Geiseltal

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Coordinates: 51 ° 18 '27.7 "  N , 11 ° 52' 9.1"  E

Map: Saxony-Anhalt
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Geiseltal​
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Saxony-Anhalt

The Geiseltal is a landscape in Saxony-Anhalt west of Merseburg in the Saalekreis district . Is named in Muecheln springing hostage , an almost 17 km long tributary of the Saale . The main places are Braunsbedra and Mülocken.

geology

The Geiseltal is 15 km long (WNW-ESE) and five kilometers wide. It is bounded in the north by the flat Merseburg Buntsandsteinsattel and in the south by the Müchelner Muschelkalk plateau of the Querfurt - Freyburger Mulde. The Neumark main threshold divides it into two roughly equal areas.

The substrate consists largely of perm -zeitlichen deposits as Rotliegendem (before 302-257 million years ago) and Zechstein (before 257-251 million years ago), which Triassic sediments, mostly of red sandstone (before 251-243 million years ago) and Muschelkalk (before 243 to 235 million years ago). Leaching of the Zechstein rock salt , but also tectonic movements and chemical weathering of the shell limestone caused subsidence movements of these sediments , especially in the Old Tertiary (65 to 23 million years ago), which led to the formation of a basin structure in today's Geiseltal.

This means that the Geiseltal can in principle be addressed as a subsidence area, although it is currently under discussion how this process actually took place.

In the early Tertiary , mainly in the Eocene (56 to 34 million years ago), the Geiseltal was near the coast of a former sea. The subtropical climate of that time and the heavy forestation promoted intensive lignite formation in the coastal moors and ponds , a process that took about five to a maximum of eight million years and was supported by the displacement of the Erzgebirge , Vogtland and Harz Mountains . Several seams have been identified, the lower ones contained the important Geiseltal fauna.

In the Pleistocene , the Geiseltal was crossed twice by the inland ice during the Elster Glaciation (400,000 to 335,000 years ago) . In the following Holstein warm period (335,000 to 320,000 years ago) the deposited glacial sediments were almost completely eroded again and the Unstrut shifted its course into the Geiseltal. From the Holstein warm period, only sparse remains of the so-called Körbisdorfer gravel of the Unstrut in the former Neumark-Süd opencast mine and in the Neumark-Nord 3 interglacial basin near Frankleben , see below, are known.

With the beginning of the Saale glaciation around 320,000 years ago, the Unstrut began to gravel the so-called main terrace in its river bed . The first inland ice advance of the Saale glacial period crossed the Geiseltal again and deposited a several-meter-thick marl , as well as ribbon clay and meltwater sand. The second ice advance from the Saale period probably no longer reached the Geiseltal. During this period, the ground moraine of the first ice advance was largely removed and loess was deposited.

As a result of the thawing of the permafrost, Mollisoldiapirism on the northeastern edge of the Geiseltalsenke in the Neumark-Nord opencast mine led to the formation of drainless sinks. In the largest, 400 m wide and up to 600 m long basin, a series of predominantly limnic warm-time and cold-time sediments up to 20 m thick was deposited. The upper end was formed by a series of infusion floats , locally with humus horizons.

On top of it lay discordant gravel several meters thick from the hostage and up to 5 meters thick, fossil-free loess from the Glacial Vistula . This basin, with "Neumark-Nord 1" or "Interglacial basin NN 1" or "Basin N.-N. 1 ”or as referred to below as“ Basin NN 1 ”, proved to be of supraregional importance for the stratigraphic structure. The rich site of the Pleistocene fauna and flora is the subject of a large number of publications, of which only a selection can be considered below.

With the discovery in 1985, an intensive geological investigation began, the result of which was doubtful that it was a warm age. The pollen analysis also showed a different picture for the warm period from the known occurrences of the Eem warm period. Likewise, the statement of the ostracod fauna could not be brought into agreement with the known occurrences of the warm eemwarm and the Vistula cold periods. On the other hand, there were similarities with the interglacial of Grabschütz , for which a position in a warm period between the Saale glaciation and the Eem warm period and for which the name "Grabschütz warm period" had been suggested.

