increasing numbers of (leaky) jewelry boxes with clip-on / hinged lids on the market, in which the tobacco is packaged in a sealed protective film. After opening this cover, however, these cans offer little protection against drying out and aroma volatilization. This type of packaging is widespread by some manufacturers, especially for newly introduced fashion tobacco. Pipe tobacco costs four to thirteen euros per 50 grams in Germany. High-quality tobacco and special editions (Christmas and anniversary tobacco) can cost between eight and 20 euros per 50 grams. Of course, simple rough cuts are also suitable for pipe smoking. Fine-cut tobacco for cigarettes is less suitable for pipe smoking.

Health issues

The tobacco smoking is indisputably harmful to health, therefore pipe smoking is a risky variant of tobacco consumption.

Many pipe smokers do not take the smoke up into their lungs like most cigarette smokers do, but puff their pipes . Pipe smokers often refer to those who smoke on their lungs as "uncivilized smokers" (some ex-cigarette smokers do this to increase the dose of nicotine they consume). However, pipe smoking, even if the smoke is not inhaled, is associated with health risks. These are u. a .: Chronic bronchitis , lung and larynx cancer as well as throat or oral cavity cancer .

In 2004, the American Cancer Society published a study that collected data from nearly 140,000 American men, 15,000 of whom smoked or smoked pipes, over an 18-year period. An average of 6 pipes were smoked per day. The identified health risks were generally lower than those of cigarette smoking and roughly comparable to those of cigar smoking.
Compared to non-smokers, the average risk of dying from lung cancer was increased by a factor of 5, from cancer of the larynx by a factor of 13, and for cancers of the oropharynx by a factor of 4. These risks may vary depending on e.g. B. on the number of pipes smoked per day or the degree of inhalation. Of the 8,880 active pipe smokers, 1,883 people died from one of the 12 diseases examined (21.2%) during the study period. Of the 123,044 non-smokers, 20,620 died of one of the diseases examined (16.8%) in the same period.

The study confirmed the strong influence of alcohol on the development of oral cavity, larynx and esophageal cancer in smokers. Pipe smokers who drank less than one alcoholic drink per day on average died from any of these diseases just as rarely as never smokers (factor 1.3). However, the risk increased exponentially, up to 15 times the risk with 4 or more alcoholic beverages per day. This result is in agreement with an older case-control study which found no increased risk of oral cancer for pipe or cigar smokers who did not consume more than 4 alcoholic beverages per week on average. Here, too, there was an exponential increase in the risk of illness, 23-fold with 30 or more alcoholic beverages per week.

According to a patient information from the German Medical Association and the German Society for Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, malignant diseases of the oral mucosa (oral cancer) do not suddenly develop "overnight", but develop from preliminary stages over a long period of months and sometimes years. These preliminary stages are often visible to the specialist (e.g. dentist) with the naked eye. A regular examination of the mouth can identify preliminary stages and then eliminate them.

The addictive potential of orally ingested nicotine is lower than that of inhaled nicotine, but psychological factors also play an important role in addiction .

Known pipe smokers

A list of important personalities and literary figures who were or are known to the wider public as pipe smokers:

See also

The tobacco pipe in art

painting

Michel Gobin : Young man with a pipe , after 1681
Dismar Degen : The Tobacco College of Friedrich Wilhelm I , 1736

Like other oriental motifs, pipe smoking was a popular motif in modern European painting.

In 1905 Picasso painted Boy with a Pipe ; With an auction price of 104.2 million US dollars, it has the third highest purchase price ever achieved for an image.

Another well-known painting of a tobacco pipe is the surrealist painting La trahison des images by René Magritte (1898–1967) signed “Ceci n'est pas une pipe”, of which there are different versions. René Magritte commented on the picture: “A picture should not be confused with something that can be touched. Can you plug my pipe? Of course not! She is just a representation. If I had written on my picture that this is a pipe, I would have lied. The image of a jam slice is definitely nothing to eat. "

literature

Three well-known pipe-smoking crime heroes are:

Pozzo, a character from the famous play Waiting for Godot by Irish Nobel Prize Winner Samuel Beckett , also smokes a pipe. Beckett developed the following "double monologue" for his characters Pozzo and Estragon about the pipe that Pozzo loses:

Pozzo: What did I do with my briar?
Tarragon: It's great! He lost his snot cooker! He laughs uproariously.

JRR Tolkien's passion for pipes was also reflected in his famous novel The Lord of the Rings . The hobbits invented and cultivated pipe smoking, which was then also used by the dwarves and the northern peoples of the world. Many of the main characters in the book smoke pipes. Against the current trend, Peter Jackson also let the characters smoke in his adaptations of the novel. The pipes even made it into the pipe trade as merchandising objects.

In the fourth trick with Max and Moritz , the teacher Lämpel, a Knaster lover, is poured black powder into the pipe, which leads to an explosion.

