Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010

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Extent of oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico on May 24, 2010 (NASA photo)
Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico 2010 (USA)
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Location of the oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico
Oil-smeared pelicans
Washing a pelican

The 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill was triggered by the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig on April 20, 2010 and is one of the most serious environmental disasters of its kind . The amount of oil that leaked from the well in the Macondo oil field into the Gulf of Mexico between April 20 and July 16, 2010 is estimated at 800 million liters. Similarly large quantities of crude oil occurred in 1979/80 at the blowout of the Ixtoc I drilling out. In mid-2015, BP reached an agreement with the US government on damages totaling $ 18.7 billion, the highest in US history.

root cause

Deepwater Horizon on fire

On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling platform, built in 2001 and operated by Transocean on behalf of the BP group, after a leak of natural gas from the borehole, in which eleven people died and the platform for two days as a result later sank. Internal documents of the BP Group show that despite warnings from experts, a cost-effective method with a greater risk of gas leakage was deliberately chosen to seal the borehole.

Until July 16, 2010, when the outflow of oil could be stopped with a temporary closure, crude oil and natural gas flowed out of the borehole at a water depth of 1500 meters at a pressure of around 900 bar ( blowout ).

Released amount of oil and oil slick

Satellite image of the Mississippi Delta from May 1, 2010. The oil slick can be seen on the right of the center of the image.

Immediately after the platform went down, an oil slick measuring around 1.5 km × 8 km was observed, which after a few days expanded to an area of ​​over 9,900 square kilometers.

The amount of oil leaking cannot be reliably measured and the estimates given have been revised upwards over and over again. According to information from June 15, 2010, an estimated 5.6 to 9.6 million liters (35,000 to 60,000 barrels) poured out daily. The information goes back to the "Flow Rate Technical Group" (FRTG) of the US Department of the Interior under the direction of Admiral Thad Allen , who was appointed by US President Obama to deal with the crisis, with the assistance of Secretary of Energy Steven Chu and the Director of the United States Geological Survey , Marcia McNutt . The new estimate is based on improved evaluations of the video recordings from the borehole. On June 10, the estimate was 4 to 4.8 million liters (25,000 to 30,000 barrels), on May 27, 2 to 4 million liters (12,000 to 25,000 barrels). A not exactly known part of the oil was collected and extracted from June 5th by a steel hood installed by the BP group responsible for the drilling ; according to reports from June 27th, around 1.6 million liters (10,000 barrels) of it were burned daily and 2 , 4 million liters (15,000 barrels) poured into tankers. The total amount of leaked oil is estimated at 500,000 to 1 million tons (as of July 16, 2010).

Other calculations by various researchers, such as Steve Werely from Purdue University , showed a leakage amount between 8 and 14 million liters (50,000 to 84,000 barrels) daily. In reports from May 28, US government experts speak of the worst oil spill ever in the United States. According to the estimates of the FRTG, the same amount of oil leaked roughly every eight to ten days as the total of the crashed tanker Exxon Valdez in Alaska in 1989.

On June 17, 2010, BP announced that there were an estimated seven billion liters (43 million barrels) of oil in the affected oil well. It would therefore take another two to four years for the total amount to flow into the sea.

On April 29, 2010, the first foothills of the oil spill hit the Louisiana coast. On the same day, the US government declared the leaking oil a national disaster. Thus parts of the US armed forces could be used to fight the oil spill. In addition, BP officially asked the US Army for help in combating the oil spill and assumed financial responsibility for the measures necessary to stop the oil spill, with this voluntary commitment before the statutory liability limit of 75 million in the United States US dollar can hardly be regarded as legally binding. A state of emergency has been declared in the states of Louisiana , Florida , Mississippi and Alabama . In early July 2010, the oil also reached the Texas coast .

At the end of June 2010, a WHOI underwater vehicle detected a 35-kilometer cloud of monoaromatic petroleum hydrocarbons with an average width of 1.9 kilometers and a vertical extent of 200 meters at a depth of 1,100 meters, which showed no signs of bacterial decomposition.

On July 15, 2010, the company and the media reported that they had succeeded in closing the valves on a collecting cylinder. As a result, for the first time since the disaster began at the end of April, no more oil is flowing into the sea. At the time it was still unclear whether the seal would withstand the pressure of the oil flowing out in the long term.

On July 19, 2010 it was announced that, according to the US government, engineers had discovered seepage less than three kilometers from the borehole. Therefore a leak would be suspected, which would allow more oil to escape. In addition, in this case, the valves of the new collection bell would probably have to be opened in order to take pressure off the already destabilized seabed and to be able to continue to control the situation. In addition, if BP decided to pump the oil from the well directly into tankers, oil would again flow into the sea for about three days, because the required work would have to reduce the pressure and open the valves. By analyzing individual images of a high-resolution film recording of around 50 seconds from the eruption event, the amount of petroleum released could be calculated. The determination of solids in the liquid flow and the creation of a distance / time calculation, taking into account the known borehole cross-section, enabled a viable determination of the volume. Thereafter, between April 20 and July 15, 2010, when the first sealing cap was flanged onto the damaged borehole, between 8.9 and 10.8 million liters of oil spilled into the sea every day with an uncertainty of approximately ± 20% . By the end of the oil spill, around 700 million liters (4.4 million barrels) had flowed into the Gulf of Mexico.

Spread by ocean currents and winds

Main ocean currents by name

The chairman oceanographer of the "Ocean Observing and Monitoring Group" of North Carolina State University , Ruoying He, announced on May 5, 2010 that the south of Florida and the Florida Keys would be affected if the oil slick spreads to the Gulf Stream . According to Ruoying He, the extent to which the coasts further north are affected depends largely on the local wind conditions, as the Gulf Stream moves away from the coast to the southeast of Charleston , in southern South Carolina . This is caused by the "Charleston Bump", an elevation up to 400 m above the sea floor. University of Northern Colorado Institute of Marine Sciences director Rich Luettich suggested that oil could remain a local problem for a year or more and may require coastal protection measures as late as fall or next spring . On May 19, 2010, ESA released images from the Envisat satellite, which raised concerns that the oil has reached the loop current . In mid-June 2010, MODIS data from NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites confirmed that the oil spill was expanding further. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory collected additional data with Synthetic Aperture Radar . In early July, lumps of tar also hit the Texas coast . Two months after the accident, the coasts of all US states on the Gulf were affected by the oil spill.

