Buchkogel (Plabutsch)

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Buchkogel
Buchkogel from the southeast

Buchkogel from the southeast

height 656  m above sea level A.
location Styria , Austria
Mountains Plabutsch , Grazer Bergland , Lavanttal Alps
Dominance 3.9 km →  Gaisberg-Nord
Notch height 173 m ↓  Mantschastrasse
Coordinates 47 ° 2 '17 "  N , 15 ° 22' 29"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 2 '17 "  N , 15 ° 22' 29"  E
Buchkogel (Plabutsch) (Styria)
Buchkogel (Plabutsch)
rock Limes , dolomites
Age of the rock Middle Devon
particularities Copper Age settlement, Roman barrows, Kronprinz-Rudolf-Warte

The Buchkogel ( also called Grazer Buchkogel to distinguish it from the Wildoner Buchkogel ) is 656  m above sea level. A. high hill in the Austrian state of Styria . The elevation is located in the west of the provincial capital Graz and, together with the Plabutsch, forms a popular local recreation area . Parts of the karstified mountain, which is covered by mixed forests , were settled as early as the Copper Age and were used in the Middle Ages and during the Second World War to mine brown iron stones enclosed in fissures . The historic Kronprinz-Rudolf-Warte stands on the summit . The name Buchkogel comes either from a decrepit castle ( Old High German purch ) or from the beech population .

geography

Location and surroundings

The Buchkogel rises on the western outskirts in the Graz district of Straßgang . Together with the Plabutsch it forms the Plabutsch-Buchkogel-Zug, which borders the northern Grazer Feld in the west. To the north the wooded ridge runs over the Buchkogel saddle to the little church of St. Johann and Paul , to the south to Bockkogel and Florianiberg . On the south-east slope there is a ventilation tower of the Plabutsch tunnel and below, on a spur protruding to the east, the castle and church of St. Martin . The south and south-east slopes on the Kehlberg are an old wine-growing area that has been partially cultivated again since the 2010s . The Buchkogel is part of the protected landscape area Western mountains and hills of Graz (LSG-39).

Geology and geomorphology

The Buchkogel consists essentially - as the rest of the hill comb - from mitteldevonischen limestone (predominantly Kanzelkalk) and dolomites that the Rannach - facies within the Graz Paleozoic belong. Among other things, dolomite sandstones , diabase tuff and the barrandei layers, a series of fossil-rich bank limestone, lie beneath it . A special feature of the Buchkogel-Florianiberg-Zug is an up to 100 m thick complex of gray and brown Rauchwacken , yellow and brown, mostly mylonitic limestone and brown clay slate with individual gray and brown dolomite layers in the central Devonian. Anton Schäfer summarized this lithology as brown stones due to its characteristic color weathering. Eggenberger breccia is located on the eastern slope . The approximately north-south- trending Devonian layer package falls on average 30 ° to the west and is determined by a fracture tectonics with the main direction east-west. The mountain range is divided into individual blocks with different strike directions, some of which also vary within these units. The largely thick-banked carbonate rocks reacted to the tectonic stress by breaking.

Karst hydrology

Entrance to the Eisbründlhöhle after midsummer precipitation

In the course of these processes, pronounced and profound fissures developed , which enabled the formation of karst phenomena such as caves , hoses and sinkholes . Following the intramiocene karstification, the ridge was buried under loose sediments up to the ridge . The clearance in the Riss / Würm interglacial was carried out asymmetrically due to the deep excavation effect of the Mur , so that the eastern slope of the Buchkogel has a concave profile. By clearing out the neo-genic loose sediments, the Feliferhof basin, sunk up to 40 m deep, was created on the west side, a blind valley with numerous sinkholes that grew together to form small poles . The sparse channels come through a ponor , which is 443  m above sea level. A. Feliferhofhöhle, into the interior of the mountain and exit again at the eastern foot of the Buchkogel through the Eisbründlhöhle (Bründl, cadastral no. 2793/1 ), which is about 70 m lower . At this height, the Devonian rocks meet the heavily deformed and thus damming-looking crack terrace , into which the Bründlbach subsequently cuts. The subterranean connection at the narrowest point of the ridge could be confirmed in the 1950s with the help of dye tests . The mountain thus has a closed karst water system , which, however, is not in contact with the groundwater body of the Grazer Feld.

