History of the city of Burgas

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Coat of arms of the city of Burgas

Today's Bulgarian city ​​of Burgas has Thracian-Roman origins and can look back on over 3000 years of history. The ancient settlement in the Sladkite Kladenzi area on the Kumluka spit in today's Pobeda district is known as the port of the Thracian kings . The present city developed from several places in the area, the most important of which were Deultum , Poros and Aquae Calidae . Larger settlements and fortified structures already existed on their territory in Thracian times. Some of these were taken over by the latter with the advance of the Romans in this region, and continued by the Bulgarians and Byzantines in the Middle Ages. Some of the places were abandoned after looting, others rebuilt. With the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Turks permanently took over the region. During this time the smaller town of Pirgos , the actual predecessor of Burgas, developed into the main town in the area. The good economic development ensured a population growth, which took place to the disadvantage of the earlier settlements in the region and also attracted residents of cities in the Balkan Mountains and the Thrace Plain. With the liberation of Bulgaria , the military, economic and geopolitical role of Burgas increased, so that the city finally left the regional competition ( Sozopol , Pomorie , Aytos and Sliven ) behind. The connection to the rail network, the opening of the modern port, industrialization and the flow of refugees ( Thracian and Macedonian Bulgarians ) shaped Burgas until the end of the Second World War . With acquisition of the Communists used nationalization of property and reason did not survive many factories. This was followed by a state-decreed and controlled planned economy , the settlement of large companies and the expansion of the city according to the socialist model. The ecological catastrophe followed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These developments were countered with the fall of the Iron Curtain and the democratization that began.

history

Surname

The inscription from Pantschewo

There are several versions of the origin of the place name Burgas. Most of them refer to the Latin word Burgos , or the Greek Πύργος / (Pyrgos) and which come from the same language family and have the meaning of tower, watchtower, castle or castle hill (see Burgus ). Other versions derive the city name from the German borg (mountain). Kiril Wlachow added a possible Thracian origin with Bulgarian пюргос / pürgos (German: Wallburg). Finally, there is talk of a Roman Burgus, which according to an inscription in 154/155 AD from Pantschewo during the time of Antoninus Pius (138-161), or under the governor of Develtum Iulius Commodus, Orfitism was built and became a synonym in later times for the city that developed from it. The location of this castle is unknown today. The name of the Spanish city of Burgos has a similar etymology .

State of research

Some areas, such as Bulgaria's political and economic history, are relatively well studied. What is still missing is a social history , just as the areas of regional and city history are neglected, which also affects the history of the city of Burgas. Historiography also shows an imbalance in terms of time : while national history in the second half of the 19th century has been treated in great detail, antiquity, the interwar period and the communist period in particular have not yet been adequately researched. One of the reasons is the lack of Bulgarian state archives from the period 1919–1945, which were confiscated from Moscow in 1945 as spoils of war. However, new approaches to remedy these shortcomings have often not made great progress due to lack of funds.

The book История на Бургас is one of the newest and most comprehensive books on the history of Burgas . От древността до средата на ХХ век. (to German about history of the city of Burgas. From antiquity to the middle of the 20th century. ) by the authors Iwan Karajotow , Stojan Rajtschewski and Mitko Iwanow . They bring together the majority of the existing sources, recent findings from archeology and from research into medieval and Ottoman documents. The first volume published so far deals with the period up to 1945. A second volume with the history from 1945 is planned.

City history


First settlements in the early days

The three nymphs of Aquae Calidae

Several prehistoric and ancient settlements from the Chalcolithic to the Late Bronze Age are known in the hinterland of Burgas . At the beginning of 2008 more than 250 artefacts were found during excavations in the area of Solna Niwa (German: Salzacker), ten kilometers from the city center, near Lake Atanassow , the oldest of which date back to about 6000 BC. To be dated. The finds, including ritual objects belonging to a priest-king, bear witness to the developed agriculture , cattle breeding and salt extraction of the inhabitants of that time. The artifacts from Solna Niwa are believed to be the oldest ever found on the Black Sea coast and older than those from the Varna burial ground . They underline the prehistoric importance of the place.

A Thracian settlement in the Sladkite kladenci area served from the 6th to the 2nd century BC. BC probably as the Emporion (market) of Apollonia . On the Schiloto hill in the Meden Rudnik district there was a Thracian fortress, which protected the nearby copper mines of Thracian princes at Warli Brjag . Later a Greco-Roman temple of the god Apollon Musagetes (Apollo as Muse leader) was built there. Tyrsis was another Thracian settlement located southwest of Burgas and built in the early 2nd century BC. Was destroyed. Archaeological investigations of the later mineral baths Aquae Calidae also prove Thracian pre-settlements. Under the rule of the great king Dareios I , the Thracian settlements came under Persian rule. After the Persian invasion was warded off and the Odrysen Empire was founded , the settlements became Thracian again.

Burgas emerged from several settlements on the Black Sea coast and in the coastal country, mainly from Deultum , Aquae Calidae and the later Pirgos . Deultum was initially a Thracian settlement on the western bank of Lake Mandra at the mouth of the Sredezka River . Their name Deultum (also Develtum, Debeltum, Debeltus or Develt) means in Thracian between two lakes (located) . Between 383 and 359 BC The place was again part of the Odrysen Empire under Kotys I. However, the importance of the neighboring cities of Apollonia and Mesambria inhibited the development of the smaller settlement in ancient times . Until 340 BC The Macedonian King Philip II conquered the Thracian settlements.

