Rail transport in India

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Overview of the broad gauge and meter gauge routes in India

The rail transport in India used behind the USA , China and Russia , the fourth largest railway network in the world. It is operated by the state Indian Railways .

history

Railway network in British India circa 1909
The different gauges in India. Indian Railways does not operate standard gauge routes.

The first railroad in India ran in 1853 from Bombay to Thane, 33 km away . It had the track width of 1675 mm (5  feet 6  inches ), which was later named Indian broad gauge and is used for most of the long-distance railways on the Indian subcontinent.

The railways were first built and operated by private companies. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) operated the route network from Bombay , from Calcutta built the East Indian Railway (EIR) towards Delhi , which was reached on 1864. The South Indian Railway (SIR) also expanded from Madras , the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BB&CI) from Bombay to Baroda (now Vadodara) and the North Western State Railway (NWR) from Karachi up the Indus Valley and in Panjab , of which today large parts are in Pakistan . The railway network in British India comprised approximately 40,000 km of routes.

In the mountain areas, narrow-gauge railways with different gauges were built. In addition to the meter- gauge railways (called MG for “ meter gauge ” in India ), there were also those with the even smaller gauges of 610 mm (2 feet) and 762 mm (2 feet 6  inches ), which were used in India to distinguish them from the meter- gauge  railways NG for "Narrowgauge". Some of these narrow-gauge railroads formed extensive networks.

The electrification of the Indian route network began in 1925 when the first GIPR trains ran with 1500 V DC . The electrical operation reached Igatpuri and Pune from Bombay , whereby the passes Bhor Ghat and Thal Ghat had to be overcome via the Western Ghats . The express train locomotives EA / 1 and freight train locomotives EF / 1 developed in Switzerland pulled the trains over the passes, whereby the express train locomotives with a top speed of 137 km / h (85 mph) were the fastest mass-produced electric locomotives of their time.

In 1947, after the transfer of power from the United Kingdom and the division of the former colonial territories into the states of India and Pakistan , the railway network also had to be divided. In 1951, the various railway companies that had existed up to that point were merged into the current structure of Indian Railways.

From Kolkata electrification was carried out with 3000 V direct current, where the contact line reached Bardhaman in 1959 . Indian Railways decided in 1957 to introduce 25 kV 50 Hz AC voltage across the country and began electrifying the long-distance routes with the help of the 50 Hz consortium , so that in 1959 the first commercial train could run under the new system. Kolkata's DC operation was completely converted to 25 kV 50 Hz as early as 1968 and the first system was therefore only used for ten years.

In the late 1960s, Indian Railways built three mountain lines in the Eastern Ghats for the transport of iron ore to the port of Visakhapatnam . The iron ore was exported to Japan.

From the 1960s Indian Railways started the meter gauge and narrow gauge lines on Indian broad gauge (1676 mm) with 5½ feet wide switch tracks .

Modern three-phase drive technology was introduced in India in 1995. For this purpose, locomotives developed by the company ABB in Switzerland were imported or manufactured in the country itself. In 2016, the last section of the former 1500 V DC voltage network from Mumbai was converted to 25 kV 50 Hz.

Railway network

Indian Railways

Indian Railways route network in 2005 showing the Zonal Railways

In March 2017, the nationwide rail network comprised more than 67,000 km of route, of which 61,700 km were broad-gauge routes, 3,500 km meter-gauge routes and 2,200 km of narrow-gauge routes. Of the broad-gauge lines, 22,000 km were double- tracked and 25,400 km were electrified, which corresponds to 38% of the network. The network serves 7,349 train stations and runs over almost 144,700 bridges. The railway network is divided into 16 zones, which in turn are divided into divisions.

In the 2016/2017 financial year, which ended in March 2017, more than 8.1 billion passengers and 1.11 billion tons of goods were carried on the route network. In terms of the number of travelers, India is in second place behind Japan and in terms of the number of tons of freight traffic in fifth place behind China, the USA, Australia and Russia. The route network is used by 21,000 trains every day, around two thirds of which are passenger trains.