The result, which deviated from the official stratigraphic structure of the period between the Holstein warm period and the Eem warm period, the so-called Saale complex , triggered contradictions. The rejection was based solely on the relatively minor differences to the pollen profile of the Eem warm period; all other indications were not taken into account, as were the doubts expressed earlier about the suitability of the pollen analysis for the stratigraphy of the Saale complex.

After a break of several years, the dredging work was continued in 1993, thereby creating new outcrops. Two vertical overburden sections could be documented photographically by panorama pictures, the panorama picture 1, part 1 to part 9 and the panorama picture 2, part 1 to part 11. They show the wide-span concordant storage of the cold-age layer sequence above the so-called "Upper Algenmudde", the end of the Warm-time basin filling, but also dislocations as a result of landslides (panorama picture 2). Macro photographs of the annual stratification in 22 parts created a reliable basis for determining the duration of the interglacial . According to this, the interglacial for the time of the thermophilic (heat-loving) deciduous forest was only about 6,000 years long, another count and estimate showed 8,800 years for the same period.

The end slope had to be flattened for the re-use of the open pit, which is why a large part of the filling of the basin NN 1, with the exception of the central areas, had been removed by 1997, so further investigations on the upcoming were no longer possible. In the meantime, however, another depression, the basin NN 2, had been cut; it was uncovered and examined in an archaeological excavation between 2003 and 2008 . The focus was initially on the storage conditions and the archaeological findings as well as the pollen analysis.

According to these investigations, the basin NN 2 appeared to be younger than the basin NN 1, in particular due to differences in the formation of the sediment sequence. The massive cold-period silt series lying on top of the warm-period sediments is missing in basin NN 1 and the Vistula -cold-period gravel of the hostage lay discordant on the basin sediments. For the basin NN 2, indications of a further two warm periods were subsequently seen, a further "intrasaale period" and the Eem warm period. Accordingly, the basins NN 1 and NN 2 should contain sediments from three warm periods. Deviating from this, the examination of the ostracodal fauna of the basin NN 2 showed a very different result, but this was not taken into account. The basin NN 2 is, after the ostracod fauna, a secondary basin of the same age with a greatly reduced layer sequence and the warm-period sediments are older than the Eem warm period.

In 2007, during the archaeological excavations, another dig was dug in basin NN 2, which sunk the entire series of basins, and examined it by various specialists. The overlying fossil-bearing loess derivative over the Vistula gravel of the hostage (profile D in and profile section XI in) was described, but neither included in the investigations nor were the results already available on the ostracodal fauna even mentioned.

The loess sequence is currently the only complete profile section above the water level of the Geiseltalsee , on which further investigations are possible. According to the pollen analyzes, the entire episode in basin NN 2 has a warm age. This was supported, among other things, by parallel analyzes of palaeomagnetics , which resulted in the prevailing reverse magnetization at the time, which was correlated with the Blake event at the beginning of the Eem warm period.

Furthermore, various luminescence dates ( thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence ) produced absolute age values, which also speak for the Eem warm period. Despite the striking differences between basins NN 1 and NN 2 in terms of stratigraphy, pollen and mollusc succession, fauna composition and, moreover, the deviating macroflora in basin NN 1 as well as existing contradicting results, a quasi "official" communication from the sub-commission Quaternary stratigraphy of the Germans Stratigraphic commission for basins NN 1 and NN 2 designated the warm age as proven.

This determination was supported by the assumption that all of the 39 interglacial basins above the Saale ground moraine, documented in the area-wide prospecting of Central Germany in the course of lignite mining, had a warm age. The discussion about the stratigraphic position of the warm period in the basins of Neumark-Nord is not yet over, because apart from the ostracodal fauna there is much more evidence for a separate warm period between the Saale glaciation and the Eem warm period.

Open pit mining

history

Overburden excavator near Lützkendorf in 1947

The mining of lignite is first recorded for 1698 near the Zöbigker grove, but it is most likely older. Initially only twelve smaller pits were created with the start of industrial mining in the late 19th century, which soon became one of the largest contiguous opencast mining areas in Germany. Particularly at the beginning of the 20th century, individual, mostly independent pits were built (Elisabeth 1906, Großkayna 1907, Beuna 1907, Cecilie 1907, Rhineland 1908, Leonhardt 1910, Pfännerhall 1911).