A 2020 study published in anticipation of the tenth anniversary of the oil spill suggests that oil was spread across much wider areas than previously thought. The University of Miami work , published in Science , first analyzed the distribution of oil at medium depths that was not captured by the satellite data. The study examined oil in concentrations that can kill 50% of marine life. The result was that the oil spill had spread at least 30% further than previously assumed and thus also well outside the fishing exclusion zones.

Measures to clean up

On the surface of the sea

Men in hard hats standing near water next to large pile of bundled large yellow deflated rubber tubing
Employees from various environmental organizations prepare floating barriers for laying.
Floating oil barriers laid around New Harbor Island by the US Navy

Controlled burning

On April 29, 2010, the US authorities decided to burn the oil spill in a controlled manner. The effectiveness of the measure was insufficient. High waves also prevented the oil slick from being contained with floating barriers. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States' weather and oceanography agency, was instrumental in fighting the oil spill.

Dispersion of the oil

A C-130 Hercules spreading a dispersant over the Gulf of Mexico

By May 5, 2010, around one million liters of chemicals had been used to break up the oil spill. The mixture called Corexit 9500 was intended to disperse the oil deep underwater so it doesn't rise to the surface and is less likely to be washed ashore. In this way, the oil is distributed in the deep sea and appears less visible on the surface. Several layers of oil have already been discovered deep below the surface of the water, one of them covering an area of ​​80 square kilometers. The oil plumes would have a height of about 100 meters.

Corexit was developed by Exxon and is now manufactured by the US chemical company Nalco , on whose board of directors BP is also represented. The sale of the agent to BP has earned Nalco $ 40 million in revenue since the countermeasures began. (Status: May 21, 2010) Corexit was already used in 1979 after the explosion of the drilling platform at the Ixtoc I oil well and in 1989 during the Exxon Valdez tank accident in Alaska. Environmental researchers like Terry Hazen of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have since warned of the toxic effects that the Corexit components could have, especially since some solvents are more harmful than the oil itself. Corexit has been banned in the UK for ten years. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA ) instructed BP to switch to another, less toxic agent by May 24th at the latest. BP, meanwhile, continues to insist on Corexit - it causes less long-term environmental damage and is also more effective than other means, the broadcaster CNN quoted from a BP communication to the EPA. The authority is now checking the validity of the argument and will then make a final decision.

According to an analysis by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , the effects of Corexit decrease significantly when oil is exposed to direct sunlight. After only 24 hours, only 60% of the oil is dissolved, after 5–8 days no effect at all can be measured.

Although the US government ordered in late May 2010 to limit its use as much as possible, the US Coast Guard continued to allow large quantities of chemicals to decompose the oil. Congressman Edward Markey accuses Admiral Thad Allen of approving BP 74 times in a period of 54 days to use the agent on the surface and underwater. That would result from the inspection of documents. A good 6.8 million liters of chemicals have been used since the oil spill began, around three million of them near the leak on the sea floor.

Cleaning by the converted supertanker A Whale

Between June 30 and mid-July 2010, the ship A Whale was deployed against the oil spill. Allegedly, A Whale should be able to remove oil from 80 million liters of polluted seawater every day. The amount of oil collected during the test was negligible according to the result; the mission was then discontinued.

On the ocean floor

" Blowout Preventer " (large shut-off safety valve )
Gripping arm of a diving robot at the switch for manual triggering of the "blowout preventer"

Sealing tests with the help of diving robots

Since divers cannot penetrate to the given depth of 1500 meters, all work on the sea floor must be carried out with remote-controlled diving robots . After the platform sank, attempts were unsuccessfully used to activate the blowout preventer on the sea floor. BP also failed when it attempted to use underwater robots to close the three leaks. Only one small leak could be closed on May 5, 2010. On May 16, with the help of these robots, it was possible to insert a riser insertion tube tool into the end of the kinked riser , with which it was then possible for the first time to catch part of the escaping oil and pump it onto a ship.

Catching with large steel domes

Steel dome during loading

The attempts to collect the oil from the two remaining leaks with large box-shaped steel domes and to guide it to the surface of the water in a controlled manner were stopped on May 13, 2010 without success. A major reason for the failure was the formation of ice-like methane hydrate from the natural gas and water in the oil , which clogged the riser pipe used to drain the oil. In addition, a gas bubble formed on the top of the dome, which prevented the dome from landing vertically and gave it buoyancy.

Covering the wellhead with a steel funnel

In a further experiment, the kinked riser pipe, from which most of the oil escaped elsewhere, was cut at two points at the same time. To do this, it was relieved of the load by a crane, cut on one side with hydraulic scissors and sawed off with a diamond-coated wire saw. An inverted funnel is placed on this now single exit point, which creates a seal that is as extensive as possible and enables suction through a new riser pipe to the surface. This funnel is called the Lower Marine Riser Package Cap (LMRP Cap).

For this purpose, the funnel was placed on the seabed, picked up by the drill rod of the drilling ship 'Enterprise' and positioned above the LMRP. The touchdown had to be done quickly, because a blockage with methane hydrate would inevitably have ruined the success. In order to keep both the riser pipe and the funnel free of water, nitrogen was introduced into the latter and then methanol was added to suppress the formation of methane hydrate. The riser pipe was also heated.

The seal did not work well enough so that a considerable amount of oil continued to ooze from below the funnel.

Oil is taken from the LMRP stack through two high pressure lines and fed through a valve and pressure gauge battery (manifold) to the Q4000 platform.

New sealing attachment

After the other attempts failed, the engineers at BP succeeded on July 16, 2010, using a new attachment to seal the leak. For this purpose, the upper flange, which had been severely damaged by the cutting work on the kinked riser pipe, was dismantled and an intermediate piece, a “transition spool”, was inserted and screwed in place. The actual sealing attachment, an arrangement of heavy BOP valves, could be placed and locked onto this with the help of a drill ship. Subsequently, the valves were closed in succession to the throttled oil flow and pressure level check of the construction, and the entire bore ( "Integrity Test" dt. " Integrity test ") carried out.

At first it was unclear whether the borehole could withstand the pressure in the long term. On July 19, 2010, the US government announced that engineers had discovered seepage less than two kilometers from the borehole. Therefore, a leak was suspected which could allow further oil and possibly methane gas to escape and further destabilize the seabed. If this is confirmed, the valves on the new sealing attachment would probably have to be opened to reduce the pressure so that the situation does not worsen further and get out of control.

