Mock chestnuts

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Mock chestnuts
Castanopsis Sieboldii

Castanopsis Sieboldii

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Beech-like (Fagales)
Family : Beech family (Fagaceae)
Subfamily : Quercoideae
Genre : Mock chestnuts
Scientific name
Castanopsis
( D.Don ) Spach

The sham chestnuts ( Castanopsis ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily Quercoideae within the beech family (Fagaceae). The approximately 140 species are distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia . American species that used to belong to this genus are now being assigned to other genera.

description

Illustration of Castanopsis cuspidata from Flora Japonica , 1870
Inflorescences of Castanopsis Sieboldii
Nuts from Castanopsis Sieboldii

Appearance and leaves

The Castanopsis species grow as evergreen trees or, rarely, large shrubs . The bark of the twigs is initially dense, yellowish-brown, and downy with hairs ( indument ). The egg-shaped to ellipsoidal winter buds have opposite, egg-shaped to linalic bud scales.

The leaves are alternate and two-lined, in some species also spirally arranged. The leaf margin is smooth or serrate, rarely lobed. There are extrapetiolare Stipules present.

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

Castanopsis species are monoecious, mixed sexes ( monoecious ). The always erect, often paniculate , sometimes spiked , simple inflorescences , here called catkins , are usually unisexual.

Bracts (bracts) cover the fruit cups more or less densely depending on the species and can be prickly, rarely scale-like or warty. The male flowers are grouped in three to seven, rarely individually. In male flowers there are rarely eight, mostly nine to twelve stamens and five or six, rarely up to eight bracts ; the rudimentary pistil (pistillode) is very small and thickly covered with woolly hair. The female flowers stand alone or in groups of three to five, sometimes up to seven. The female flowers also have bracts. If there are staminodes in the female flowers, then only the inner circle is present. The mostly three (two to four) carpels form a mostly three-chamber ovary . Most of the three (two to four) styluses each end in a small, cephalic scar or there are flat terminal pores.

The radial symmetry or zygomorphic axis cups, also called fruit cups or cupula, stand individually on the inflorescence rhachis , rarely remain closed and completely or partially cover the nuts. Each fruit cup contains one to three nuts that usually need two years, rarely one year, to mature.

Systematics and distribution

David Don published in 1825 the name Castanopsis within the genus Quercus without rank in Prodromus Florae Nepalensis , 56. In the rank of a genus Castanopsis was 25 December 1841 by Spach in Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames , 11, pp. 142, 185. Type species is Castanopsis armata (Roxb.) Spach . Synonyms for Castanopsis (D.Don) Spach are: Balanoplis Raf. , Callaeocarpus Miq. , Chlamydobalanus (Endl.) Koidz. , Pasaniopsis Kudô , Shiia Makino .

The relatively species-rich genus Castanopsis is common from subtropical to tropical Asia. There are almost 60 species in China , 30 of which are exclusive to China ; some Chinese species are endemic in relatively small areas. There are around 33 species in Thailand.

Castanopsis carlesii
Habitus and inflorescences of Castanopsis cuspidata
Castanopsis eyrei
Habit and stem of Castanopsis indica
Castanopsis Sieboldiana

There are around 140 species of Castanopsis :