The length of the route network has been growing for years: from 1980 to 2016, more than 6,000 route kilometers were added.

The busiest routes are the Golden Square , which is formed by the cities of New Delhi , Kolkata , Chennai and Mumbai . Although these routes represent only 16% of the length of the entire network, they carry half of all tourist traffic and two thirds of all freight traffic. The railway handles a third of all freight traffic and dominates the transport of coal and fertilizer , but also transports cement , refinery products and grain. Iron ore is mainly brought to the Visakhapatnam port by the Eastern Ghats.

Re-gauging

Indian Railways began converting meter-gauge lines into broad-gauge lines as early as the 1960s. In 1991, the Unigauge Project, “ Standard Track Project ”, was started, in which most of the narrow- gauge lines are converted to Indian broad-gauge . Of the 25,000 km of meter-gauge lines and 6,000 km of narrow-gauge railways still in existence at the beginning of the 1990s, only 4,000 km of meter-gauge and 2,000 km of narrow-gauge railways remained in 2018. The program is still ongoing.

Mountain railways

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway steam locomotive in 2010

This often called Toy Trains " toy train called" narrow- Mountain Railways of India are not umgespurt. The railways, which were originally built as a connection to British Hill Resorts "mountain resorts ", have become an important means of local transport and are now also of tourist importance. The railways are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Administratively and operationally, they are part of Indian Railways. The Indian mountain railways include:

Konkan Railway

Rolling country road on the Konkan route

The Konkan Railway has a special position among the Indian railways. The 760 km long railway line between the cities of Roha and Thokur opened in January 1998 and is part of the Mumbai – Mangalore connection . The construction and operation of the line is handled by the Indian Railway independent state company Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL). The Konkan Railway is the only route in India that offers a rolling highway . A GPS-supported anti-collision system is used there.

Dedicated Freight Corridors

Superstructure of the DFC Ost

In India, Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFC) “Special freight corridors ” are being built to relieve the existing routes. In spring 2020, the 1504 km western corridor and the 1856 km eastern corridor were close to being completed. The former relieves the Mumbai – Delhi route and runs from Jawaharlal Nehru Port to Dadri, which is 35 km west of Delhi city center in the state of Uttar Pradesh . The east corridor leads from Ludhiana in Punjab via Dadri to Dankuni near Kolkata . Both corridors will be put into operation in stages and should be completed by the end of 2021. The lines are electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz and can be used with double-decker container trains. The electric locomotives are equipped with special pantographs that make it possible to take the current from the very high catenary . The newly built routes are designed for 32.5 t axle load and 12 t meter load and can be driven at 100 km / h. The maximum gradient is 5 ‰. The Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCI), which reports to the Ministry of Railways, is responsible for the financing, construction and operation . The main donor for the $ 1.86 billion of the western corridor is the World Bank , and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for the $ 5.2 billion of the eastern corridor .

High-speed routes

The first high-speed line from Ahmedabad to Mumbai is under construction and should be completed in December 2023. The 534-kilometer high-speed line Mumbai-Ahmedabad is being promoted as a pilot project at an estimated cost of 9.65 billion US dollars . Japanese Shinkansen technology is used on standard gauge . Most of the route runs on an elevated route. The feasibility of a further six high-speed routes is being investigated.

City express trains

Old suburban train in Mumbai, 2006
  • Mumbai : The Mumbai S-Bahn is the oldest and probably also the best known outside of India. The system, which has existed since 1853, has six lines with a total length of 465 km and serves 147 train stations. It has been electrically operated since 1925 and carries 7.5 million commuters every day.
  • Kolkata : The Kolkata S-Bahn is the most extensive system. It comprises 21 lines with a total length of 1332 km and more than 374 stations. It carries 3.5 million commuters every day. Operations began in 1854, and the S-Bahn has been running electrically since 1959.
  • Chennai (formerly Madras): In southern India, the Chennai S-Bahn is the largest system. It has four lines with a total length of 900 km, but only 286 km is on its own tracks that are only used by the S-Bahn trains, on the remaining part of the route network the S-bahn trains use the tracks of the long-distance trains. The S-Bahn serves 151 stations and transports 2.5 million commuters every day. Operations began in 1931.