Top kill method

As of May 26, 2010, three attempts were made within three days to plug the leak with mud and cement . This process, known as top kill , has never been used before in a water depth of 1500 meters. The operation injected more than five million liters of mud into the wellbore at a flow rate of approximately 13,000 liters / min, also using a variety of materials, such as rubber parts, to provide a clogging seal. On May 30, BP announced that the attempt had failed. One of the reasons for the failure is assumed to be a leak in the lining of the borehole at a depth of around 300 meters. As a result, the mud used got into the surrounding rock formations, which reduced the effectiveness of the attack.

Lateral relief holes - bottom kill method

Shortly after the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon, BP began drilling two separate boreholes for safety's sake at a lateral distance of about 850 meters from the out of control borehole. The Macondo well is to be hit directly above the oil reservoir in the overlying rock. A technical challenge is the precise hitting of the 18 centimeter thick drill string. A sensor is used for inertial navigation. The fine control of the approach to the metal pipe is carried out at the end by means of an electrical field strength measurement, which is made possible by energizing the Macondo drill string. Originally, the entire drill rod had to be pulled for each individual measurement process and then a measuring probe had to be lowered. After the more recent use of double sensors in the drill linkage, the approach phase turns out to be less labor-intensive and time-consuming. The procedure is colloquially referred to as “relief drilling”. In terms of the term, it is more a question of "load bores", since the flow of liquid passing through the leaky borehole is artificially weighted and is thus to be brought to a standstill. The intention is to hit the leaked borehole as deeply as possible. As soon as this is achieved, the metal pipe ( casing ) is drilled through. If the breakthrough has been successful, heavy sludge enriched with minerals such as iron oxide and barium sulphate is to be introduced into the then rising liquid flow with simultaneous short-term opening of the previously temporarily closed outlet. Supported by the operating principle of the water jet pump, the ballast sludge flowing in from the side is drawn into the flow of liquid. The short-term significantly increased weight of the liquid column standing in the borehole is intended to bring the blowout to a standstill and thus bring the borehole under control. A permanent seal should then be achieved by subsequently pumping in special liquid cement with a defined setting time. The duration of both wells was set at around three months. On September 19, 2010, five months after the drilling platform went down, Thad Allen officially declared the source "dead". All cavities are now filled with hardened cement that has passed all pressure tests.

With a lateral relief well, the largest oil leak to date in the Gulf of Mexico was stopped after the accident at the Mexican exploration well Ixtoc I in June 1979 after 294 days.

Static kill method

On July 21, 2010, it was reported that BP could take another action to prevent the above-mentioned occlusion of the borehole through the side relief wells. In this process, known as Static Kill , heavy mud is pumped from a platform via hoses through the valves of the old BOP and then the bore is sealed with cement. The advantage over the unsuccessful top kill method is that it is not necessary to work with high pressure against the direction of flow of the oil. Since the oil flow has already been throttled, the sludge can be overlaid without any significant increase in pressure. According to BP, this operation is already being prepared in parallel with the relief wells, but the US government's operations management team must decide whether an attempt will actually be made.

On August 6, 2010 it was announced that the leak was now definitely sealed with this method.

Ecological consequences

This MODIS image from May 18 shows the loop current and the presumed extent of the oil slick (drawn outline) on May 17, 2010

The drilling site is located in the center of an area of ​​animal protection reserves.

The Mississippi Delta and in particular the Pass à l'outre wildlife sanctuary located there are at risk from oil . Experts believe this disaster will exceed the extent of the Exxon Valdez tanker disaster.

The attempt to burn off the oil slick in a controlled manner resulted in considerable air pollution . In addition, with this approach, the pollutants from the oil (e.g. toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ) remain as residues in the sea and continue to get into the food chain. The method was already used after a disaster off Newfoundland in 1993 and had different effects there.

The US agency NOAA said birds and mammals could escape a fire rather than an oil spill. According to the NOAA, the effects on fish and other marine animals are unclear.

There are different opinions about the amount of oil that is still present in the sea after the leak has been closed. While, according to NOAA, 74 percent of the oil had burned, sucked off or biodegraded by mid-August, researchers from the University of Georgia came to the opposite conclusion: 80 percent of the spilled oil was still in the sea, and a large part was due to the spreading of the oil The chemical Corexit has only been pushed under the surface of the sea and threatens the plankton and thus the entire marine food chain .

In the course of the disaster, BP had to admit that not all sections of the coast could be protected and that some of the oil barriers that had been set up were ineffective, which is why seabird colonies as well as fish and oyster stocks in the region will suffer considerable damage. After the oil spill has reached islands and stretches of coast, according to the NABU, devastating effects are inevitable for tens of thousands of coastal birds such as brown pelicans and red herons that breed in the region . In the breeding season, many beach-breeding birds such as ringed plovers and scissor beaks are exposed to the oil without protection. Also, dolphins , sea turtles and fish , for the extensive Mississippi Delta is particularly important as nursery are threatened by the oil spill. As a relief measure, animal rights activists are trying to find and clean oily birds. However, whether cleaned animals have a significant chance of survival is controversial. Some experts, such as the German zoologist Silvia Gaus from the Wadden Sea Protection Station and representatives of the WWF , estimate the chances of survival of cleaned animals to be less than one percent and therefore advocate killing oily animals. In addition, scientists estimate that in an oil spill, 100 other birds die unnoticed for every seabird found.

In May and June 2010, reports came out of the oxygen content of the water near the oil spill. The oxygen levels have already decreased by 30 percent and the concentration of methane is extremely high, according to laboratory tests from the University of Georgia and Texas A&M University . A significantly lower oxygen content means considerable damage to plankton and small marine organisms. As a result of this intervention, the food web and thus the livelihood of marine animals ( fish , molluscs ) in the Gulf of Mexico are severely disturbed in the long term.

Since June 2, 2010, a fishing ban has been in effect in the area of ​​the wildlife sanctuaries in the area of ​​the Mississippi Estuary and the coast of Florida.

On June 9, 2010, the health authorities of the US state Louisiana announced that more than 70 people were sick from the oil spill. Those affected complained of breathing problems, irritated eyes, and headache and chest pain; eight people had to go to the hospital.

In July 2010, the US environmental authority announced that further ecological damage was to be expected from the more than 5600 ships and other vehicles (e.g. helicopters, bulldozers, trucks and other means of transport) in use. The environmental organization American Birding Association also stated that the oil cleaning crews destroyed numerous nesting sites in bird colonies and endangered rare birds. In addition, the island of East Grand Terre off the US state of Louisiana was badly damaged by the initial deployment of helpers who had little or no relevant experience, such as shrimp fishermen, the unemployed, students and migrant workers.