In the course of the further processing of the coal, nine briquetting plants were built . The immense coal deposits in the Geiseltal and the favorable transport conditions also meant that several chemical companies settled here. 1916/1917 was ammonia factory Merseburg of BASF built (later Leuna-Werke ). All mining companies in the Geiseltal belonged to the Central German Brown Coal Syndicate from 1919 .

From 1936 the Buna works were built, the world's first synthetic rubber producer. Wintershall AG built the Lützkendorf mineral oil plant for fuel and lubricating oil production from 1936 . After the Second World War, the mining was further intensified. Here, the open pit charred Muecheln , established in 1949 by merging of several existing mining fields (including Pauline, Elisabeth, Emma and Elise II), mainly the western Geiseltal, while the open-cast mines Großkayna , founded in 1949 (out of the pit Rheinland), and Kayna-south , founded in 1948, in the eastern part.

The mining operation advanced to a depth of 130 m in the Großkayna open-cast mine and up to 70 m in the Mülocken open-cast mine (natural upper edge at approx. 110  m above sea level ). About 33 km² of landscape and at least 16 localities there , z. B. Lützkendorf devastated . With the closure of the open-cast mine in 1993, coal production in the Geiseltal ended completely. In total, more than 1.4 billion tons of brown coal have been mined since 1861, with roughly the same amount (1.4 billion m³) of overburden to be dealt with. After 300 years of mining history, the local lignite reserves are largely exhausted.

In the 1990s, the open-cast mine was mainly rehabilitated at its slope edges, with around 26 million m³ of earth being moved to flatten the slope. The remaining hole was then flooded from June 30, 2003 to Geiseltalsee , which reached its maximum water level on April 26, 2011 at 98  m above sea level. Reached NN . The lake now has an area of ​​18.9 km², making it the twelfth largest lake in Germany .

The Kayna-Süd open-cast mine was shut down in 1972 and later recultivated , creating the Südfeldsee with 2.6 km² of water as a post-mining landscape . The dismantling work in the Großkayna opencast mine ended in 1965. The remaining hole was used as a rinsing dump for waste from the Leuna and Buna works until 1995 and then flooded into a 2.1 km² lake ( Runstedter See ). Both of today's lakes are separated from the Geiseltalsee by a rocky dam up to 140 m high.

Since the end of all open-cast mining activities, nature has recaptured part of this refuge. Due to the location of the Geiseltal in the lee of the Harz Mountains, there is a microclimate that is characterized by a somewhat higher annual mean temperature and a relatively low annual rainfall of around 500 mm. It is part of the Central German dry area. A special flora and fauna community has settled on the sandy subsoil, especially on the northern edge . A bee-eater colony brooding there is known .

The Geiseltalsee also offers conditions for viticulture ; The first grapes were harvested in 2002 ( Pinot Noir , Cabernet and Müller-Thurgau ).

Devastated localities

places Year of relocation Year of devastation
Benndorf 1953 1954
Eptingen 1968 1975
Hips 1968 1975
Geiselröhlitz 1967 1967
Graefendorf 1963 1966
Großkayna (proportionately) 1963 1966
Kämmeritz 1966 1967
Kleinkayna 1963 1966
Körbisdorf 1957 1958
Krumpa (partially) 1961 1963
Lützkendorf 1961 1963
Möckerling with the desert of Bündorf 1961 1964
Naundorf 1954 1957
Neubiendorf (partially) 1964 1968
Neumark (old town center on the Geisel) 1963 1966
Neumark Colony, Neumark-Ost 1968 1975
Petzkendorf 1961 1968
Roßbach (proportionately) 1963 1966
Runstedt 1929 1931
Wernsdorf 1956 1957
Zobigker 1968 1975
Zorbau 1968 1975
Zützschdorf 1956 1957

Paleontological and archaeological finds

Eocene finds (Geiseltalfauna)

Skull of asiatosuchus

The various brown coal seams, up to 120 m thick, contained high-quality fossils from the Middle Eocene , which were first described in 1914 and have been recovered in scientific excavations since 1925 . In total, the complex recovered from 59 individual sites includes more than 30,000 fossil finds of 125 taxa described so far , most of which belong to the vertebrate species . This means that the Geiseltal, along with the Messel mine near Darmstadt, is one of the most important fossil sites from around 45 million years ago.

