Service tree

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Service tree
Service tree (Sorbus domestica)

Service tree ( Sorbus domestica )

Systematics
Family : Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily : Spiraeoideae
Tribe : Pyreae
Sub tribus : Pome fruit family (Pyrinae)
Genre : White berries ( sorbus )
Type : Service tree
Scientific name
Sorbus domestica
L.

The Speierling ( Sorbus domestica ) - regional also eel, Sperber tree Sperbelbaum, Sporapfel, Spier apple, spreader hedgehog called - is a plant from the genus of flour berries ( Sorbus ) within the family of Rosaceae (Rosaceae). It is considered a wild fruit tree and, as a wild wood, is one of the rarest tree species in Germany; In 1993 the service tree was elected tree of the year here because of its declining population .

description

Bark of an elderly service tree

Appearance

The service tree grows as a medium-sized, deciduous tree . Freestanding, it reaches heights of growth of up to 20 meters, in high forest occasionally over 30 meters, and as a free-standing single tree can reach trunk diameters of over 100 centimeters. Individual specimens of the service tree can reach an age of up to 400 years, in Central Europe, however, usually significantly less. The service tree forms a deep heart-root system .

Illustration of a winter bud

The bark is rough. The service tree soon forms a cracked, relatively dark gray-brown bark with small scales on older trunks , which is similar to that of a pear tree .

The comparatively large, often sticky winter buds are bluntly egg-shaped. They have some roof-tile-like overlapping, green, shiny, more or less bald, brown-rimmed bud scales.

leaf

The leaves are unpinnate and have over a dozen pinnate leaves

The alternate and spirally arranged leaves on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 3 to 5 inches long. The leaf blade, which is up to 25 centimeters long and about 10 centimeters wide, is unpinnate. On the leaf rhachis there are six to eight, rarely up to ten, oppositely arranged pairs, thus 13 to 17, rarely up to 21, leaflets ; this is the lowest number within the genus Sorbus (in Europe).

The leaflets are almost sessile except for the terminal leaflet, which is more or less petiolate. The leaflets, which are approximately equal in size, are 3 to 5 centimeters long and 1 to 1.5 centimeters wide and elongate with a pointed upper end. The edges of the leaflets are sharply serrated in the upper area and almost entire in the lower third. At the top they have teeth with an early sloping gland. The leaflet is initially downy, hairy and later balding. There is pinnate nerve, with 12 to 15 lateral nerves on each side of the main nerve. The base of the leaflets is evenly rounded. The stipules on the long shoot are obsolete.

Inflorescence and flower

Detail of an inflorescence with opening flower buds and the radial symmetrical flowers

The flowering time is at the end of full spring in May to June after the leaves have unfolded. 35 to 75, rarely up to 80 flowers are grouped together in terminal, umbrella-like inflorescences .

Floral diagram

The hermaphroditic, pleasantly scented flowers are 16 to 18 millimeters in diameter and have radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five green sepals are triangular and longer than wide. The five white or reddish petals are 6 to 7 millimeters long. The 20 stamens have yellow anthers. There are five free carpels . There are usually two ovules per carpel . There are usually five free pens available.

Fruit and seeds

Cross-cut fruit with seeds

The service tree can be easily distinguished from the related rowanberry by its significantly larger apple fruits . The fruits ripen in September to October. The mostly 2 to 3, rarely 1.5 to 4 centimeters long and almost equally thick, pear- to apple-shaped, green-yellowish, olive-brown to reddish-yellow fruits when ripe can often turn reddish in the sun and become fully ripe chocolate-brown. They can vary considerably from specimen to specimen in terms of size, shape and color. The parchment-like core housing usually consists of five chambers. The fruits each contain one or usually two, egg-shaped and orange-brown, about 6-9 millimeters large seeds, sometimes five to six or a maximum of ten seeds.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 17; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 34.

ecology

The service tree grows as a scleromorphic, mesomorphic phanerophyte . The vegetative propagation by root brood predominates nowadays.

The flowers can also be pollinated by insects ( entomophilia ), but the seeds are usually formed without pollination . The fruits are ingested by some birds and mammals and the seeds are then excreted, which allows digestive spread to take place. The service tree reproduces generatively in nature only in exceptional cases through seeds.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Of the pests , the scab represents the greatest danger for the service tree . The scab mainly affects the fruits , young plants and shoots. In addition, the crayfish attacks the service.

Occurrence and endangerment

Distribution area

The area type according to Oberdorfer 1983 of Sorbus domestica is sub Mediterranean . Sorbus domestica thrives in the climatic zones meridional to southern temperate.

Its distribution area extends from south and south-east Europe to Asia Minor and north-west Africa . There are localities for Algeria , Morocco , Cyprus , Turkey , Transcaucasia , Austria , Czech Republic , Germany, Hungary , Slovakia , Moldova , Crimea , Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Greece , Italy (including Sardinia , Sicily ) , North Macedonia , Montenegro , Romania , Serbia , Slovenia , France (including Corsica ) and Spain .