Consequences

Site plan of around 4000 active oil and gas production platforms in the north of the Gulf of Mexico (as of 2006)

politics

As a result of the accident, a six-month moratorium on deep-sea drilling was passed in the United States . In June that ban was lifted by a federal court in New Orleans; the court upheld the lawsuit filed by 32 oil companies. The White House announced that it would appeal the verdict.

In an interview with the online magazine Politico.com, US President Obama even compared the oil spill with the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 . He said:

"In the same way that our view of our vulnerabilities and our foreign policy was shaped profoundly by 9/11, I think this disaster is going to shape how we think about the environment and energy for many years to come."

"In the same way that our view of our vulnerabilities and our foreign policy has been profoundly changed by 9/11 , I believe this disaster will change the way we think about the environment and energy for many years to come."

- Barack Obama : Politico.com

The Obama administration introduced new security rules for the oil industry, some of which were withdrawn in May 2019 under Donald Trump .

Group

Under pressure from the US government, BP will not be paying dividends for three quarters from mid-2010. According to calculations by BP and a corporate publication dated June 25, 2010, the costs of the oil spill up to that point amount to almost 2 billion euros ( USD 2.35 billion ), and according to information at the beginning of July, 2.5 billion euros (3.1 billion USD) ). Since the start of the disaster, the value of BP shares has halved. Due to the financial consequences of the catastrophe and the sharp fall in share price, the group fears a hostile takeover, and British government circles believe the collapse of the country's largest company is possible. To prevent this, the group is looking for investors. BP announced in July 2010 that it would sell $ 10 billion in company shares to fund costs related to the oil spill. A sale of the German subsidiary Aral was also considered. As of March 2011, $ 41 billion in provisions had been made. By then, 19 billion dollars had been spent to settle the damage.

In November 2012, after negotiating with US authorities, BP agreed to pay a fine of $ 4.5 billion. Payments are to be made over a period of six years.

Compensation for those affected

To compensate the victims of the oil spill, BP announced in mid-June 2010 that it would set up a trust fund of US $ 20 billion that would benefit those affected. On July 20, 2010, BP announced the sale of some business areas to its American competitor Apache Corporation . The proceeds of seven billion US dollars (5.5 billion euros) for facilities and parts of the business in the United States, Canada and Egypt will flow into the trust fund. In addition, US $ 100 million will be made available to compensate for loss of earnings for oil workers. In order to avoid a lawsuit, BP reached a settlement with the more than 100,000 plaintiffs in the district court in New Orleans in March 2012, in which compensation payments of 7.8 billion US dollars (approx. 5.9 billion euros) were agreed.

Complaints from those affected

Against BP

On July 19, 2010, it was reported that attorneys for victims of the disaster in the United States had filed at least three lawsuits against BP under the RICO Act . This refers to a federal law that was originally directed against the Mafia . If BP is convicted afterwards, the amount of damages could increase to three times the damage actually incurred - in addition to possibly other pronounced penalties. The United States Department of Justice is currently examining whether the RICO Act will apply to this case. In March 2012, BP and private plaintiffs in the United States agreed to pay damages of 5.9 billion euros ($ 7.8 billion). See: Deepwater Process

Against other companies

On July 15, attorneys filed a lawsuit in the New Orleans , Louisiana Supreme Court against 17 companies fighting the fire at sea following the Deepwater Horizon explosion. Plaintiffs believe that standard industry procedures warning against the use of water cannons to combat specific oil fires at sea have been disregarded. Between 38 and 190 m³ per minute of extinguishing water from each of the eight fire-fighting boats led to the drilling platform being flooded, causing it to sink and then triggering the oil spill, according to the complaint. With adequate fire fighting, the Deepwater Horizon would have remained stable at its location, which would have maintained the connection from the platform to the source. This would have significantly increased the ability to control the oil leak. Commercial fisheries, residents whose land is affected, as well as workers in the oil industry who have lost their jobs due to the oil spill are represented.

On January 3, 2013, the US Department of Justice announced that the Swiss platform operator Transocean, because of its complicity in the disaster, would use 1.4 billion US dollars (approx. 1.06 billion euros) to settle civil and potential criminal claims pay. The company has signed a guilty pledge that has yet to be confirmed by a court in New Orleans. The sum is made up of one billion US dollars for water pollution and 400 million US dollars as a penalty for criminal acts. Transocean will pay the amount over a period of five years, with $ 560 million to be paid in the current year.

fishing

June 21, 2010: NOAA map of Gulf of Mexico waters closed to fishing
On June 21, 2010, the restricted area for fishing was 225,290 km², which corresponds to about 36% of the state waters in the Gulf of Mexico.

On May 2, 2010, NOAA imposed a ban on commercial and private fishing in the affected state waters between the Mississippi Estuary and Pensacola Bay. The ban initially affected an area of ​​17,650 km². By June 21, NOAA had increased the restricted area more than a dozen times, so that an area of ​​225,290 km² (about 36% of the state waters in the Gulf of Mexico) is now closed to fishing, which is located along the coast of the Atchafalaya Basin extends all the way to Panama City in Florida. On May 24, 2010, the US government declared a state of emergency for fisheries in Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Initial estimates put the cost of the fishing industry at US $ 2.5 billion.

tourism

According to economists at the University of Central Florida, there is a possibility that the oil spill could become "the worst disaster in the history of Florida tourism ". Initial estimates suggest that the damage to tourism along the Paradise Coast in Florida could amount to $ 3 billion.

labour market

On July 20, 2010, the American rating agency Moody’s predicted that around 17,000 jobs could be lost on the Gulf Coast by the end of 2010. However, this only applies if the spread of the oil spill has stopped by then and the US government does not enforce the moratorium on oil drilling. In the worst case, it could even be over 100,000 jobs. The industries most affected so far are the fishing industry and agriculture, especially in the US state of Louisiana. According to the United States Department of Labor , the unemployment rate there rose by 0.2 percentage points to seven percent in June 2010. This makes Louisiana one of only five US states with growing unemployment figures.