Particularly noteworthy is the completely preserved ancient horse Propalaeotherium found in 1933, only 60 cm in size, which comes from the layer of the Upper Middle Coal. More found fossil taxa from the carbon layers of the Eocene are, for example Godinotia (fossil lemurs ) lophiodon (similar to the Tapir ) amphirhagatherium (an early cloven ) Oxyaenoides ( creodonta ) Asiatosuchus (fossil crocodile ) Geoemyda (tortoise), Trogulidae ( fossil harvestmen ) and Psiloptera (jewel beetles). Not only skeletal remains have been handed down here, but also the soft parts , such as skin, muscles, hair, feathers and blood cells , which are usually quickly perishable during taphonomic processes . There are also many remains of the flora, some with preserved chlorophyll . The paint film method was developed in the 1930s to salvage the fragile finds (the lignite is filled with up to 50% water when fresh from the mountain ) .

Pleistocene finds

The basin NN 1 contained an extremely rich and well-preserved large mammal fauna . They were particularly common in the so-called bank zones in the lower part of the warm-period basin filling. Particularly noteworthy are the skeletal remains of 20 European forest elephants , the almost completely preserved skeleton of an aurochs and the remains of three rhino species : the forest rhinoceros , the steppe rhinoceros and the woolly rhinoceros . In addition, the remains of wild cattle and horses , red deer , wolf and bear , but also lions and hyenas were found . The remains of around 100 fallow deer were recovered from the upper part, the so-called “warmed enemy tritus mud” . Some of the skeletal finds are associated with tools made of flint and thus prove human manipulation. The frequently occurring discounts that z. Some of them were made in the Levallois technique typical of Neanderthals and have been used, among other things, for carving , according to traces of use analyzes.

Three archaeological find horizons were formed in basin NN 2 . The lowest find horizon ("Neumark-Nord 2/2") contains thousands of flint artifacts in Levallois technique and smashed animal bones from wild cattle ( wisent and aurochs), horses , deer and European forest elephants, but also from bears and other predators. The uppermost discovery horizon ("Neumark-Nord 2/0") is characterized by the occurrence of wedge knives , the age of which archaeologists put at around 90,000 years.

Old Paleolithic artifacts and animal remains were recovered from basin NN 3 . In addition, in 1953 an almost complete skeleton of an approximately 60-year-old woolly mammoth (“Mammut von Pfännerhall”) and the remains of a ten-year-old animal were recovered in the former Pfännerhall mining field on the southern edge of the Geiseltal . They were not associated with archaeological finds and lay in the gravel of the Unstrut, which was deposited in the early part of the Saale Glaciation.

Lost property

The reconstruction of the European forest elephant in the Pfännerhall

The Tertiary finds are now exhibited in the Geiseltal Museum in Halle , while the archaeological and paleontological remains from the Pleistocene, especially the Pfännerhall mammoth and the complexes recovered from the Neumark-Nord mining field after 1985 , are in the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. There is also a larger collection of Pleistocene fossils from before 1980, such as skeletal remains of European forest elephants, cave lions and mammoths from the former Elise II mine , which is located in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. The Geiseltalmuseum has been open to visitors again since May 5, 2018. The fossil collection is part of the central magazine for natural science collections of the Martin Luther University in Halle and is to be exhibited in the new natural history university museum in the long term.

From March 2010 to January 2011, the excavation finds from the Neumark-Nord 1 lake basin were on display in a special exhibition entitled "Elephant Empire". In it and in the accompanying catalog, the age of this lake basin in the view of archaeologist Dietrich Mania was put at 200,000 years, which contradicts the Eemzeit classification of around 120,000 years by the State Office for Geology and Mining Saxony-Anhalt in Halle. A working meeting on the subject of “paleoenvironment, geochronology and archeology of the Neumark-Nord site” had confirmed the official geological classification again before the exhibition opened.