Border crossings

  • PakistanPakistan Pakistan Cross-border traffic between India and Pakistan is very limited. Freight traffic between countries is limited to one train per week, which is not allowed to carry containers. Passenger trains run to the border, but you have to change trains there in any case.
    • Attari – Wagah : This border crossing is between Lahore and Amritsar . Travelers can take the Delhi – Attari Express to the Attari border station on the Indian side, where travelers have to get off for border clearance and then board the Samjhauta Express operated by Pakistan Railways , which stops again in Wagah for the Pakistani border clearance before going to Lahore continues. The border crossing was opened to rail traffic in 1976, with the Samjhauta Express running daily between Lahore and Amritsar. After the riots in Punjab in the late 1980s, Indian Railways decided not to let the train run to Pakistan and stopped running in Attari. From 1994 the train no longer ran daily, but only twice a week.
    • Munabao – Zero Point : This border crossing between Karachi and Jodhpur can only be crossed on foot. Since 2006 Manabao is from the Indian side served with the Thar Link Express, from the Pakistani side of the Thar Express . The distance between the two stations is six kilometers.
  • Border crossings and broad gauge network in Bangladesh (as of November 2018)
    Maitree Express opened its doors in April 2008
    BangladeshBangladesh Bangladesh After the partition of India in 1947, relations with Pakistan cooled significantly. With the Second Indo-Pakistani War , the last border crossings were closed for land traffic. Rail traffic between the two countries was only resumed in 2008 and is to be expanded quickly. The border crossings will not only serve traffic between the two countries, but will give Bhutan and Nepal direct access to the seaports of Bangladesh and India direct access to the northeast region. It is planned to restore eight of the nine border crossings. Freight traffic between the two countries is limited to a few wagons per week. The change from the Indian to the Bangladeshi locomotive takes place on the soil of Bangladesh. The broad gauge runs as a three-rail track in Bangladesh, which is otherwise meter-gauge east of the Ganges, to Dhaka , the country's capital. Because the     Bangabandhu Bridge over the Jamuna is limited to a meter load of 4.5 t, it is not possible to transport fully loaded broad-gauge freight wagons.
    • Gede – Darsana : This border crossing has been used since 2008 by the bi-weekly Maitree Express , which connects Calcutta with Dhaka
    • Petrapole – Benapole : This border crossing has been used by the Bandhan Express and freight traffic since November 2017 . With the completion of the Padma Bridge , this will be the most direct connection from Calcutta to Dhaka.
    • Singhabad – Rohanpur : This border crossing is only used for freight traffic. It is important for the connection from Nepal to the seaport of Mongla .
    • Radhikapur – Biral : This border crossing is only used for goods traffic.
    • Haldibari – Chilahati : This border crossing is being rebuilt. The broad gauge track from India to the border is already in place. The traffic from Bhutan to the seaports of Bangladesh should be handled via this border crossing. It is also the most direct route from Dhaka to Shiliguri , from where the Darjeeling Mountain Resort can be reached.
    • Changrabandha – Burimari : no reconstruction activities yet, the meter gauge track is still on the Bangladesh side.
    • Maishashan – Shahbajpur : This border crossing on the east side of Bangladesh is to be re-established. On the Bangladesh side, however, there is still meter gauge track.
    • Agartala – Akhaura : Construction work has already started. This border crossing on the east side of Bangladesh will be an important part of the transit route from Calcutta to the northeast region of India.
    • Gitaldah – Mogalhat : this border crossing will probably not be restored after the bridge over the Dharla has collapsed.
  • NepalNepal Nepal
    • Railway Raxaul – Birgunj : This 5.6 km long branch line of Indian Railways opened in 2005 and serves a dry port on Nepalese soil. It uses the trassee (Swiss for: the trasse / embankment) of the former Nepal Government Railway . An extension to Kathmandu is planned.
    • Jaynagar – Khajuri Chanha railway line : This 8.5 km long branch line of Indian Railways opened in 2017 and serves a duty -free warehouse on Nepalese soil. It uses the route (see above) of the former Janakpur Railway and is to be extended via Janakpur to Bardibas , where it will meet the Mechi – Mahakali Railway , which is yet to be built .
    • further border crossings are under construction or planned. They are:
Proposed routes for connecting Bhutan to the Indian rail network