Long-term effects on oil production

Experts in the development of oil production, such as Claudia Kemfert from the German Institute for Economic Research , fear that higher safety requirements for technically and ecologically risky oil production projects could lead to restrictions in production and failures as a reaction to the accident. The International Energy Agency puts these at up to 300,000 barrels, and by Steffen Bukold, if other oil production regions are included, at up to one million barrels per day, since a very large proportion of future oil wells in the OECD countries should be based on deep-sea production. Experts from ASPO such as Klaus Bitzer doubt that such a high proportion is based on realistic forecasts . Even if there is no moratorium, they fear an early decline in oil production ( peak oil ), since enormous technological risks are associated with projects such as those planned off the coast of Brazil. In fact, deep-sea oil production is roughly equal to the increase between 2000 and 2009. The relationship between growth in production from deep-sea projects and growth in consumption is similar in the United States. However, the amount of additional oil produced in offshore wells off the coast in the next few years, according to previous plans, would be just enough to offset the growth in consumption in the United States. The ongoing decline in national conventional oil production must be offset by increasing imports.

coordination

The companies and authorities involved in combating the oil spill are coordinated by the Deepwater Horizon Unified Command under the leadership of BP . This includes both the necessary coordination in the fight against the oil spill itself and the management of reporting on it.

The NOAA and the Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC) of the University of New Hampshire jointly developed a geographic information system to map the environmental disaster in the Gulf of Mexico.

Public relations work by those involved

The BP group provides information on the operations to contain the oil spill on its website. However, the website on the oil spill only shows harmless images which, in the view of an observer, have little to do with the reality of environmental pollution. In addition, the group bought several keywords such as "Oil Spill" ("oil spill") from various search engines in order to increasingly direct Internet users to their own presentations.

In July 2010, BP published several photos manipulated with image processing software on the Internet.

The White House is relying on open communication via the Internet in order to counter the increasing criticism. For example, a daily blog reports on the legal and practical steps the US government is taking against the oil spill.

Press reports document how BP and government officials are preventing photojournalists from visiting the places where the effects of the oil spill are most clearly seen. A CBS camera team that wanted to film a stretch of oil covered beach was even threatened with arrest. Overflights were also partially prohibited. Similar complaints have been received from the Associated Press , Newsweek , the Washington Post and the New York Times .

In order to fight the oil spill, the BP group has tried to get local fishermen under contract. However, the Master Charter Agreement to be signed contained a clause that would have prevented the fishermen from taking legal action against BP. The Group's contracts with university research institutions contain confidentiality agreements and a publication ban for at least three years.

Critical public

Boycott demand for one of various protests

In the United States, under the leadership of the ANSWER Coalition ("Act Now to Stop War and End Racism"), a campaign was organized under the name Seize BP . She demands that BP's assets be seized and used to compensate for the damage. From 3 to 13 June 2010, rallies took place in 54 cities.

Greenpeace England started a competition This is what you think BP should look like and calls for a critical redesign ( adbusting ) of the BP logo.

Various internationally known musicians have reported boycotting BP products including: Anthrax , Backstreet Boys , Black Label Society , Creed , Disturbed , Filter , Flogging Molly , Godsmack , Hellyeah , Korn , Lady Gaga , Megadeth , Rise Against and Rob Zombie . The Boycott BP user group on the Facebook social network was very popular, and by July 9, 2010 more than 800,000 people.

A boycott of BP and the German subsidiary Aral is also being discussed in Germany. The party leaders of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , Claudia Roth and Cem Özdemir , called indirectly for this. The chairman of the transport committee in the German Bundestag, Winfried Hermann , the mayor of Tübingen Boris Palmer and the Bremen environment senator Reinhard Loske support the boycott. Liqui Moly has been boycotting BP since June 2010 . According to a representative survey, 53 percent of Germans boycott BP and 44 percent Aral. In the future, two thirds of BP and 55 percent of the German citizens surveyed want to boycott Aral. According to a survey, 35 percent of Austrians boycott BP petrol stations, another 15 percent of those questioned are considering boycotts.

Environmental protection organizations such as Greenpeace or BUND are critical of a boycott because the oil spill goes back to an accident and one “cannot boycott the cause of this accident”. They are calling for less oil to be used overall. The situation cannot be compared with a similar boycott by Shell , which was able to prevent the planned sinking of the floating oil tank Brent Spar in 1995 . It is also being discussed whether a boycott might not affect the gas station tenants more than the BP group.

On April 19, 2011, Greg Palast reported that a blowout had already taken place in 2008 at an oil well provided with low-cost drilling cement by BP in the Caspian Sea, which BP had kept secret.

See also

literature

  • Margaret A. McCoy, Judith A. Salerno: Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health. The National Academies Press, Washington 2010, ISBN 978-0-309-15781-0 , online .