  • Castanopsis acuminatissima (flower) A.DC. : It is common in tropical Asia.
  • Castanopsis amabilis W.C.Cheng & CSChao : This endemic thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 300 to 900 meters only in the southwestern part of the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi .
  • Castanopsis annamensis Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam .
  • Castanopsis argentea (flower) A.DC. : It iswidespreadfrom India to western Malesia .
  • Castanopsis argyrophylla King ex Hook. f. : It iswidespreadfrom northeast India via Laos , Myanmar , Thailand to Vietnam and southern Yunnan .
  • Castanopsis arietina Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis armata (Roxb.) Spach : It is from Arunachal Pradesh to Nepal , Myanmar and Thailand.
  • Castanopsis birmanica A. Camus : It occurs in Myanmar .
  • Castanopsis boisii Hickel & A.Camus : It is distributed from northeastern Vietnam to the Chinese provinces of Guangdong , Hainan , southwestern Guangxi and southeastern Yunnan .
  • Castanopsis borneensis King : It occurs on Borneo .
  • Castanopsis brevispinula Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs from northern Thailand to Laos.
  • Castanopsis buruana Miq. : It occurs in northern Borneo, Sulawesi and Maluku .
  • Castanopsis calathiformis (Skan) Rehder & EHWilson : It is distributed from Myanmar, Laos , northern Thailand through southeastern Tibet and southern Yunnan to northern Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis cambodiana A. Chev. : It only occurs in Cambodia .
  • Castanopsis carlesii (Hemsl.) Hayata : The two varieties arewidespreadin China and Taiwan .
  • Castanopsis castanicarpa (Roxb.) Spach : It occurs in Bangladesh and Myanmar.
  • Castanopsis catappifolia King ex Hook. f. : This endemic occurs only in Perak (Gaping) on ​​the Malay Peninsula .
  • Castanopsis ceratacantha Rehder & EHWilson : It is distributed from Laos, northeastern Thailand and Vietnam to the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, southwestern Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis cerebrina (Hickel & A.Camus) Barnett : It is distributed in northern Thailand, northern Vietnam and southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis chapaensis Luong : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis chevalieri Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis chinensis (Spreng.) Hance (Syn .: Castanopsis qiongbeiensis G.A.Fu , Castanopsis qingbeiensis G.A.Fu nom. Inval., Castanopsis remotiserrata Hu , Castanopsis sinensis A.Chev. Nom. Illeg.): It is in Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan , southwestern Guizhou and southeastern Yunnan are common.
  • Castanopsis choboensis Hickel & A.Camus : It is distributed in northeastern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of western Guangxi, southern Guizhou and southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis chunii W.C.Cheng : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 1000 to 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of northern Guangdong, northeastern Guangxi, southeastern Guizhou, southern Hunan and southern Jiangxi .
  • Castanopsis clarkei King ex Hook. f. : It is widespread from northeastern India via northeastern Myanmar, southeastern Tibet (only Mêdog Xian) to southern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis clemensii Soepadmo : This endemic species only occurs in Sabah .
  • Castanopsis concinna (Champ. Ex Benth.) A.DC. : It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes below 500 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Guangdong and southern Guangxi.
  • Castanopsis costata (flower) A.DC. : It is widespread from Thailand to western Malesia.
  • Castanopsis crassifolia Hickel & A.Camus : It is common in northern Thailand, northeastern Vietnam and southwestern Guangxi.
  • Castanopsis curtisii King : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula .
  • Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky : It occurs in central and southern Japan and in South Korea only in Jeju-do .
  • Castanopsis damingshanensis S.L. Mo ex CCHuang & YTChang : This endemic thrives in laurel forests at altitudes between 1100 and 1400 only in Daming Shan in the central part of the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi.
  • Castanopsis delavayi Franch. (Syn .: Castanopsis tsaii Hu ): It thrives in forests at altitudes of 1500 to 2800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Yunnan, southwest Guizhou and southwest Sichuan.
  • Castanopsis densinervia Soepadmo : It occurs only in northern Borneo.
  • Castanopsis densispinosa Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen : This endemic thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 1700 only in Jinping Xian in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis diversifolia (short) King ex Hook. f. : It occurs in Thailand, Myanmar and Laos.
  • Castanopsis dongchoensis Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis dongnaiensis Son & Ngoc : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis echinocarpa Miq. (Syn .: Castanopsis tribuloides var. Echinocarpa (Miq.) King ex Hook. F. , Castanopsis echinocarpa var. Seminuda W.C.Cheng & CSChao , Castanopsis echidnocarpa A.DC. orth. Var., Castanea echidnocarpa Hook. F. & Thomson ex A.DC. , Castanopsis longispicata Hu ): It iswidespreadfrom northeast India via Bangladesh, Bhutan , Nepal , Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and southeast Tibet to southern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis echinophora A. Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis endertii Hatus. ex Soepadmo : This endemic occurs only in northern Kalimantan .