Regional express transport systems

  • Delhi – Meerut : In the Delhi region, an elevated, but sometimes also underground, broad-gauge city high- speed railway similar to the Gautrain in South Africa is planned, which will serve the 82 km long Delhi – Ghaziabad –Meerut route. The trains should go up to 160 km / h. US $ 4.5 billion has been released for the project. However, it is currently blocked by the Delhi city government after the project had converted the underground terminus to an above-ground one, which would have delayed the construction of a new long-distance bus station.

Metro systems

Many cities have mass transit systems, which in India are called the metro . These are not necessarily subways , but can also be above-ground railways, elevated railways or light rail systems . In all of India there was only one metro, the one in Calcutta, until the end of the 1990s. By autumn 2018, 515 km of metro lines had been built, spread over the eight metropolitan areas of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, Kochi , Lucknow, Jaipur , Hyderabad and Bangalore . Another 15 cities are planning to open 664 km of routes in the next few years.

  • Broad gauge train of the Delhi Metro
    Delhi : The Delhi Metro is a nine-line metro and elevated railway system that opened between 2002 and 2018. The first four lines were laid out in Indian broad gauge, the rest in standard gauge. The trains run on electricity from the 25 kV 50 Hz overhead line. In autumn 2018, the network had a length of 314 km and 229 stations. Funding of US $ 4.2 billion has been approved for an additional 62 km of metro lines.
  • Gurgaon : The Rapid Metro Gurgaon is a standard-gauge elevated railway that is operated with 750 V DC from the power rail and is connected to the Delhi Metro. It is the first privately financed metro in India.
  • Calcutta : The Kolkata Metro is the oldest metro system in India. The subway , which opened in 1984 and also operates as an elevated train, is operated by Indian Railways. The first broad-gauge, 27 km long north-south line has been fully operational since 2011. Further routes are under construction and should be opened by 2021, including a 17 km long west-east route that leads through India's first underwater tunnel .
  • Bangalore : The Bangalore Metro , also known as Namma Metro , is a system opened between 2011 and 2017 with two routes, which are mainly on elevated railway lines, but also underground on some sections. A further expansion is planned.
  • Chennai : The Chennai Metro is a metro system with two lines, which opened in 2015 and 2016 and which together are 35 km long. Part of it runs as an elevated railway, the rest as an underground railway.
  • Mumbai : The Mumbai Metro opened in 2014. An 11.4 km long standard gauge line is in operation. Another eleven lines are in various implementation phases.
  • Elevated train of the Lucknow Metro
    Jaipur : An elevated railway system with two lines is in the making. The first section of the red line opened in June 2015.
  • Kochi : A 25.6 km long track is under construction in Kochi; the first 13 km were put into operation in June 2017.
  • Lucknow : An elevated railway system with two lines is planned. A first 8.5 km long section of the red route has been in operation since September 2017. The construction time only took three years, which is the fastest implementation of a metro project in India.
  • Hyderabad : The Hyderabad Metro is the youngest metro in India. Allegedly the largest PPP project in the urban public transport sector with a contract volume of 2 billion US dollars to build three elevated railway lines with a total length of 72 km. A section of the first line went into operation in November 2017; The rest followed in September 2018, so that the first almost 29 km long route with 27 stations is fully operational.