Web links

Commons : Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 2010  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 780 million liters - the biggest oil spill of all time. In: Zeit Online. August 3, 2010
  2. ↑ 780 million liters of crude oil leaked. In: orf.at. August 6, 2010.
  3. ^ Joel Achenbach, David A. Fahrenthold: Oil spill dumped 4.9 million barrels into Gulf of Mexico, latest measure shows. In: washingtonpost.com. August 3, 2010.
  4. ↑ Marcus Theurer: Oil Industry: The Billion Hole . In: FAZ , January 3, 2012. ISSN  0174-4909 . Retrieved May 29, 2012. 
  5. ↑ Deepwater Horizon Disaster: BP pays $ 18.7 billion in damages . In: Spiegel-Online , July 2, 2015. Accessed July 2, 2015.
  6. ^ Ian Urbina: BP Used Riskier Method to Seal Well Before Blast In: New York Times . May 27, 2010, accessed June 14, 2010.
  7. ^ Ian Urbina: Documents Show Early Worries About Safety of Rig. In: New York Times. May 30, 2010, accessed June 14, 2010.
  8. ↑ ard.de: Hopes drive BP shares ( memento from July 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) from July 16, 2010.
  9. ↑ Georg Küffner: The search for the needle in the ocean. In: FAZ.NET. July 13, 2010.
  10. ↑ There is a threat of an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico ( Memento from April 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ↑ Another oil leak discovered ( Memento from May 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon": The oil spill is getting bigger. In: Focus Online. May 2, 2010.
  13. ↑ Update: The Ongoing Administration-Wide Response to the Deepwater BP Oil Spill. ( Memento from June 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: DOI News. June 15, 2010, accessed June 16, 2010.
  14. ↑ a b Christoph von Marschall: Obama's battle plan against the oil. In: Zeit Online . June 16, 2010.
  15. ↑ Admiral Allen, Dr. McNutt Provide Updates on Progress of Scientific Teams Analyzing Flow Rates from BP's Well. In: doi.gov. June 10, 2010 (US Department of the Interior press release, accessed June 13, 2010).
  16. ↑ tagesschau.de: Gulf of Mexico: A third of the oil is collected ( Memento from June 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). June 5, 2010, accessed June 5, 2010.
  17. ↑ ABC News : Article of June 27, 2010 ( Memento of June 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 28, 2010
  18. ↑ Report: Despite all the oil disasters, little learned. In: Zeit Online. July 16, 2010.
  19. ↑ Richard Harris: Gulf Spill Could Be Much Worse Than Believed. In: npr.org. May 14, 2010.
  20. ↑ Suzanne Goldenberg: Marine scientists study ocean-floor film of Deepwater oil leak. In: guardian.co.uk. May 13, 2010.
  21. ↑ Thomas Pany: Oil leak in the Gulf: New estimates exceed Exxon-Valdez disaster. In: Telepolis . May 14, 2010
  22. ↑ In 1979, the wreck of a Mexican drilling rig at the Ixtoc I oil well poured 10,000 to 30,000 barrels daily into the Gulf of Mexico for 9 months, according to estimates by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Monika Seynsche : Accidents, Blowouts and the Gulf War. In: Deutschlandradio . May 2, 2010, accessed May 31, 2010.
  23. ^ Justin Gillis, Henry Fountain, New Estimates Double Rate of Oil Flowing Into Gulf. In: New York Times . June 10, 2010, accessed June 14, 2010.
  24. ↑ BP cannot stop oil flow after all. In: Zeit Online. May 28, 2010
  25. ↑ Oil could flow for another four years. In: derStandard.at. June 18, 2010.
  26. ↑ a b Oil spill reaches US coast earlier than expected. In: Spiegel Online. April 30, 2010.
  27. ↑ Fight with “all available means”. ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: orf.at . April 29, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.orf.at
  28. ↑ Report on WDR2 ( Memento from May 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  29. ↑ BP pays the cost of combating oil spills. In: Spiegel Online. April 30, 2010.
  30. ↑ Christoph von Marschall: All against one. In: tagesspiegel.de. May 5, 2010.
  31. ↑ a b Tagesschau: “The oil spill is becoming more and more threatening” ( Memento from May 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), May 1, 2010
  32. ↑ Oil spill hits the Texas coast. In: nzz.ch. July 6, 2010.
  33. ↑ Richard Fausset, Bob Drogin: Tar balls reach Texas as stormy weather hampers cleanup. In: latimes.com. July 6, 2010.
  34. ^ Campbell Robertson: Effects of Spill Spread as Tar Balls Are Found. In: nytimes.com. July 6, 2010, accessed July 7, 2010.
  35. ↑ Researchers find huge oil cloud in the Gulf of Mexico. In: Spektrum.de. August 19, 2010 (paid article).
  36. ↑ Richard Camilli et al. a .: Tracking Hydrocarbon Plume Transport and Biodegradation at Deepwater Horizon. In: Science. 330, No. 6001, 2010, doi: 10.1126 / science.1195223
  37. ↑ a b New suction bell installed. BP is drying up oil fountain for the first time. In: Spiegel Online. July 15, 2010.
  38. ↑ a b Leak tight in the Gulf - Brazil is drilling into the deep sea. In: FAZ.NET. July 16, 2010, accessed July 16, 2010.
  39. ↑ a b BP closes oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico for the first time. In: Reuters Germany. July 16, 2010.
  40. ↑ a b US government fears new oil leaks next to BP well. In: Spiegel Online. July 19, 2010.
  41. ↑ a b US government warns of new oil leaks. In: Spiegel Online. July 19, 2010.
  42. ↑ The extent of the US oil spill is calculated independently for the first time. In: Spiegel Online. September 24, 2010, accessed May 8, 2011 .
  43. ↑ Timothy J. Crone, Maya Tolstoy: Magnitude of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Leak . In: Science . tape 330 , no. 6004 , 2010, doi : 10.1126 / science.1195840 .
  44. ↑ Gulf Stream has swept goo to NC coast in the past ( Memento from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
  45. ^ Gulf of Mexico oil spill in the Loop Current. In: esa news. May 19, 2010, accessed May 20, 2010
  46. ↑ Dramatic expansion of the oil spill feared. ( Memento of the original from May 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: orf.at . May 20, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / orf.at
  47. ^ Oil Slick in the Gulf of Mexico. In: Earth Observatory. June 22, 2010
  48. ^ Oil Slick in the Gulf of Mexico. In: Earth Observatory.
  49. ↑ MODIS terra & aqua gsfc.nasa.gov (accessed on June 28, 2010)
  50. ↑ UAVSAR results for gulf deployment to examine effects of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. ( Memento of November 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  51. ↑ Oil spill hits the Texas coast. In: NZZ Online. July 6, 2010.
  52. ↑ Igal Berenshtein, Claire B. Paris et al .: Invisible oil beyond the Deepwater Horizon satellite footprint . In: Science advances, February 12, 2020. DOI: 10.1126 / sciadv.aaw8863
  53. ↑ Washington Post: The toxic reach of Deepwater Horizon's oil spill was much larger - and deadlier - than previous estimates, a new study says February 12, 2020