  • Castanopsis evansii Elmer : It occurs in northern and eastern Borneo and on Palawan .
  • Castanopsis eyrei (Champ. Ex Benth.) Hutch. (Syn .: Castanopsis asymmetrica H.Lév. , Castanopsis brachyacantha Hayata , Castanopsis brachyacantha Hayata ex Koidz. , Castanopsis caudata Franch. , Castanopsis cavaleriei H.Lév. , Castanopsis chingii A.Camus , Castanopsis eyrei var. Brachyacantha (Hayata) CFShen , Castanopsis incana A.Camus , Castanopsis neocavaleriei A.Camus , Castanopsis trinervis (H.Lév.) A.Camus ): It thrives in forests at altitudes of 300 to 1700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou , Hubei, Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Qinghai , Sichuan, Zhejiang as well as in Tibet and Taiwan.
  • Castanopsis faberi Hance (syn .: Castanopsis brevispina Hayata , Castanopsis brevistella Hayata & Kaneh. Ex A.Camus , Castanopsis hickelii A.Camus , Castanopsis kusanoi Hayata , Castanopsis matsudae Hayata ex A.Camus , Castanopsis ninbienensis Hickel & A.Camus , Castanopsis quangtriensis Hickel & A.Camus , Castanopsis sinsuiensis Kaneh. , Castanopsis stellatospina Hayata , Castanopsis tenuispinula Hickel & A.Camus ): She is in Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi , Yunnan and Zhejiang.
  • Castanopsis fargesii Franch. (Syn .: Castanopsis argyracantha A.Camus , Castanopsis cryptoneuron (H.Lév.) Rehder , Castanopsis taiwaniana Hayata ): It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 200 to 2100 meters in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi , Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
  • Castanopsis ferox (Roxb.) Spach (Syn .: Castanopsis tribuloides var. Ferox (Roxb.) King ex Hook. F. ): It is from northeastern India via Bangladesh, Sikkim , Laos, Myanmar, northern Thailand, Vietnam and southeastern Tibet spread to southern and southwestern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis fissa (Champ. Ex Benth.) Rehder & EHWilson (Syn .: Castanopsis fissoides Chun & CCHuang , Castanopsis tunkinensis (Drake) Barnett non Seemen ): It is in northern Thailand, northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan , southern Guizhou, southern Fujian, southern Hunan, southern Jiangxi and southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis fleuryi Hickel & A.Camus (Syn .: Castanopsis microcarpa Hu ): It occurs in Laos, Vietnam and in southern to southwestern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis fordii Hance : It is distributed in northern Thailand and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, southern Fujian, southeastern Guangxi, southern Hunan, southern Jiangxi and southern Zhejiang.
  • Castanopsis formosana (Skan) Hayata (Syn .: Castanopsis tribuloides var. Formosana Skan ): It occurs in Vietnam, in southern Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Yunnan and Hainan.
  • Castanopsis foxworthyi Schottky (Syn .: Castanopsis kinabaluensis A. Camus ): It occurs on the Malay Peninsula and in western Borneo .
  • Castanopsis fulva Gamble : It is common in western Malesia .
  • Castanopsis gamblei Hickel & A.Camus : It is distributed from Laos to northwestern Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis glabra Merr. : This endemic occurs only on Leyte .
  • Castanopsis glabrifolia J.Q.Li & Li Chen : This endemic thrives on the sandy beach only in Wenchang in Hainan.
  • Castanopsis globigemmata Chun & CCHuang : This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at altitudes of around 1400 meters only in the Pingbian Autonomous Countyin southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis grandicicatricata N.H.Xia & DHVuong : It was first described from Vietnam in 2014.
  • Castanopsis griffithii A.Camus : It occurs in Myanmar.
  • Castanopsis guinieri A. Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis hainanensis Merr. : This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at altitudes below 400 meters only in Hainan.
  • Castanopsis harmandii Hickel & A.Camus : It only occurs in Laos.
  • Castanopsis hsiensiui J.Q.Li & Li Chen (Syn .: Castanopsis hainanensis var. Litoralis X.M.Chen & BPYu ): This endemic thrives on the sandy beach only in Wenchang in Hainan.
  • Castanopsis hupehensis C.S.Chao : It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 600 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of northeastern Guizhou, western Hubei, northwestern Hunan and eastern Sichuan.
  • Castanopsis hypophoenicea (Seemen) Soepadmo : It occurs on Borneo.
  • Castanopsis hystrix Hook. f. & Thomson ex A.DC (Syn .: Castanopsis bodinieri (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Koidz. , Castanopsis lohfauensis Hu , Castanopsis tapuensis Hu ): She is from northeast India, Sikkim , Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan spread across southeastern Tibet (Mêdog Xian only) and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, southeastern Fujian, southwestern Hunan and southern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis indica (Roxb. Ex Lindl.) A.DC. (Syn .: Castanopsis macrostachya Hu , Castanopsis subacuminata Hayata ): It is from northeast India, Bangladesh, Sikkim, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan through southeast Tibet (only Mêdog Xian) and in the Chinese provinces southern Guangdong , southern Guangxi, southern Hainan and southern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis inermis (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Syn .: Castanopsis mitifica Hance , Castanopsis sumatrana (Miq.) A.DC. ): It is distributed from Myanmar to Sumatra and to the Philippines .