Flora and fauna

The Buchkogel, which is largely owned by Gebäude- und Baumanagement GmbH Graz (GBG), is largely made up of a thermophilic mixed deciduous forest. The dominant tree species is the common beech , from which the name of the mountain may be derived. Further representatives of the dry and warm location are field maple , sessile oak , rowanberry , winter linden and woolly viburnum . Afforested spruce stands are rarely found. In 2014, the GBG set up a natural forest cell near St. Johann and Paul with the aim of increasing biodiversity in this area. In addition to their recreational function, the extensive mixed forests on the western outskirts make an important contribution to regulating the urban climate , in particular air hygiene .

In addition to the Plabutsch, the Buchkogel offers a habitat for chamois , the number of which in the Graz city area was estimated at 50 to 70 in September 2018. In 2001/02 the area of ​​Ölberg to Buchkogel was identified as an ornithologically important sub-area in the course of a breeding bird mapping by BirdLife Styria . Accordingly, pursuant to arrive Directive 92/43 / EEC (Fauna and Habitats Directive) protected Grauspecht , green woodpecker , stock dove , black woodpecker , black stork and sparrowhawk before. The pygmy owl , which can also be found , could not be confirmed as a breeding bird. On Feliferhof also nest Lesser Spotted Woodpecker and Red-backed Shrike . Four of the bird species mentioned (green woodpecker, stock dove, small woodpecker and sparrowhawk) are on the red list of endangered species .

history

Archaeological finds

Glass house with a tumulus
Exposed tumulus

On the northern foothills of the Buchkogel, in the immediate vicinity of the St. Johann and Paul Church, there are the oldest remains of settlements in the Graz city area. 2004 initially by Diether Kramer around 4000 BC. Estimated BC, two house floor plans could after closer examination to the time around 3500 BC. To be dated. The houses were thatched post structures with a picket fence . During the excavations, a stone ax , spindle whorls and loom weights were also found, which indicate the existence of a flint workshop. The finds are associated with the Lasinja culture , which immigrated to the Alpine region from south-eastern Europe during the Copper Age.

At the eastern foot of the Buchkogel, between St. Martin and the Bründl ponds, there is one of around 15 Roman-era burial grounds in the Graz city area. The burial ground, known since the 15th century, comprises at least 18 tumuli , which are summarized as the "Bründlteiche tumuli group ". In 2003 and 2004, three barrows were examined in detail for the first time by archaeologists from the Styrian Archaeological Land Association . Hill 1 , located in the center directly on the edge of the forest, turned out to be the most important of the sites and was the first to reveal a completely preserved Roman grave in Graz. The beehive- shaped building consists of limestone smeared with clay and has a dromos and an almost intact burial chamber. The approximately round chamber with a diameter of 2.8 and a height of 1.4 m contained the remains of two to three burials and intact grave goods. In addition to a completely preserved tripod bowl and the shards of a drinking cup, there was a copper or bronze coin from the time of Emperor Antoninus Pius , with the help of which the grave could be dated to the 2nd century AD. The type of grave installation is typical for the region of northeast Styria and Burgenland . The other two graves showed signs of looting, but still yielded finds such as fragments of a ceramic pot , broken glass and another coin. Hill 1 was roofed over with a steel and glass construction and made accessible, the two neighboring sites were filled in again. The cemetery, which is in a unique state of preservation for Styrian standards, is a listed building .

Ore mining

On the Buchkogel, limonite mineralization (brown iron stones ) formed in the karst chimneys and carts according to the Alpine style . The deposit is bound to a mighty, roughly north-south trending fissure and, as slag finds show, it was already in use in the Middle Ages . Assumptions of Noric or Roman iron smelting could not be confirmed. The modern development of the deposit took place in the run-up to the Second World War . In 1938 the ore deposit on the Buchkogel was covered by a clearing, the center of which was in the area of ​​the western slope about 400 m north of the Rudolfswarte. The brown iron stones were chased through florets , and around 20 t of ore were extracted in a 40 m long and up to 6 m wide open pit. Samples were sent to the Andritz machine factory , the Sulzau-Werfen ironworks and Singen (Hohentwiel) . The analyzes found 61.8% iron with small amounts of silicon dioxide and manganese .

Recent ping not far from the control room

As a result, the deposit on the western slope was opened up by tunnels . To remove the ores, a 450 m long brake hill with a 40 ° steep upper part was built . Shorter, flatter transport systems were built to the Bründl, where an ore bunker was located for storage. Further explorations were made through a die and a tunnel in the area of ​​the head station of the Bremsberg near the Buchkogel saddle. The thickness of the deposit varied greatly and averaged just 0.25 m. According to OM Friedrich, around 50,000 t of ore were “allegedly” digested from 1939 onwards , but only a fraction of this was actually mined. A request for clearance was rejected by the Graz mining district in 1940. In 1943 five workers produced a monthly yield of 40 to 50 tons, with 70% iron ores and 30% color ores . The former were delivered to Karwin - Trzynietz and Düsseldorf as a contract for Siemens-Martin ovens , the ores went to a paint factory in Gösting and the Weitenegg ultramarine factory in Weitenegg . In 1944, another tunnel was driven towards the deposit on the western slope below the existing tunnel. Since the workforce was officially obliged to build air raids, the mining industry made slow progress.