Also Bäuerle on de schwäbsche Eisebahne was zünd't stinkichs Pfeifle a after having tied the billy goat with fatal consequences to the train.

See also

literature

Essays

  • Jail head. Trade journal for clay pipes and historical tobacco consumption . Published on behalf of the Helms Museum (Hamburg Museum for Archeology and the History of Harburg), Langenweißbach 1989 ff., ISSN  0937-0609 . From this:
    • Ralf Kluttig-Altmann, Martin Kügler: Movement in Saxony. A contribution to the emancipation of German clay pipe research . Volume 16, 2003, pp. 88-98.
    • Eva Roth Heege: clay pipes from 17th to 19th centuries Century in the canton of Zug (CH) . Volume 19, 2007, pp. 100-115.
    • Andreas Heege : Pipe de fer et de letton. Tobacco pipes made of iron and non-ferrous metal. On the state of research in Switzerland . Volume 20, 2009, pp. 19-55.
  • The National Tobacco Pipes . In: The Gazebo . Issue 33, 1867, pp. 519-521 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).

Books

  • Alfred H. Dunhill: The noble art of smoking ( "The Gentle Art of Smoking", 1954). New edition. Heyne, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-453-41488-8 (EA 1971).
  • Richard Carleton Hacker: The Pipe Smoker's Handbook. The art of smoking pipes (“Handbook for pipesmokers of the 21st century”, 1998). Heyne, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-89910-066-2 (Collection Rolf Heyne).
  • Helmut Hochrain: The pipe smoker's pocket book . New edition. Heyne, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-453-17137-3 (EA 1972).
  • Thomas Huber, Wolfgang J. Rieker: Adventure pipe. The other way of life . Wjr-Verlag, Eching 2004. ISBN 3-935659-27-X .
  • Martin Kügler: clay pipes. A contribution to the history of clay pipe bakery in Germany . Hanusch & Ecker Verlag, Höhr-Grenzhausen 1987, ISBN 3-926075-00-7 .
  • Lothar Markmann: The little book for pipe smokers . AT Verlag, Aarau 1986, ISBN 3-85502-270-4 .
  • Otto Pollner: Pipe smoking made easy. The right way to enjoy tobacco . Falken Verlag, Niedernhausen 1989, ISBN 3-8068-1026-5 .
  • Rolf J. Rutzen: The book of the pipe . Heyne, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-89910-170-7 (Collection Rolf Heyne).
  • Aldo Pellissone: The pipe: cultural history and typology for pipe smokers and pipe collectors . Callwey, 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0901-1 .

Web links

Commons : Smoking pipe  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Tobacco pipe  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Heege 2009 with the latest literature on the subject
  2. ↑ Lectures of the Lower Bavarian Archaeological Day ( ISSN  1438-2040 )
  3. ^ National Clay Pipe Summaries . In: Journal of the Academie internationale de La Pipe , 2, 2010.
  4. ↑ Busch: Attempt at a handbook of inventions . Volume 7 (T, U, V), p. 11
  5. ↑ a b See on the subject of Roth Heege 2007 and Kluttig-Altmann / Kügler 2003.
  6. ^ Franz-Josef Sehr : The fire extinguishing system in Obertiefenbach from earlier times . In: Yearbook for the Limburg-Weilburg district 1994 . The district committee of the Limburg-Weilburg district, Limburg-Weilburg 1993, p. 151-153 .
  7. ↑ See Heege 2009 and the entire volume 20 of the journal Knasterkopf
  8. ^ History of Tobacco. Mac Baren Tobacco Company A / S, accessed February 13, 2020 .
  9. ↑ MacBaren website: Orient
  10. ↑ MacBaren Website: Latakia
  11. ↑ a b MacBaren website: Burley
  12. ↑ MacBaren website: Original Cavendish
  13. ^ SJ Henley, MJ Thun, A. Chao, EE Calle: Association between exclusive pipe smoking and mortality from cancer and other diseases. In: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Volume 96, Number 11, June 2004, ISSN  1460-2105 , pp. 853-861, PMID 15173269 .
  14. ^ WJ Blot, JK McLaughlin, DM Winn, DF Austin, RS Greenberg, S. Preston-Martin, L. Bernstein, JB Schoenberg, A. Stemhagen, JF Fraumeni: Smoking and Drinking in Relation to Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer . In: Cancer Research . tape 48 , 1988, pp. 3282-3287 , PMID 3365707 .
  15. ↑ Early detection of oral cancer (PDF)
  16. ^ Rethinking Stop-Smoking Medications: Treatment Myths and Medical Realities. (PDF; 296 kB) (No longer available online.) Ontario Medical Association, archived from the original on May 24, 2012 ; Retrieved May 30, 2013 .
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 26, 2004 in this version .