  • Castanopsis javanica (flower) A.DC. (Syn .: Castanopsis discocarpa (Hance) Hance , Castanopsis javanica var. Montana (flower) A.DC. , Castanopsis lentiginosa E.F.Warb. , Castanopsis penangensis A. Camus ): It is widespread from southern Thailand to western Malesia.
  • Castanopsis jianfenglingensis Duanmu : This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at altitudes of 500 to 800 meters only in Dongfang Xian in southwestern Hainan.
  • Castanopsis jinpingensis J.Q.Li & Li Chen : It was first described in 2010 from Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis johorensis Soepadmo : It occurs in Johor and central Sumatra.
  • Castanopsis jucunda Hance : It is widespread in southern China.
  • Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata (Syn .: Castanopsis greenii Chun , Castanopsis oerstedii Hickel & A.Camus ): It is widespread in Vietnam, in central Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, southeastern Guangxi, southern Fujian and southern Jiangxi.
  • Castanopsis k Weichowensis Hu : It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 400 to 800 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Guizhou and northern Guangxi.
  • Castanopsis lamontii Hance (syn .: Castanopsis goniacantha A.Camus , Castanopsis lamontii var. Shanghangensis Q.F.Zheng , Castanopsis pachyrachis Hickel & A.Camus , Castanopsis robustispina Hu ): It is in northern Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, southern Fujian , southern Guizhou, southern Hunan, southern Jiangxi and southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis lanceifolia (Oerst.) Hickel & A.Camus (Syn .: Castanopsis kurzii (Hance) SNBiswas , Castanopsis roxburghiana S.N.Biswas nom. Illeg.): It iswidespreadfrom Nepal to Indochina .
  • Castanopsis lecomtei Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis longipes A. Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis longipetiolata Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis longispina (King ex Hook. F.) CCHuang & YTZhang (Syn .: Castanopsis ferox var. Longispina (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus , Castanopsis tribuloides var. Longispina King ex Hook. F. ): She is from north-eastern India via Bangladesh, Sikkim and Myanmar to south-eastern Tibet (only Mêdog Xian).
  • Lithocarpus longzhouicus (CCHuang & YTChang) JQLi & Li Chen (Syn .: Castanopsis longzhouica C.C. Huang & YTChang ): This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at altitudes of 400 to 600 meters only in Longzhou Xian in Guangxi.
  • Castanopsis lucida (Nees) Soepadmo : It is common in the Malay Archipelago and in Kalimantan.
  • Castanopsis malaccensis Gamble : It is distributed from the Thai peninsula to Sumatra.
  • Castanopsis malipoensis C.C. Huang ex JQLi & Li Chen : It was first described in 2010 from Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis megacarpa Gamble : It is distributed from the Thai peninsula over the Malay archipelago to Borneo.
  • Castanopsis megaphylla Hu : This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at altitudes of 1100 to 1500 meters only in the autonomous district of Pingbian der Miao in southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis mekongensis A.Camus (Syn .: Castanopsis fohaiensis Hu , Castanopsis lantsangensis Hu , Castanopsis wangii Hu & WCCheng ): It occurs in Laos and from southern to southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis microphylla Soepadmo : It occurs on Borneo.
  • Castanopsis motleyana King (Syn .: Castanopsis pearsonii Merr. ): It is common in Borneo and the Philippines .
  • Castanopsis multiporcata N.H.Xia & DHVuong : It was first described from Vietnam in 2014.
  • Castanopsis namdinhensis Hickel & A.Camus : It is common in Indochina .
  • Castanopsis nephelioides King ex Hook. f. : It is common from Thailand to the Malay Archipelago.
  • Castanopsis nhatrangensis Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis nigrescens Chun & CCHuang : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 200 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, southern Fujian, southern Guangxi and southern Hunan.
  • Castanopsis ninhhoensis Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis oblonga Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen : This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at altitudes of around 2000 meters inthe HaniAutonomous County of Yuanjiang in southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis oleifera G.A.Fu : It was first described in 2001 from Hainan and validated in 2011.
  • Castanopsis oligoneura Soepadmo : It is endemic to Sabah .
  • Castanopsis orthacantha Franch. (Syn .: Castanopsis concolor Rehder & EHWilson , Castanopsis mianningensis Hu , Castanopsis tenuinervis A.Camus , Castanopsis yanshanensis Hu ): It thrives in forests at altitudes of 1500 to 3200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Yunnan, western Guizhou and southwestern Sichuan.
  • Castanopsis ouonbiensis Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in northern Vietnam and in southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis oviformis Soepadmo : It occurs in Borneo.
  • Castanopsis pathakii Shankh, Mitra, Ranjan & D.Maity : The species first described in 2019 occurs in India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh .
  • Castanopsis paucispina Soepadmo : It occurs only in western Borneo.
  • Castanopsis pedunculata Soepadmo : It occurs only in northern Borneo.
  • Castanopsis philipensis (Blanco) Vidal : It occurs in the Philippines .
  • Castanopsis phuthoensis Luong : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis pierrei Hance : It is common in Indochina.
  • Castanopsis piriformis Hickel & A.Camus : It is common in Indochina.