Metro systems under construction

  • Pune : The Pune Metro is a 54 km long, three-line system that is under construction. The first two routes are scheduled to go into operation in 2021.
  • Nagpur : The Nagpur Metro consists of two elevated railway lines that are under construction. The metro cars come from CRRC in China. The first 14 km section is scheduled to open in March 2019.
  • Ahmedabad : The Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad (MEGA) is a project under construction with two lines due to go into operation in 2020.
  • Noida : The elevated railway line Noida-Greater-Noida-Linie , also called Aqua-Line , is under construction. The line is connected to the Delhi Metro in Noida City Center. The opening is planned for the end of 2018.
  • Navi Mumba i : The metro in the planned city “New Bombay” that is being builtnear Mumbaiconsists of an elevated railway line that is under construction and trains from CRRC will be maintained. The opening is scheduled for 2020 after the construction of the stops was delayed.

Metro systems in planning

  • Agra : Two standard-gauge lines together 30 km long, which are operated with 750 V direct voltage from the conductor rail . $ 2.3 billion has been released for the project.
  • Indore : Five standard gauge lines with overhead lines. US $ 3.8 billion was released for the construction of the 104 km long route network.
  • Bhopal : Standard-gauge light rail system with three lines and power supply from the overhead line. US $ 3.2 billion was released to build the system.
  • Kanpur : Two standard gauge lines together 32 km long with 25 kV 50 Hz overhead lines. $ 2.3 billion has been released for the project.
  • Meerut : Two standard-gauge lines with power supply from the overhead line. The detailed project has been created; it is expected to cost $ 2.6 billion.
  • Vijayawada : An elevated railway with four lines is being planned. The network should be 77 km long.
  • Coimbatore : A route network with four lines is proposed. The detailed project plan should be drawn up in mid-2019. The preliminary study isfinancedby KfW .
  • Patna : A route network with five lines that is to be built in three stages is planned. The detailed project for the first three 33.1 km long routes has been set up and approved by the government in Delhi.
  • Gorakhpur : A city map system with two routes is being planned; alternatively, the construction of a city cable car is also being investigated.
  • Visakhapatnam : After the government in New Delhi refused to support the project, it is to be implemented as a PPP project. A network with three lines is to be built, which is 42.6 km long. It is expected to cost a good billion euros.
  • Surat : The city in Gujarat is to receive the second metro in the state after Ahmedabad. The two routes together are 40 km long. The DPR has been created, the construction is to take place as a PPP project. Construction is expected to start in 2019.

Metro systems with discontinued planning

  • Varanasi : The planning of a network consisting of two routes has been discontinued due to a lack of funding and possibly a lack of passengers; the construction of a city ​​cable car is being investigated.
  • Kozhikode : Building a $ 360 million 13.3 km light rail line is unsafe.
  • Guwahati : Four standard-gauge elevated railway lines were in the planning stage; but the project was denied government support because the traffic volume was underestimated. The project was reduced to two routes, which together are around 40 km long.
  • Chandigarh : The implementation of the planned two-line system was rejected by the Committee of Advisors to the Interior Minister in autumn 2017 for economic reasons.

Trams

Tram in Calcutta, 2009

Kolkata

In India there is only one operating tram system in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). The first line in the city was a 3.9 km horse-drawn tram , opened in 1873 , which ran between Sealdah and the Armenian Ghat. The operation was closed again in the same year due to insufficient passenger numbers. In 1880, the Calcutta Tramways Company (CTC) , which still exists today, was founded to build a horse-drawn tram on meter gauge tracks. By 1900 the network was 30.6 km long, had 166 wagons, 22 steam locomotives and 1,000 horses. In 1902 the first electric tram was opened. The route network grew and in 1943 reached a length of 68 km. With the opening of the Kolkata subway, the suspension of lines began. Passenger numbers fell sharply towards the end of the 20th century. While in 1980 750,000 passengers were carried daily, in 2008 it was just 77,500. The tram is fighting for survival, but is likely to be preserved as a cultural asset and tourist attraction.

Planned trams

  • Dholera : The city in the Ahmedabad districtpresented the project of a tram in 2012, which should connect residential, business and industrial districts with each other. The network should include three lines with a total route length of 100 km.