  54. ^ "US Coast Guard wants to burn the oil spill" April 28, 2010 Deutschlandradio on April 28, 2010, accessed on May 24, 2010
  55. ↑ noaa.gov: Deepwater Horizon: NOAA Roles ( Memento June 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).
  56. ↑ SAFETY DATA SHEET ( Memento from July 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  57. ↑ BP reports success in the fight against the oil spill. In: Spiegel Online. May 16, 2010.
  58. ↑ Discovered huge underwater plumes of oil. In: Zeit Online. May 16, 2010.
  59. ^ "Oil spill: Red card for chemical club Corexit" ( Memento from May 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de, May 21, 2010, accessed on May 23, 2010.
  60. ↑ Marc Pitzke: With poison against poison. In: Spiegel Online. May 7, 2010.
  61. ↑ BP clears up "catastrophic" oil spill on bz-berlin.de
  62. ↑ Photochemical Oxidation of Oil Reduced the Effectiveness of Aerial Dispersants Applied in Response to the Deepwater Horizon Spill April 25, 2018, accessed April 30, 2018.
  63. ↑ Fighting oil spills with toxic chemicals. In: Süddeutsche.de. August 1, 2010, accessed August 2, 2010.
  64. ↑ The anxious wait. In: Tages-Anzeiger . July 17, 2010, accessed July 17, 2010.
  65. ↑ Loki45: Out of control - the oil meltdown ! In: Zeit Online Reader's Article Blog. May 1, 2010.
  66. ↑ BP closes leak in sunken platform. ( Memento of 8 May 2010 at the Internet Archive ) In: ftd.de . May 5, 2010.
  67. ↑ BP stems one of three Deepwater Horizon oil leaks, US coastguard says. In: guardian.co.uk. May 5, 2010, accessed May 13, 2010.
  68. ^ Message from Deepwater Operations Center ( Memento from August 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) May 16, 2010, accessed on August 3, 2010
  69. ^ Diagram of the riser insertion tool process ( Memento from July 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: energy.gov. dated June 7, 2010, accessed on August 3, 2010 (PDF file).
  70. ↑ BP makes another attempt with a smaller steel bell. In: derstandard.at. May 13, 2010
  71. ↑ Joel Achenbach: 5,000 or 26,000 barrels a day: Size of gulf oil spill is a guesstimate. In: washingtonpost.com. May 13, 2010.
  72. ↑ energy.gov Top-Hat-4 ( Memento from July 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). (2D, 3D view; PDF file).
  73. ^ Gail the Actuary: Deepwater Oil Spill - The LMRP Attempt, the "Press Conference", and a Live Open Thread. In: The Oil Drum. May 29, 2010.
  74. ↑ BP engineers sounded the alarm long before the accident In: Süddeutsche.de. May 30, 2010.
  75. ↑ BP press release, slides on the procedure (Flash)
  76. ↑ energy.gov ( Memento from July 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Diagram of the LMRP-Cap procedure
  77. ↑ Breakthrough in the fight against oil spill? diepresse.com, July 14, 2010, accessed July 22, 2010
  78. ↑ 6.0 Item 25 Deepwater Horizon Containment - 30 JUN. (PDF) Archived from the original on February 27, 2012 ; accessed on March 1, 2014 (overview of follow-up operations, sealing cap).
  79. ↑ 6.0 Item 26 Enterprise Top Hat Phases - 07-04-2010. (PDF) Archived from the original on February 27, 2012 ; accessed on March 1, 2014 (diagram of the possible "top hats" and their use).
  80. ↑ energy.gov ( Memento from June 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). Subsequent process overview v. June 9, 2010
  81. ↑ New information on fighting oil in the Gulf of Mexico ( Memento of May 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: bp.com. May 26, 2010.
  82. ↑ Implementation of the "top kill" method has not yet been determined. In: tauchen.de. May 26, 2010.
  83. ↑ Q & A: "Top Kill" procedure next up for BP oil spill. In: USA Today . May 26, 2010, accessed May 27, 2010.
  84. ↑ Noah Brenner, Anthony Guegel, Anthea Pitt: BP restarts drilling on second relief well. ( Memento from June 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Upstream Online. June 1, 2010.
  85. ↑ BP declares Operation "Top Kill" to have failed. In: Welt Online . May 30, 2010.
  86. ↑ BP Official Admits to Damage BENEATH THE SEA FLOOR. In: Washington's Blog. June 12, 2010.
  87. ↑ Süddeutsche: It's all about the relief drilling July 13, 2010
  88. ↑ a b Axel Fischer: Sealed forever? In: Welt Online. July 25, 2010.
  89. ^ Oil well in the Gulf of Mexico officially sealed. ( Memento from September 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: tagesschau.de. September 19, 2010, accessed September 19, 2010.
  90. ↑ a b c d BP wants to seal the oil leak early. In: Spiegel Online. July 21, 2010.
  91. ↑ Oil leak sealed. ( Memento from December 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: phoenix.de. August 6, 2010.
  92. ↑ Defenders of Wildlife Wildlife Climate Change Department (Ed.): Coastal Wildlife Areas Vulnerable to Gulf Oil Spill. May 2010 (English, PDF file; 2.0 MB).
  93. ↑ Gregor Peter Schmitz: Oil flood forces Obama on the crisis offensive. In: Spiegel Online. April 30, 2010.
  94. ↑ Britta Fecke, Stephan Lutter: When the oil slick reaches the coast. In: Deutschlandfunk. April 30, 2010.
  95. ↑ New leak could accelerate oil disaster off the US coast. In: handelsblatt.com. April 29, 2010, accessed May 3, 2010.
  96. ↑ The oil is still there. ( Memento from August 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: tagesschau.de. August 19, 2010.
  97. ^ CNN, April 29, 2010
  98. ↑ Oil endangers the marine environment worldwide. In: nabu.de. May 4, 2010 (NABU press release).
  99. ↑ Clare Sestanovich: Oiled birds: To clean or euthanize? In: FP Passport. June 11, 2010.
  100. ↑ Experts recommend killing instead of cleaning. In: Spiegel Online. May 4, 2010.
  101. ↑ Daniel Lingenhöhl: Better to kill than clean. In: Spektrum.de. June 14, 2010.
  102. ↑ Damages after an oil disaster - The lousy tricks of the corporations. ( Memento from June 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: ard.de. June 13, 2010
  103. ↑ Julie Steenhuysen: Methanes in Gulf “astonishingly high”: US scientist. In: reuters.com. June 22, 2010.
  104. ↑ Suzanne Goldenberg: Biologists find 'dead zones' around BP oil spill in Gulf. In: guardian.co.uk. June 30, 2010
  105. ↑ Overlooked Danger in Gulf Oil Spill: Methane. ( Memento from June 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: aolnews.com. June 18, 2010 (accessed July 6, 2010).
  106. ^ Ralph Sina: Environmental disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. In a sea of ​​oil and chemistry ( Memento from May 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: tagesschau.de. May 16, 2010.
  107. ↑ 70 people fell ill as a result of oil spill. In: Focus Online. June 10, 2010.
  108. ^ Gregor Peter Schmitz: “Top Kill” disaster shakes America. In: Spiegel Online. May 30, 2010, accessed May 30, 2010.
  109. ↑ Court lifts Obama's drill stop. In: Zeit Online. June 22, 2010.