In Germany, the service is mainly found in the southwest, in the Rhine , Neckar and Nahe valleys , in the Taunus and in Lower Franconia . It occurs scattered in northern Baden-Württemberg ( Kraichgau , building land , Stromberg ), in the central Palatinate , along the Moselle , in the northern Eifel and in Main Franconia ; It is rare in northern Thuringia and western Saxony-Anhalt .

Tree top with ripe apple fruits

In the years from 2010 to 2013, the occurrence of ten rare native tree species in German forests was determined on behalf of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE) as part of the project recording and documenting genetic resources of rare tree species in Germany . 2,500 specimens of the service tree were recorded in naturally existing stocks (without planted "field service tree"). Half of all specimens of the service species found in Germany are found in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria . In Hesse there are 400 to 500 specimens of the service that are 80 years or older. For example, there are 47 old service trees in Kronberg im Taunus and over 100 young ones. In the Wetterau district , 55 (as of 2014) natural monuments are identified with one or more spearlings.

For Germany as a whole, the 1996 Red List of Endangered Plant Species indicates that Sorbus domestica is not endangered. In Baden-Württemberg he is on the forewarning list; in Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate it is not considered endangered; classified in category 4 = potentially endangered in Hesse and Thuringia; in Saxony-Anhalt the service tree is classified in category 3 = endangered; it is very rare in North Rhine-Westphalia .

In Austria there are about 500 adult Speier pieces, especially in Lower Austria , in Vienna and in Burgenland . Due to its rarity, it was voted tree of the year 2008 in Austria.

In terms of plant sociology, it belongs to the order Quercetalia pubescentis , but also occurs in the warm societies of the Carpinion association . In Germany, the service grows in the dry and warm oak-hornbeam and downy oak forests.

Systematics

Illustration of the Speierling (from Jacob Sturm : Germany's flora in illustrations , 1796)

The species Sorbus domestica belongs to the subgenus Sorbus subg. Cormus (Spach) Duch. from the genus Sorbus L. .

Taxonomy

The first publication of Sorbus domestica was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, p 477. The epithet domestica means domesticated. Synonyms for Sorbus domestica L. are Cormus domestica (L.) Spach and Mespilus domestica (L.) All. , Pyrus domestica (L.) Ehrh. , Pyrus domestica (L.) Sm. , Pyrus serrulata hort., Pyrus sorbus Gaertn.

history

The service tree was recognized as a fruit tree by Theophrastus (4th century BC), Pliny (1st century) and Charlemagne . The generic name Sorbus is derived from the Latin word sorba for service tree ( Sorbus domestica L.) and service tree ( Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz), because Pliny had counted the service tree to a type of service tree. The service tree has been valued as a food since ancient times. The Romans ensured an additional spread north of the Alps. Charlemagne also had " sorbarios " ( Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii ) added, which probably meant the service tree.

use

Because of the solid, heavy wood as well as its - quite tannic - edible fruits, the service tree was an important cultural wood in the Middle Ages. Only in a few regions is it still or again taken into cultivation, mainly for fruit production. The bark is rich in tannins and can be used as Gerberlohe be used.

The extremely tannin-rich juice of not yet fully ripe fruits is added in small quantities (1 to 3%) in some places during the production of cider . The clear, long-lasting and tart apple wine obtained in this way is also called " Speierling " for short and is a specialty in the Frankfurt area . This Speierling cider is not too common and its elaborately from the tree to be harvested ingredient sake usually somewhat more expensive than the standard.

Harvested ripe fruits

The fruits are eaten raw or cooked. If you store the fruits in a cool place until they are overripe, they should also taste good raw. The fruits can also be used dried.

In folk medicine, the fruit played a role as an astringent home remedy for stomach and intestinal complaints such as diarrhea or dysentery because of their tannin content . Today they are processed into purees and jams or fermented and distilled . The fruit yield is not small: the largest existing service in Austria with a trunk diameter of one and a half meters carries around 500 kilograms annually. However, the small size of the fruits makes harvesting quite difficult.

The Speierling has a sand-colored to reddish - which the Elsbeere very similar - sapwood and often brownish A remote, hard and tough heartwood. With a dry weight of 0.88 g / cm³ ( kiln density ) it is the heaviest European hardwood. It is valued in tool making and for the construction of musical instruments (bagpipes), used for carving and turning , and traded as valuable furniture and veneer wood (under the name “Swiss pear tree”). It is used as a building material as well as roofing.

For more than 100 years there has been a sharp decline in the service in Europe . The service tree is individually or in small groups a type of tree from those deciduous forest communities that were managed in so-called medium - sized forests until a hundred years ago . With the forestry enforced high forest, the service tree was subject to competitive pressure from the larger, higher-growing neighboring trees.