Closed trams

The following cities had trams that are no longer in service today:

  • Double-decker tram in Bombay, 1952
    Mumbai : A horse tram operated from 1874, and in 1905 the first electric tram operated by Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). In 1920, double-decker cars were introduced to cope better with peak traffic. The system was discontinued in 1964.
  • Nahsik : In 1889 an approximately ten kilometer long horse-drawn tram was opened on narrow-gauge tracks with a gauge of 762 mm. The company only had two cars and was closed in the 1930s.
  • Chennai : The electric tram, opened in 1895, connected the port area with the districts further inland. It not only carried passengers, but also goods. In 1921 the route network was 24 km long. The operating company became insolvent in 1950 and the system closed in 1953.
  • Kanpur : From 1907 to 1933, a 6.4 km long tram ran between the station and Sirsaya Ghat on the Ganges .
  • Delhi : A tram ran in Delhi from 1908 to 1963. The largest network expansion was reached in 1921 when the network was 15 km long.
  • Patna : In Patna there was a horse-drawn tram that was closed in 1903 due to insufficient passenger numbers.

Small railways

The state of Bhavnagar , a former princely state in British India, had a small railway built in 1926 , which led from Bhavnagar to Talaja and was extended to Mahuva in 1938. The track was laid out with a gauge of 762 mm and was 108.6 km long. Light locomotives with a tender with a 2'D wheel arrangement, referred to as the T-Class , ran on the network . Operations ceased in the 1960s.

Forest railways

The Chochin State Forest Tramway was a meter-gauge forest railway that ran from the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve to Chalakudy and was in operation from 1907 to 1963. It was used to transport teak and rosewood .

Industrial railways

The Dholera-Khumbanda Tramway was a 7.2 km long line that ran from Bhader Creek to a cotton warehouse. The line was put into operation in 1851.

Monorails

Working train on the Patiala State Monorail Trainways at the National Rail Museum of India in Delhi

In India, several monorails were built at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century , which are no longer in operation today. The railways were built according to the Addis , Ewing and Caillet systems . Addis and Caillet systems used a single laid in the street running rail , for. B. Jubbulpore Gun Carriage Factory Monorail ; in the Ewing system it was laid to the side of the road. The vehicles had wheels with double flanges that ran on the steel rail. To prevent them from falling over, the railways to Addis and Ewing had support wheels that ran on the road, or in the caillet system were kept in balance by hand or by a draft animal running sideways. The vehicles were mostly moved by people with muscle strength or with oxen trains.

The railways to Addis originated in Maharashtra around 1870 and were of little importance; the routes were only a few kilometers long. System Caillet railways only ran for a short time at the beginning of the 20th century and were later converted into Ewing railways. Little is known of a 20 km route.

The railways to Ewing had the greatest distribution. At the beginning of the 20th century, several long routes were built, but like z. For example, the Kundala Valley Railway was only in operation for a few years and was then replaced by narrow-gauge railways. An exception was the Patiala State Monorail Trainways , which served a 24 km long and a 56 km long route. Orenstein & Koppel locomotives were also used on this line, but they only ran on part of the route. One example is on display in the Railway Museum in Delhi.

From 1946 the Khambhalia-Bhanvad Guide Ways Monorail Tramway operated for a short time , a monorail system based on the Skelton system . With this system, the vehicles ran on an elevated running rail, but were also supported on the road. The trains were hauled by a gasoline engine locomotive on the 17 km long route.

Modern monorail systems

  • Mumbai monorail
    A modern monorail has been running in city traffic in Mumbai since 2014. The system developed by the Malaysian company Scomi Rail travels a 9 km long route and is to be extended to 20 km in early 2019. The extension is delayed because only half of the ten existing trains are functional. No further monorail lines are to be built because the transport capacity is insufficient.
  • Chandigarh investigated the construction of an Intamin monorail after a metro was rejected.