  110. ↑ Obama: Gulf spill 'echoes 9/11'. Politico.com, June 12, 2010, accessed August 21, 2011 .
  111. ↑ Environmental disaster in the Gulf of Mexico: Obama compares the oil spill with 9/11. Spiegel Online, June 14, 2010, accessed August 21, 2011 .
  112. ↑ Jasmin Lörchner: Explosion of the "Deepwater Horizon": The hell hole. In: Spiegel Online . April 20, 2020, accessed May 15, 2020 .
  113. ↑ Jonathan Weisman, Guy Chazan: BP suspends dividend payments for at least three quarters. In: FinanzNachrichten.de. June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  114. ↑ Will Gaddafi save BP from bankruptcy? In: bild.de. July 6, 2010.
  115. ↑ BP's cost to clean up the oil spill explodes. In: Spiegel Online. June 25, 2010.
  116. ↑ Marcus Theurer: BP is fighting against collapse. In: FAZ.NET. July 6, 2010.
  117. ↑ Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico can cost 100,000 jobs. In: Welt Online. July 21, 2010. Accessed July 24, 2010.
  118. ↑ Is BP separating from Aral? ( Memento from August 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: ard.de.
  119. ↑ The oil spill has cost BP 19 billion dollars so far. tagesschau.de, March 30, 2011, archived from the original on April 2, 2011 ; Retrieved March 30, 2011 .
  120. ↑ BP pays record fine of $ 4.5 billion Spiegel Online, November 15, 2012
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  122. ↑ Oil victims are suing BP under anti-mafia law. In: Spiegel Online. July 19, 2010.
  123. ↑ Damir Fras: BP pays oil spill victims billions. In: fr-online.de. March 4, 2012.
  124. ↑ Laurel Brubaker Calkins, Margaret Cronin Fisk: Oil Spill Caused by Firefighters. In: Boomberg News. July 16, 2010.
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  126. ^ NOAA Closes Commercial and Recreational Fishing in Oil-Affected Portion of Gulf of Mexico , Deepwater Horizon Incident Joint Information Center. May 2, 2010. 
  127. ↑ FB10-029: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Emergency Area Closure in the Gulf of Mexico , NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Southeast Fishery Bulletin . May 3, 2010. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2010. 
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  130. ↑ Bruce Alpert: The feds declare fisheries disaster in La., Miss., Ala. , Times-Picayune. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. 
  131. ^ A b Bryan Walsh: With Oil Spill (and Blame) Spreading, Obama Will Visit Gulf , News.yahoo.com. Retrieved May 3, 2010. 
  132. ^ Zac Anderson: First oil hits florida shores. In: Sarasota Herald Tribune. June 5, 2010.
  133. ↑ After drilling stop: Fear of rising oil prices. In: Focus Online. June 15, 2010.
  134. ↑ Fitz Vorholz: World without fabric. In: Zeit Online. June 18, 2010.
  135. ↑ Matthias Brake: The price for the oil hunger. In: Telepolis. May 4, 2010.
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  137. ↑ Map on gomex.erma.noaa.gov
  138. ^ Coastal Response Research Center
  139. ↑ a b Anatol Locker: Page no longer available , search in web archives: BP drives up the PR armada. In: heute.de. May 18, 2010.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.heute.de
  140. ^ Matthias Kremp: Crisis PR because of oil spill - BP buys search engine results. In: Spiegel Online. June 10, 2010.
  141. ↑ John Aravosis: FLASHBACK: BP photoshops fake photo of oil spill crisis command center to make it look busy. In: AMERICAblog. April 20, 2011.
  142. ^ Brian Barrett: BP Photoshops Another Official Image Terribly. In: Gizmodo. July 21, 2010.
  143. ↑ Further published images can be found on deepwaterresponse.com ( Memento from February 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) under [1] as well as the newly set up page under restorethegulf.gov ( Memento from July 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  144. ↑ YouTube - Bp's rules
  145. ^ Reymer Klüver: Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Do Not Enter. In: Süddeutsche.de. June 11, 2010.
  146. ^ Reception of the original report in Will Deep Water a Waterloo? on Handelsblatt.de, May 27, 2010; FDC 0/5100 ( June 14, 2010 memento on the Internet Archive ) NOTAM of the Federal Aviation Administration , June 9, 2010, accessed July 13, 2010
  147. ^ Marc Pitzke: Oil spill in the Gulf. BP censors cover up the environmental disaster. In: Spiegel Online. June 12, 2010.
  148. ↑ Steven Gray: Caught in an Oil Storm: The Plight of Gulf Fishermen . In: time.com. May 4, 2010 (English).
  149. ↑ Master Vessel Charter Agreement. ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: kreweoftruth.com. (PDF, English; 605 kB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / kreweoftruth.com
  150. ^ "Scientists who sign the contract to work for BP will be subject to a strict confidentiality agreement. They will be barred from publishing, sharing or even speaking about data they collected for at least three years. "In: Report: BP Looks To Buy Up Gulf Coast Scientists In: cbsnews.com. July 16, 2010
  151. ↑ Jack Stripling: BP oil debate spills into academia In: usatoday.com , accessed July 20, 2010.
  152. ↑ seizeBP.org
  153. ↑ Focus Online: Attack on the BP logo. In: YouTube. Retrieved September 1, 2011 .
  154. ↑ What's behind BP's logo? Greenpeace, archived from the original on June 11, 2010 ; Retrieved June 14, 2010 .
  155. ↑ Timo Winter: KORN: Other bands are boycotting BP! ( Memento from December 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: In-Your-Face.de. June 19, 2010.
  156. ↑ Boycott BP. In: Facebook. Retrieved September 1, 2011 .
  157. ↑ Jakob Schlandt: BP boycott works. Americans fill up with competition. ( Memento from June 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: fr-online.de. May 25, 2010.
  158. ↑ a b Green politicians call for BP boycott. In: dts news agency. June 19, 2010.
  159. ↑ LIQUI MOLY boycotts BP. ( Memento of the original from July 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: liqui-moly.de. June 30, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.liqui-moly.de
  160. ↑ Survey: BP sails into an image fiasco. ( Memento from December 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: news4press.com. June 25, 2010.
  161. ↑ Oil spill in Mexico - and 88 percent of Austrians suffer with it. ( Memento from July 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Tiroler Tageszeitung Online. June 24, 2010.
  162. ↑ Sigrid Totz: Why is Greenpeace not calling for a BP boycott? ( Memento from July 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: greenpeace.de. May 26, 2010.
  163. ↑ a b Nadine Michel: Environmentalists criticize BP boycott. “Fuels are never clean”. In: taz.de. June 16, 2010.
  164. ↑ Greg Palast : BP's Secret Deepwater Blowout. ( Memento of April 24, 2011 on WebCite ) April 19, 2011, accessed April 24, 2011.

Coordinates: 29 °  N , 88 °  W