Since 2016 the "Center for Future Technology, Art and Design - Central Workshop Pfännerhall Geiseltal" has been showing a reconstruction of the European forest elephant (based on the individual 151 / E8) as part of its permanent exhibition Pfännerhall site . The second replication of the original horse Propalaeotherium can also be seen in this exhibition . The original and the first replication are part of the Geiseltal Museum's collection.

literature

  • Günther Krumbiegel, Ludwig Rüffle and Hartmut Haubold: The Eocene Geiseltal . Wittenberg Lutherstadt 1983 (for the Eocene finds)
  • Harald Meller (Ed.): Elephant Empire - A Fossil World in Europe . Halle / Saale 2010 (for the Pleistocene finds)
  • LMBV: Geiseltal . Central German lignite district 3. Senftenberg (2009). - For the open pit history

Web links

Commons : Geiseltal  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ M. Thomae and I. Rappsilber: On the origin of the Geiseltalsenke . In: H. Meller (Ed.): Elefantenreich - Eine Fossilwelt in Europa . Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 27–33.
  2. ↑ a b M. Hellmund: Excursion: Former Geiseltalrevier, southwest of Halle (Saale). From the Vita of the Eocene Geiseltal . In: J. Erfurt, L. Ch. Maul (Hrsg.): 34th meeting of the working group for vertebrate paleontology of the paleontological society March 16 to March 18, 2007 in Freyburg / Unstrut . In: Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geoswissenschaften. BH 2, 2007, pp. 1-16
  3. ↑ L. Eissmann: The Quaternary of the Leipzig lowland bay and adjacent areas around the Saale and Elbe. In: Series of publications for geological sciences. Issue 2. Berlin 1975, pp. 1–263
  4. ↑ D. Mania, DH Mai: Warm age mollusks and plant remains from the Middle Pleistocene of the Geiseltal (south of Halle). In: Geology. Volume 18, issue 2. Berlin 1969, pp. 674–690
  5. ↑ L. Eissmann: Fundamentals of the Quaternary Geology of Central Germany (Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, South Brandenburg, Thuringia). In: Altenburger scientific research. Issue 7. Altenburg 1994, pp. 55-135
  6. ↑ M. Thomae, C. Sommerwerk: On the origin of the Neumark-Nord site (Geiseltal). In: H. Meller (Ed.): Elefantenreich - Eine Fossilwelt in Europa. Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 39–44
  7. ↑ a b R. Fuhrmann: The ostracod fauna of the interglacial basins of Neumark-Nord (Geiseltal, Saxony-Anhalt) and their statement on the stratigraphic position. In: Mauritiana. Volume 32. Altenburg 2017, pp. 40–105 [1]
  8. ^ D. Mania, M. Thomae: Neumark-Nord - site of an interglacial habitat with traces of anthropogenic settlement. In: Brief technical information of the operating section of the Chamber of Technology of the VEB Braunkohlenwerk Geiseltal. Issue 23 (43). 1987, pp. 32-51
  9. ↑ a b D. Mania: Stratigraphy, ecology and Middle Palaeolithic hunting finds of the interglacial from Neumark-Nord. In: D. Mania, M. Thomae, T. Litt, T. Weber (eds.): Neumark-Gröbern. Contributions to the hunting of the Middle Paleolithic man. Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle, Volume 43. Berlin 1990, pp. 9–130
  10. ↑ M. Thomae: Geological structure and storage conditions of the Quaternary profile of Neumark-Nord. In: D. Mania, M. Thomae, T. Litt, T. Weber (eds.): Neumark-Gröbern. Contributions to the hunting of the Middle Paleolithic man. Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle, Volume 43. Berlin 1990, pp. 131–148
  11. ↑ D. Mania: Neumark-Nord - a fossil-rich interglacial in the Geiseltal. In: Cranium. Volume 9. Rotterdam 1990, pp. 53-76
  12. ↑ D. Mania: The interglacial occurrence of Neumark-Nord. In: Altenburger scientific research. Issue 7. Altenburg 1994, pp. 324-333