After the end of the war and the decay of the Bremsberg, people looked for other ore deposits in the area and found them in a quarry near Bründl, in Schwarzbruch near Wetzelsdorf and on Kollerberg. The opencast mines were grouped under the name "Eisensteinbergbau Buchkogel" and in the first two post-war years brought a total of 1,373 t of ocher and 232 t of satin oak . Despite the high quality and lack of this raw material, ore mining on the Buchkogel was finally stopped in 1948.

tourism

"Westblick" viewing platform

Along with Plabutsch and Platte , the Buchkogel is one of the most popular excursion destinations on the outskirts of Graz. Hikers and mountain bikers in particular use the almost continuously wooded city mountain for recreational activities. A dense network of hiking trails and forest roads covers mainly the east side of the mountain facing the city. Only the north-western slope is due to the large area fenced army - firing range Feliferhof inaccessible to the public. The western Styrian variant of the Mariazeller Weg leads along the ridge . In this section, the long-distance hiking trail coincides with the Kernstockweg, which was built in 1925 at the suggestion of Ernst Coelln, honorary member of the Styrian Mountain Association, and which crosses the entire Plabutsch-Buchkogel train. A well-known approach leads from St. Martin past the Hochkofler residence and the ruins of some vineyard houses as well as over the "Oacherlsteig" to the Orthacker inn and from there directly to the summit. There is an educational forest trail to the northwest of St. Martin . The Ankerstraße bus stop ( Graz lines 31 and 62) in Webling can serve as a starting point that can be reached by public transport .

The 11 m high Kronprinz-Rudolf-Warte (short Rudolfswarte) made of iron has stood on the Buchkogel since 1879 , which was last renovated in 2017 and offers a view of the Graz city area. A previous octagonal structure made of wood had existed since 1840. The historical lookout is dedicated to the emperor's son and heir to the throne Rudolf of Austria-Hungary . 2010 was on the western slope of the mountain at 567  m above sea level. A. with the viewing platform “Schau-West” or “Westblick” opened a modern viewing structure. The 25 m long, arrow-shaped wooden construction is supported by five pairs of supports up to 12.9 m high and is barrier-free. The view extends over the western Styrian hill country to the edge mountains of the Stubalpe and Gleinalpe .

Literature and maps

  • Annemarie Reiter: The Plabutsch. The highest mountain in Graz . Verlag für Collectors, Graz 1994, ISBN 3-85365-122-4 , pp. 16-17 and 42-43.
  • Anton Schäfer: Geological map of the Buchkogel-Florianiberg range on a scale of 1: 25,000. In: Communications from the Natural Science Association for Styria. Vol. 74, Graz 1937, pp. 133-143.
  • Alfred Weiss: Mining and mining trials in the extended city area. In: Historical yearbook of the city of Graz. Volume 5/6, Graz 1974, pp. 150-152.
  • Josef Zötl: The hydrogeological conditions in the area of ​​the Buchkogelzug near Graz. In: Contributions to the hydrogeology of Styria. 6th issue, Graz 1953, pp. 24–31.
  • City map Graz 1: 15,000. Freytag & Berndt , Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3850841146 .
  • Austrian map 1: 50,000, sheet 4229 ( UTM ). Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying .

Web links

Commons : Buchkogel  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rudolf Flucher: Lost weir systems around Graz - St. Johann and Paul am Buchkogel. In: Historisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Graz , Volume 7/8, Graz 1975, p. 244.
  2. ^ Karl Albrecht Kubinzky & Astrid M. Wentner: Am Buchkogel. In: Grazer street names . Leykam , 3rd edition, Graz 2009, ISBN 978-3-7011-7669-4 , p. 22.
  3. ↑ a b Landscape protection area No. 29. (PDF) State of Styria , accessed on July 30, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b Anton Schäfer: Geological map of the Buchkogel-Florianiberg range on a scale of 1: 25,000. In: Communications from the Natural Science Association for Styria. Vol. 74, Graz 1937, pp. 133-143. Online PDF , accessed July 30, 2019.
  5. ↑ Helmut wing : The geology of the Grazer Bergland. In: Communications from the Department of Geology, Paleontology and Mining at the Landesmuseum Joanneum , Graz 1975, p. 43. Online PDF , accessed on July 30, 2019.
  6. ↑ Digital Atlas of Styria: Geology & Geotechnics. State of Styria , accessed on July 30, 2019 .
  7. ↑ a b c Josef Zötl: The hydrogeological conditions in the area of ​​the Buchkogelzug near Graz. In: Contributions to a hydrogeology of Styria. 6th issue, Graz 1953, pp. 24–31.
  8. ↑ Helmut wing : The geology of the Grazer Bergland. In: Communications from the Department of Geology, Paleontology and Mining at the Landesmuseum Joanneum , Graz 1975, p. 236. Online PDF , accessed on July 30, 2019.
  9. ↑ Helmut Flügel : On the neogene-Quaternary morphogenesis and karstification of the Plabutsch train west of Graz (Styria). In: Communications from the Natural Science Association for Styria, Volume 113, Graz 1983, pp. 15–23. Online PDF , accessed July 31, 2019.
  10. ↑ Viktor Maurin & Josef Zötl: The investigation of the interrelationships of underground waters with special consideration of the karst conditions. In: Contributions to Hydrogeology. Born 1959, Graz 1960.
  11. ↑ a b The good is so close. Local recreation in Graz. Brochure from the City of Graz / GBG. Online PDF , accessed July 30, 2019.
  12. ↑ Digital forest development plan - functional area 60105003/1999. State of Styria. PDF download , accessed July 30, 2019.
  13. ↑ Digital forest development plan - functional area 60105004/1999. State of Styria. PDF download , accessed July 30, 2019.
  14. ↑ Hans Andrej: Graz oases for plants and animals. Kleine Zeitung , July 4, 2014, accessed July 30, 2019 .
  15. ↑ Verena Schleich: Wild on Grazer hunting grounds. In: BIG - The official pages of the City of Graz , September 2018 issue, pp. 16-17. Online PDF , accessed August 2, 2019.
  16. ↑ a b Sensation on the Buchkogel. In: Kleine Zeitung , issue of November 4, 2004, p. 27.
  17. ↑ Found "copper". In: Kleine Zeitung , issue of November 3, 2005, p. 23.
  18. ↑ a b The barrows at Bründlteich. Information board for the Plabutsch Buchkogel Nature Experience Park, property management of the City of Graz.
  19. ^ Maria Lichtenegger: The burial mound group "Bründlteiche". With an overview of the research status of tumulus research in Styria since 1980. Diploma thesis at the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Graz 2007. Online PDF , accessed on July 30, 2019.
  20. ↑ a b Grazer barrows examined in more detail. Der Standard , November 9, 2004, accessed July 30, 2019 .
  21. ↑ a b O. M. Friedrich: The mineralization of the Eastern Alps, seen as a link in the mountain structure. In: Archive for deposit research in the Eastern Alps. Volume 8, Vienna 1968, pp. 105-107. Online PDF , accessed July 30, 2019.
  22. ^ A b c Alfred Weiss: Mining and mining trials in the extended city area. In: Historical yearbook of the city of Graz. Volume 5/6, Graz 1974, pp. 147-161.
  23. ↑ Annemarie Reiter: The Plabutsch. The highest mountain in Graz . Verlag für Collectors, Graz 1994, ISBN 3-85365-122-4 , pp. 91-92.
  24. ^ Alfred Weiss: Old iron mines in the districts of Voitsberg, Graz-Umgebung and Leibnitz. In: Archive for deposit research in the Eastern Alps , Volume 14 (1973), pp. 61-103. Online PDF , accessed July 30, 2019.
  25. ↑ Günter & Luise Auferbauer: 70 years of 'Kernstockweg' Plabutsch-Florianiberg. In: Kleine Zeitung , edition of March 10, 1995, p. 25.
  26. ^ Andreas Brudnjak: Lookout guide for Styria. The most beautiful lookout points from Bad Aussee to Radkersburg. Kral Verlag, Berndorf 2014, ISBN 978-3-9902424-5-2 , pp. 13-16.
  27. ↑ Reiter 1994, pp. 42–43.
  28. ^ Andreas Brudnjak: Lookout guide for Styria. The most beautiful lookout points from Bad Aussee to Radkersburg. Kral Verlag, Berndorf 2014, ISBN 978-3-9902424-5-2 , pp. 17-18.
This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 22, 2019 in this version .