  • Castanopsis platyacantha Rehder & EHWilson : It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 1500 to 2500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, northwestern Guizhou and northeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis poilanei Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis pseudo-hystrix Phengklai : It occurs in Thailand.
  • Castanopsis psilophylla Soepadmo : It occurs on Borneo and Palawan .
  • Castanopsis purpurea Barnett : It occurs only in Thailand at altitudes of 50 to 1300 meters.
  • Castanopsis purpurella (Miq.) NPBalakr. : It is spread from Nepal through Thailand to Taiwan.
  • Castanopsis remotidenticulata Hu : It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 1000 to 2200 meters from central to southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis rhamnifolia (Miq.) A.DC. : It is widespread from Myanmar through Thailand to Sumatra.
  • Castanopsis ridleyi Gamble : It is common on the Malay Peninsula.
  • Castanopsis rockii A. Camus (Syn .: Castanopsis lunglingensis Hu ): It occurs in Thailand, Vietnam and in southern and western Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis rufotomentosa Hu : This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at altitudes of around 1300 meters only in Xichou Xian in southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis schefferiana Hance (Syn .: Castanopsis andersonii Gamble ): It is distributed from Thailand to north-eastern Sumatra .
  • Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl. & Paxton) Schottky (Syn .: Castanopsis chinensis (Abel) Schottky nom. Illeg.): It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 200 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, northeast Guizhou and eastern Sichuan
  • Castanopsis scortechinii Gamble : It is common on the Malay Peninsula.
  • Castanopsis selangorensis A.Camus : It is widespread on the Malay Peninsula.
  • Castanopsis semifabri X.M.Chen & BPYu (Syn .: Castanopsis ledongensis C.C. Huang & YTChang , Castanopsis wuzhishangensis G.A.Fu ): This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at an altitude of about 800 meters only in Ledong Xian in Hainan.
  • Castanopsis siamensis Duanmu : It occurs in northern Thailand.
  • Castanopsis Sieboldii (Makino) Hatus. (Syn .: Castanopsis cuspidata var. Sieboldii (Makino) Nakai ): Of the two varieties, one occurs only on the Nansei Islands and the other is widespread from South Korea to central and southern Japan.
  • Castanopsis subuliformis Chun & CCHuang : It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 700 to 900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.
  • Castanopsis symmetricupulata Luong : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis tcheponensis Hickel & A.Camus : It is common in Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam and southern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis tessellata Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs from central to northern Vietnam and in southeastern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis thaiensis Phengklai : It occurs in northern Thailand.
  • Castanopsis tibetana Hance (Syn .: Castanopsis chengfengensis Hu ): It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes below 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, southwestern Hubei, southeastern Yunnan, southern Anhui and southern Zhejiang .
  • Castanopsis tonkinensis Seemen : It is distributed in north-east Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, south-west Guangxi and south-east Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis torulosa Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis touranensis Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis tranninhensis Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Laos.
  • Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. : It is spread from northern India via Nepal, Myanmar, northern Thailand to southeastern Tibet (only Mêdog Xian) and southwestern Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis trichocarpa G.A.Fu (Syn .: Castanopsis hairocarpa G.A.Fu nom. Inval.): It occurs only in Hainan.
  • Castanopsis tungurrut (flower) A.DC. (Syn .: Castanopsis conspersispina Merr. ): It iswidespreadon the Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra and in western Java .
  • Castanopsis undulatifolia G.A.Fu (It is perhaps a synonym of Castanopsis hainanensis Merr. ): It occurs only in Hainan.
  • Castanopsis uraiana (Hayata) Kanehira & Hatusima : It thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 400 to 1500 meters in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, eastern to northern Guangdong, northeastern Guangxi, southern Hunan and southern Jiangxi.
  • Castanopsis wallichii King ex Hook. f. : It is common on the Thai Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago.
  • Castanopsis wattii (King ex Hook. F.) A.Camus (Syn .: Castanopsis hystrix subsp. Rufescens A.Camus , Castanopsis rufescens Gamble nom. Nud., Castanopsis rufescens (A.Camus) CCHuang & YTChang nom. Illeg., Castanopsis tribuloides var. wattii King ex Hook. f. ): It is distributed from northeastern India ( Assam ) via Sikkim to southeastern Tibet (only Mêdog Xian district) and western Yunnan.
  • Castanopsis wenchangensis G.A.Fu & CCHuang : This endemic thrives in the laurel forest only in Wenchang Xian in Hainan .
  • Castanopsis wilsonii Hickel & A.Camus : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Castanopsis xichouensis C.C. Huang & YTChang : This endemic thrives in the laurel forest at altitudes of 1400 to 1700 meters only in the Xichou Xian district in Yunnan .