  13. ↑ M. Seifert: An interglacial from Neumark-Nord (Geiseltal) in comparison with other interglacial occurrences in the GDR. In: Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. Volume 43. Berlin 1990, pp. 149-158
  14. ↑ R. Fuhrmann, E. Pietrzeniuk: The statement of the ostracodal fauna on the sedimentation process in the interglacial basin, on the climatic development and on the stratigraphic position of the interglacial from Neumark-Nord (Geiseltal). In: D. Mania, M. Thomae, T. Litt, T. Weber (eds.): Neumark-Gröbern. Contributions to the hunting of the Middle Paleolithic man. Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle Volume 43. Berlin 1990, pp. 161–166 [2]
  15. ↑ a b R. Fuhrmann: The stratigraphic position of the interglacial of Grabschütz (Delitzsch district) and the structure of the Saale complex. In: Journal of Geological Sciences. Volume 17 (10). Berlin 1989, pp. 1002-1004 [3]
  16. ^ R. Fuhrmann: Paleontological investigations on the interglacial of Grabschütz (Delitzsch district). In: Altenburger scientific research. Issue 5. Altenburg 1990, pp. 194–201 (PDF)
  17. ↑ Th. Litt: On the stratigraphic classification of Neumark-Nord based on new pollen analysis findings. In: Altenburger scientific research. Issue 7. Altenburg 1994, pp. 328-333
  18. ↑ Panorama picture 1, part 1
  19. ↑ Panorama picture 1, part 9
  20. ↑ Panorama picture 2, part 1
  21. ↑ Panorama picture 2, part 11
  22. ↑ Annual stratification, part 1
  23. ↑ Annual stratification, part 22
  24. ↑ D. Mania: Neumark-Nord - Geology of an Interglacial. In: Praehistoria Thuringica. Issue 10, Langenweißbach 2004, pp. 26–42
  25. ↑ a b D. Mania: Geology and Middle Palaeolithic of the Neumark-Nord Basin 2. In: Guide to the field colloquium on the status of the excavations in the Neumark-Nord opencast mine on August 2 and 3, 2004. Manuscript print State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt. Halle / Saale 2004. pp. 18–36
  26. ↑ Th. Laurat, E. Brühl: On the status of the archaeological investigations in the Neumark-Nord opencast mine, Ldkr. Merseburg-Querfurt (Saxony-Anhalt) - preliminary report on the excavations 2003–2005. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 90. Halle / Saale 2006, pp. 9–69
  27. ^ KV Kremenetzki: Neumark-Nord: Basin N.-N. 2 - Results of pollen analysis . In: D. Mania (Ed.): Neumark-Nord - An interglacial ecosystem of the Middle Paleolithic people. Publications of the State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum for Prehistory Volume 62. Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 273–288
  28. ↑ E. Novenko: Result of pollen investigations of sediments from Neumark-Nord, valley of the hostage. In: D. Mania, M. Thomae (eds .; with contributions by Manfred Altermann, Konstantin V. Kremenetski, Elena Y. Nowenko): On the stratigraphy of the Pleistocene basins of Neumark-Nord (Geiseltal). Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle - State Museum for Prehistory Volume 68. Halle / Saale 2013, pp. 177–186
  29. ↑ D. Mania, M. Thomae, M. Altermann, W.-D. Heinrich, J. van der Made, DH Mai, M. Seifert-Eulen: On the stratigraphic structure of the Saale time in the Saale area and Harz foreland. In: Praehistoria Thuringica, special issue. Langenweißbach 2008. pp. 1-42
  30. ↑ a b R. Fuhrmann: The ostracod fauna of the interglacial basin Neumark-Nord 2 and their statement on the stratigraphic position of the interglacial from Neumark-Nord. In: Praehistoria Thuringica. Issue 11. Langenweißbach 2006, pp. 118–124 [4]
  31. ↑ R. Fuhrmann, E. Pietrzeniuk: The ostracod fauna of the interglacial basin Neumark-Nord (Geiseltal) and their statements on the environmental conditions of the large mammal layers, the climate and the stratigraphic position. In: H. Meller (Ed.): Elefantenreich - Eine Fossilwelt in Europa. Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 511–514 [5]