Multiplication

Most of the specimens in the open countryside evolved from seeds. Seeds can be stored at minus 21 ° C for up to 15 years. The service tree is a frost and dark germ (at 0 to 4 ° C the germination time is 10 to 14 weeks). For artificial offspring, it has proven useful to wash the seeds out of the ripe fruits, then store them in peat for several months under wet and cold conditions and then transplant them.

Root cuttings are suitable for vegetative propagation of the service tree. Refinements are difficult with service species. In order to reduce the late fruit set after only 18 to 20 years and to obtain the desired variety, the service species is usually grafted onto service tree.

  • Seedling of a service tree (with round cotyledons of the dicotyledonous plant)

  • Twenty-year-old tree with autumn leaves

  • Flowering branch and ripe fruit (illustration from Ypey, 1813)

  • Wood of the service
    tree (is often traded as the "Swiss pear tree")

literature

  • Thomas Gaskell Tutin, Vernon Hilton Heywood, NA Burges, DH Valentine, Stuart Max Walters, DA Webb: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae (=  Flora Europaea . Volume 2 ). Cambridge University Press, 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 68 ( Sorbus domestica in the Google book search).
  • Wedig Kausch-Blecken from Schmeling : The Speierling. 2nd Edition. Publishing house Kausch, Bovenden 2000; from the Speierling support group (PDF; 20.2 MB).
  • Albrecht Franke, Ulrike Ludwig: Occurrence of the service tree (Sorbus domestica L.) in Baden-Württemberg. Collection, evaluation, conservation . (= Communications from the Forest Research and Research Institute Baden-Württemberg. Issue 180. Department of Botany and Location Studies. No. 3). Forestry Experimental and Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, DNB 942838718 .

Web links

Commons : Speierling ( Sorbus domestica )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Speierling  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sorbus domestica L., Speierling. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Spierling , m . In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape  16 : Sea life – speaking - (X, 1st section). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1905 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  3. ^ Joachim Heinrich Campe : Dictionary of the German language . tape  4 . School bookshop, 1810, p. 511 ( Sorbus domestica in the Google book search).
  4. ↑ a b c d e Sorbus domestica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  5. ↑ CM Enescu, D. de Rigo, T. Houston Durrant, G. Caudullo: Sorbus domestica in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: J. San-Miguel-Ayanz, D. de Rigo, G. Caudullo, T. Houston-Durrant, A. Mauri (Eds.): European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publ. Off. EU, Luxembourg 2016, p. 178.Data sheet (PDF).
  6. ↑ a b c d PDF.
  7. ↑ a b c d Wedig Kausch-Blecken von Schmeling : The Speierling. 2nd Edition. Verlag Kausch, Bovenden 2000, p. 33 ff .; corminaria.de (PDF; 20.2 MB).
  8. ↑ Markus Müller: Rare tree species from the point of view of ecological genetics using the example of service tree and service tree. GRIN Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-638-95283-5 , pp. 3 ( Sorbus domestica in the Google book search).
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Sorbus domestica L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  10. ↑ a b c d Remo Kellenberger, Nico pipe, Christoph Müller, Thomas Hofstetter: Sorbus domestica (PDF) wood Portrait , HSW, SUI 03_03.
  11. ↑ a b c Thomas Gaskell Tutin, Vernon Hilton Heywood, NA Burges, DH Valentine, Stuart Max Walters, DA Webb: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae (=  Flora Europaea . Volume 2 ). Cambridge University Press, 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 68 ( Sorbus domestica in the Google book search).
  12. ↑ Kristberg Kristbergsson, Semih Otles: Functional Properties of Traditional Foods. Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4899-7660-4 , p. 225.
  13. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 504.
  14. ↑ Sorbus domestica at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  15. ↑ a b Michael Hassler, Bernd Schmitt: data sheet with photos from Flora von Deutschland - a picture database , version 3.62, 2018.
  16. ↑ a b Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
  17. ↑ a b Federal Institute for Food and Agriculture (BLE) . Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  18. ↑ Natural monuments of the Wetterau district
  19. ↑ Collective ordinance for the protection of the service species as a natural monument in the Wetterau district of January 18, 1995 (second amendment October 2013).
  20. ↑ Sorbus domestica at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  21. ↑ Jeanne SE Dericks-Tan, Gabriele Vollbrecht: In the footsteps of wild fruits in Europe: Significance and utilization from the past to the present. Abadi-Verlag 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-021129-4 , pp. 260-262.
  22. ↑ a b c Sorbus domestica at Plants For A Future . Retrieved September 23, 2018.
  23. ↑ a b c d Wedig Kausch-Blecken von Schmeling : The Speierling. 2nd, revised edition. Kausch, Bovenden 2000, pp. 117 ff.
  24. ↑ The Service . (PDF; 3.3 MB) German Forest Protection Association.