Railway Museum

The National Rail Museum of India is located in Delhi and has an extensive collection of mostly open-air vehicles.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c The world's 10 longest railway networks . In: Railway Technology . February 19, 2014 ( railway-technology.com ).
  2. ^ Glyn Williams: Railways in India. 2017 (English).;
  3. ↑ Jakob Buchli: Universal drive "Winterthur" for electric locomotives . In: Schweizerische Bauzeitung . tape 90 , no. 23 , 1927, pp. 294-296 , doi : 10.5169 / seals-41817 .
  4. ↑ AC Electric Locomotives Roster: The WAM Series! In: 24 coaches . February 3, 2015 ( 24coaches.com ).
  5. ↑ SS Challa: Effects of Heavy Haul Trains on Kottavalasa- Kirandul Railway Line . Scientific Publishers, 2016, ISBN 978-93-8730772-8 , Preambel, pp. 17 .
  6. ↑ a b Srinand Jha: India to scrap its narrow gauge train lines . In: Asia Times . June 12, 2018 ( atimes.com ).
  7. ↑ a b c Indian Railways (Ed.): Fact & Figures 2016–2017 . ( indianrailways.gov.in [PDF]).
  8. ^ Zones & Divisions. Ministry of Railways (Railway Board), October 1, 2018, accessed November 24, 2018 .
  9. ^ Indian Railway. Retrieved November 24, 2018 .
  10. ↑ a b c G.VL Satya Kumar,: India country report . Presentation. Ed .: 5th Work Group Meeting of Trans-Asian Railway Network. Busan, South Korea June 13, 2017 ( unescap.org [PDF]).
  11. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Mountain Railways of India. Retrieved November 27, 2018 .
  12. ↑ Konkan Railways gets patent for anti-collision device in 3 nations . In: The Economic Times . April 26, 2008 ( indiatimes.com ).
  13. ↑ a b c PM Modi to launch first phase of dedicated freight corridor soon. In: The Week. February 29, 2020, accessed on May 16, 2020 .
  14. ↑ Dedicated Freight Corridors to open in stages . In: Railway Gazette . November 16, 2018 ( railwaygazette.com ).
  15. ↑ a b Indian high speed rail project launched by Prime Ministers . In: Railway Gazette . September 14, 2017 ( railwaygazette.com ).
  16. ↑ a b c d ESCAP (Ed.): Monograph Series on Transport Facilitation of International Railway Transport in Asia and the Pacific . 2013, 3rd Operational status among countries in South Asia ( unescap.org ).
  17. ↑ Muinul Islam: Regional Connectivity: Current Challenges for Bangladesh . Ed .: University of Chittagong. 9. Railway ( bea-bd.org [PDF]).
  18. ↑ Nepal to import goods using Bangladesh's Mongla port . In: Pakistan Defense . ( defense.pk [PDF; accessed on May 12, 2016]).
  19. ↑ Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury: Bangladesh: A regional connectivity hub linking South Asia with Southeast Asia . In: The Economic Times . November 9, 2018 ( indiatimes.com ).
  20. ↑ a b India, Nepal decide to upgrade road and cross-border rail links . In: The Times of India . April 7, 2018 ( indiatimes.com ).
  21. ^ ESCAP (Ed.): Monograph Series on Transport Facilitation of International Railway Transport in Asia and the Pacific . 2013, 2. Current operational status of international railway transport in the region, p. 8, 16-17 ( unescap.org ).
  22. ^ Ministry of Rail Transportation, pp. 40-43
  23. ↑ a b c d e f After Delhi, now Bhopal, Indore, Kanpur, Agra to get metro rail connectivity. In: Business Today. June 27, 2018 (English).;
  24. ↑ RRTS | Delhi Government rejects Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor . In: Metro Rail News . September 18, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  25. ↑ a b Delhi Metro completes 314 km network after Shiv Vihar-Trilokpuri section . In: Urban Transport News . October 31, 2018 ( urbantransportnews.com ).
  26. ^ Shiv Sahay Singh: Kolkata, where a metro service goes under the river . In: The Hindu . March 31, 2018, ISSN  0971-751X ( thehindu.com ).
  27. ↑ PM Modi to inaugurate Kochi Metro on June 17 . In: Mathrubhumi . May 30, 2017 ( mathrubhumi.com ).
  28. ↑ Virendra Singh Rawat: Lucknow Metro Rail fastest and most economical project in India . In: Business Standard India . November 16, 2015 ( business-standard.com ).