use

The wood of most species is used. The most important species that produce timber are Castanopsis acuminatissima , Castanopsis argentea , Castanopsis javanica and Castanopsis tungurrut . Trade names are: berangan, saninten, katia, ko, ko-nam; in New Guinea oak; in Malaysia chestnut, jertek tangga kata; in the Philippines chestnut. Castanopsis species are not protected according to CITES rules ( Washington Convention on the Protection of Species ).

Many kinds of nuts are edible.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs Chengjiu Huang, Yongtian Zhang, Bruce Bartholomew: Fagaceae. : Castanopsis , p. 317 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 4 - Cycadaceae through Fagaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Chamlong Phengklai: A synoptic account of the Fagaceae of Thailand. In: Thai Forest Bulletin , Volume 34, 2006, pp. 53-175, ISSN  0495-3843 full text PDF.
  3. ↑ D. Don 1825 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  4. ↑ Spach scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1841 .
  5. ^ Castanopsis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 15, 2015.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Castanopsis . In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  7. ↑ a b c C. Li, XW Li, JQ Li: Taxonomic notes on Castanopsis (Fagaceae, Castaneoideae) from China. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 146, 2013, pp. 50-60. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.146.2.2
  8. ^ A b ZJ Yin, CL Xiang, H. Peng: Validation of four names of Castanopsis (Fagaceae) from Hainan, southern China. In: Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxon , Volume 18, 2011, pp. 77-79. Full text online.
  9. ^ Commercial timbers from HG Richter and MJ Dallwitz at DELTA. (German)

Web links

Commons : castanopsis ( Castanopsis )  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
  • Castanopsis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  • Entries about Castanopsis in Plants For A Future
  • Jingyun Fang, Zhiheng Wang, Zhiyao Tang: Atlas of Woody Plants in China: Distribution and Climate . tape 1 . Springer Science & Business Media, 2011, p. 140–150 ( Castanopsis from p. 140 in the Google book search).