  32. ↑ J. Strahl, MR Krbetschek, J. Luckert, B. Machalett, S. Meng, EA Oches, I. Rappsilber, S. Wansa, L. Zöller: Geology, palaeontology and geochronology of the Eem basin Neumark-Nord 2 and comparison with the Neumark-Nord 1 basin (Geiseltal, Saxony-Anhalt). In: Ice Age and the Present (Quaternary Science Journal). Volume 59 (1/2). Hanover 2010, pp. 120–167
  33. ↑ C. Bakels: A reconstruction of the vegetation in and around the Neumark-Nord 2 basin, based on a pollen diagram from the key section HP 7 supplemented by section HP 10. In: S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, W. Roebroeks (ed .): Multidisciplinary studies of the Middle Palaeolithic record from Neumark-Nord (Germany). Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle - State Museum for Prehistory Volume 69. Halle / Saale 2014, pp. 97–107
  34. ↑ MJ Sier, W. Roebroeks, CC Bakels, MJ Dekkers, E. Brühl, D. De Loecker, S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, N. Hesse, A. Jagich, L. Kindler, WJ Kuijper, T. Laurat, HJ Mücher , KEH Penkman, D. Richter, DJJ van Hinsbergen: Direct terrestrial – marine correlation demonstrates surprisingly late onset of the last interglacial in central Europe. In: Quaternary Research. Volume 75, 2011, pp. 213-218
  35. ↑ MJ Sier, MJ Dekkers: Magnetic property analysis as palaeoenvironmental proxy: a case study of the Last Interglacial Middle Palaeolithic site at Neumark-Nord 2 (Germany). In: S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, W. Roebroeks (Ed.): Multidisciplinary studies of the Middle Palaeolithic record from Neumark-Nord (Germany). Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle - State Museum for Prehistory Volume 69. Halle / Saale 2014, pp. 117–130
  36. ↑ MJ Sier, J. Peeters, MJ Dekkers, JM Parés, L. Chang, FS Busschers, KM Cohen, J. Wallinga, FPM Bunnik, W. Roebroeks: The Blake Event recorded near the Eemian type localitye - A diachronic onset of the Eemian in Europe. In: Quaternary Geochronology. Volume 28, 2015, pp. 12-28
  37. ↑ D. Richter, M. Krbetschek: Preliminary luminiscense dating results for two Middle Palaeolithic occupations at Neumark-Nord 2. In: S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, W. Roebroeks (Hrsg.): Multidisciplinary studies of the Middle Palaeolithic record from Neumark- North (Germany). Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle - State Museum for Prehistory Volume 69. Halle / Saale 2014, pp. 131–136
  38. ↑ S. Wansa: discussion of the Quaternary stratigraphy of Neumark-Nord terminated ( Memento of the original dated 9 May 2010 at the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Homepage of the Quaternary subcommittee of the German Stratigraphic Commission) (PDF; 67 kB) ( Memento of the original from February 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deuqua.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deuqua.de
  39. ↑ L. Eissmann: On the stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Middle and Old Paleolithic find layers of Central Germany from the perspective of the full structure of the North German Quaternary. In: Hugo Obermaier-Gesellschaft (Hrsg.): 52nd annual conference in Leipzig. Erlangen (PrintCom oHG) 2010, ISBN 978-3-937852-04-1
  40. ^ R. Fuhrmann: Warthe cold period or Warthe stage - for the stratigraphic structure of the younger Quaternary. In: Mauritiana. Volume 22. Altenburg 2011, pp. 77-93 (PDF)
  41. ↑ www.dasgeiseltal.de
  42. ↑ http://www.geiseltalsee-ifv.de : "Wasserstandmeldung"
  43. ^ Joachim Wirth, Rudolf Eichner and Andreas Schroeter: Revier Halle and Geiseltal . Gerhard H. Bachmann, Bodo-Carlo Ehling, Rudolf Eichner and Max Schwab (eds.): Geology of Saxony-Anhalt . Stuttgart 2008, pp. 491-493