  29. ^ Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd. (Ed.): Metro Rail Map . ( hmrl.telangana.gov.in [PDF]).
  30. ↑ Hyderabad Metro rail flagged off today: See fares, timings, routes and other features . In: The Indian Express . November 28, 2017 ( indianexpress.com ).
  31. ^ Hyderabad metro rail services to start today: Facts about the largest interchange metro station. India Today, September 24, 2018 (English).;
  32. ↑ China-made train coaches for Nagpur metro come off production line . In: The Economic Times . November 24, 2018 ( indiatimes.com ).
  33. ↑ Nagpur metro first commercial run likely in March 2019 . In: The Indian Express . April 19, 2018 ( indianexpress.com ).
  34. ↑ Rs 2,600 crore Aqua Line extension towards Greater Noida in 2 phases . In: Metro Rail News . November 28, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  35. ↑ Navi Mumbai metro project delayed again, to start in 2020 . In: Hindustan Times . July 5, 2018 ( html ).
  36. ^ Kanpur, Agra and Meerut to get metro soon Yogi government sends DPR . In: Metro Rail News . September 6, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  37. ↑ Vijayawada Metro | Panel opts Light Metro Rail for Amaravati . In: Metro Rail News . November 3, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  38. ↑ DPR report of Coimbatore metro rail project will made in mid of next year . In: Metro Rail News . June 4, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  39. ^ Center Agree Metro Railway Plan for Patna Metro - Metro Rail News . In: Metro Rail News . November 23, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  40. ↑ Gorakhpur Metro | LMRC prepares draft DPR, two corridors planned for Metro rail project - Metro Rail News . In: Metro Rail News . April 10, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  41. ^ LDA, Ropeway will run instead of Metro in Gorakhpur-Varanasi . In: Metro Rail News . October 23, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  42. ↑ Vizag Metrorail budget, Routes and other details - Metrorail News . In: Metro Rail News . November 8, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  43. ↑ Surat Metro | Metro rail work in Diamond city to be launched in 2019 . In: Metro Rail News . August 25, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  44. ^ Lack of funds and passenger load put Varanasi metro off the rails . In: Metro Rail News . June 22, 2018 ( metrorailnews.in ).
  45. ^ RITES to study feasibility of cable cars in Varanasi - Times of India . In: The Times of India . ( indiatimes.com ).
  46. ^ Special Correspondent: Uncertainty over Light Metro project continues . In: The Hindu . March 6, 2018, ISSN  0971-751X ( thehindu.com ).
  47. ^ Assam not hopeful of starting Guwahati Metro Rail project soon . In: The Indian Express . May 8, 2017 ( indianexpress.com ).
  48. ^ After Hanging in For Years, Chandigarh Metro Rail Project Finally Scrapped Off & Here's Why . In: Chandigarh Metro . November 23, 2017 ( chandigarhmetro.com ).
  49. ↑ In Pics: Kolkata's Heritage, Eco-Friendly Trams like You Have Never Seen Them . In: The Better India . May 10, 2018 ( thebetterindia.com ).
  50. ↑ A tram in Dholera? In: dailybhaskar . January 18, 2012 ( bhaskar.com ).
  51. ↑ a b Monorail Systems in India. In: FIBIwiki. Families in British India Society, accessed November 28, 2018 .
  52. ↑ itsari Water Supply Project monorail. In: FIBIwiki. Families in British India Society, accessed on November 28, 2018 (English, it should be called Itarsi instead of Itsari ).
  53. ↑ Khambhalia-Bhanvad Guide Ways Monorail Tramway. In: FIBIwiki. Families in British India Society, accessed November 28, 2018 .
  54. ↑ Monorail Phase 2 may open early next year: MMRDA. In: The Free Press Journal. November 25, 2018 (English).;
  55. ↑ No new metro, monorail routes till 2021? In: Hindustan Times. May 6, 2013 (English).;
  56. ↑ Metro shelved, Chandigarh now plans monorail . In: Hindustan Times . July 16, 2018 ( hindustantimes.com ).