  44. ^ LMBV: Geiseltal . Central German lignite district 3. Senftenberg 2009
  45. ↑ Uwe Kraus: Where the Cabernet grows on heap. Wine now comes from the Geiseltal in Saxony-Anhalt, once a dead landscape. In: Neues Deutschland from November 11, 2016, p. 12
  46. ↑ Geiseltalmuseum, Gallery of Fossil Finds ( Memento of the original from April 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.geiseltalmuseum.de
  47. ^ Gerhard H. Bachmann, Hartmut Haubold and Meinolf Hellmund: Geiseltal and Geiseltalmuseum . In: Gerhard H. Bachmann, Bodo-Carlo Ehling, Rudolf Eichner and Max Schwab (eds.): Geology of Saxony-Anhalt . Stuttgart 2008, pp. 337-338
  48. ↑ D. Mania: The fossils from Neumark-Nord - A findings documentation. In: H. Meller (Ed.): Elefantenreich - Eine Fossilwelt in Europa . Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 99–116
  49. ^ J. van der Made: The rhinos from the Middle Pleistocene of Neumark-Nord (Saxony-Anhalt) . In: Publications of the State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum for Prehistory. Volume 62. Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 433-527
  50. ^ E. Brühl: On the archeology of the Middle Pleistocene hunters from Neumark-Nord 1 in the Geiseltal - the material of the excavation 1995 . In: D. Mania (Ed.): Neumark-Nord - An interglacial ecosystem of the Middle Paleolithic people. Publications of the State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum for Prehistory Volume 62, Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 135–210
  51. ^ L. Steguweit: Neumark-Nord. In: Traces of use on artifacts from the hominid discovery site in Bilzingsleben (Thuringia) ( Memento from January 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) . VML Verlag, 2003, pp. 107-109 (PDF, 49 MB)
  52. ^ The archaeological sites of Neumark-Nord, website at the Landesmuseum Halle
  53. ↑ Th. Laurat, E. Brühl: Old Palaeolithic finds from the Körbisdorfer gravel in the Geiseltal (Neumark-Nord 3/2) - report on the excavations in 2003 and 2004. In: D. Mania (ed.): Neumark-Nord - An interglacial ecosystem of the Middle Paleolithic man. Publications of the State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum for Prehistory Volume 62. Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 121–133
  54. ^ V. Toepfer: The mammoth finds from Pfännerhall in the Geiseltal. Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle Volume 16. Halle / Saale 1957, pp. 1–58
  55. ^ Karlheinz Fischer: The forest elephants from Neumark-Nord and Gröbern. In: Dietrich et al. (Ed.): Neumark-Nord - An interglacial ecosystem of the Middle Palaeolithic people . Publications by the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle (62), Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 361–373
  56. ↑ Press release of the Geiseltalmuseum ( Memento of the original from October 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 220 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.geiseltalmuseum.de
  57. ↑ Friederike Stecklum: Old fossils rediscovered. Scientia halensis 1/2018, pp. 32–34 ( [6] )
  58. ↑ "Elefantenreich" in the Landesmuseum Halle. Archived from the original on August 30, 2010 ; Retrieved December 10, 2010 .
  59. ↑ Press release as PDF
  60. ↑ Dietrich Mania: The fossil record of the forest elephants in the lake basin of Neumark-Nord. In: Harald Meller (Hrsg.): Elefantenreich - Eine Fossilwelt in Europa . Halle / Saale 2010, pp. 201–212
  61. ↑ http://www.mz-web.de/merseburg/fossilien-ausstellung--fundort-pfaennerhall--waldelefant-trifft-urpferdchen-1151736
  62. ↑ http://www.mz-web.de/saalekreis/schau-in-der-pfaennerhall-waldelefant-ist-star-des-geiseltals-24287896
  63. ↑ http://www.mz-buergerreporter.de/braunsbedra/lokales/dem-waldelefanten-auf-der-spur-d30190.html