Coin of Emperor Severus Alexander , minted in the Roman settlement Colonia Flavia Deultensium

Development from Roman times to the Middle Ages

72 BC The general Lucullus secured the region permanently for the Roman Empire . Shortly before AD 77 , a colony for veterans of Legio VIII Augusta was established east of the Thracian Deultum by the Roman Emperor Vespasian . The name Colonia Flavia Pacis Deultensium was later carried over to the Thracian city. During this time it became the second most important city in the Roman province of Thracia and the center of the lands between today's Burgas Bay and the Strandschagebirge. There a junction of the Roman military road via Militaris met the Via Pontica , which connected the coastal cities along the Pontos Euxeinos ( ancient Greek Πόντος Εὔξεινος for Black Sea). In the city center of Burgas, Roman traces can be proven with coin finds from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. To the southwest of today's train station are the remains of a Roman station. South of the village of Marinka , at the foot of the Rossen peak , the remains of a villa rustica have been located that existed until the 5th century AD.

Later, on the southern slopes of the nearby Hemus Mountains (Balkan Mountains), the place Aquae Calidae , a medicinal bath with water-rich mineral springs, which has been proven to be regularly visited by Byzantine emperors (including Maurikios ) and empresses, was built. The area of ​​today's city also includes the earlier settlements of Pirgos , Kastiakion , Poros / Foros , Skafidia and Rossokastron . Pirgos is recorded under the name Pudizos in the Tabula Peutingeriana .

At the end of the 1st century, during the reign of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius , the Poros castle and a road station (statio milliaria) with a port were built on today's Faros peninsula in the Kraimorie district. They secured a smaller bay on the Via Pontica, which is now separated from the Black Sea by a headland and which in late antiquity and the Middle Ages formed a safe harbor for develty and skafidia . A small monastery was later built next to the fort. Some historians suspect that it was the rebuilt monastery of St. George, founded by the Byzantine imperial family in the 13th century. It is not known whether Develtum like Aquae Calidae and the entire region was destroyed or conquered by the Goths around 270 . In 376 the Goths defeated an elite Roman unit near Develtum .

After the division of the kingdom of 395 of the Roman Empire the region belonging to the Eastern Roman Empire (later Byzantine) to. Under the rule of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527-565) Aquae Calidae was secured by a city wall. It is not known whether Develtum such as Aquae Calidae, Anchialos and the region north of it were conquered by the Avars under Baian around 584/585 . In one of the churches in Aquae Calidae, the Avars found the imperial robes of Anastasia, the wife of the Eastern Roman emperor Tiberios I. According to Syrian sources, Baian donned them and allegedly claimed control of the empire for themselves.

In 708, the Bulgarian ruler defeated the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II in the battle of Anchialos, immediately north of today's Burgas, and the Sagore region was incorporated into the Bulgarian Empire for the first time with Aquae Calidae and Develtum . Under the Bulgarian ruler Krum , the Sagore came permanently to the Bulgarian Empire . In this context, the Bulgarian ruler had the Bulgarian-Byzantine border wall Erkesija built. According to tradition, the Bulgarian Khan Boris I should be in or near Develtum in the presence of the Byzantine emperor Michael III in 863 . have been baptized. As a tribute to the Eastern Roman ruler, he took the baptismal name Michael and then dedicated his reign to the goal of Christianizing his empire. Around 970 the region came under Byzantine rule again. In 1093 Alexios I Komnenos stationed troops to secure the eastern passes of the Balkan Mountains in Aquae Calidae . Medieval fortress remains were also located on the Rossen mountain ( 264  m ) 4 km northeast of the present-day community village of Marinka.

In 1206 the seaside resort of Aquae Calidae , which was now known as Thermopolis , was destroyed by the Latin Emperor Heinrich (see Fourth Crusade ), but was later rebuilt by the Bulgarians and Byzantines. In 1270 Poros was mentioned in a document from the Patriarchate of Constantinople . In 1304 the Battle of Skafida took place near Poros , in which the Bulgarian Tsar Todor Swetoslaw defeated the Byzantines and conquered the southern Black Sea coast. In 1332 the Bulgarians under Tsar Ivan Alexander succeeded the Byzantines under Emperor Andronikos III. to beat again near Burgas in the Battle of Rusokastro . At the beginning of the 13th century, the region was sacked by the Catalan Company . In the 13th century, the Byzantine poet Manuel Philes mentioned Burgas as Pirgos in his works .

Ottoman rule and first documentary mention

Develtum and Pirgos were conquered by the Ottomans under Sultan Murad I around 1367/1368 and later sold to Byzantium. Around 1453 they came under Ottoman rule for centuries together with the other nearby coastal cities as one of the last cities in today's Bulgaria. It was Deultum destroyed; the city was unable to recover in the following centuries and no longer played a role in Ottoman history. Thermopolis and Pirgos were preserved and were expanded as baths for the Ottoman sultans. In Poros , the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II built a Çiftlik ( something like a farm) for his court . For a long time the former fortress Pirgos existed only as a fishing settlement and part of the Çiftlik of Iskender Pasa ; it was mentioned in several Ottoman tax registers as part of the Aidos Kaza (approximately administrative district). Although Pirgos suffered from water shortages in the following centuries after the destruction of the ancient aqueducts , the place served as a naval base for the Ottoman fleet for Balkan campaigns. Fresh water was brought into the city on horse carts and stored in large vessels near the port.

At Poros , which became part of the Anchialos Kaza, a lighthouse was built for shipping. In the middle of the 16th century, the Ottoman traveler Hajji Kalfa mentioned the place as the first major port after the Bosporus under the name of Burgas. After the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the place developed as a shipbuilding center.

The Bay of Burgas on the nautical chart by Nicolaas Witsen

Probably after the destruction in and around Sozopol between 1620 and 1629, the importance of Burgas increased (see Sozopol during the Ottoman rule ). From the 17th century, the export of grain increased continuously via the port of Burgas and the city overtook Sozopol as an important grain port in the region. Another traveler, Evliya Çelebi , reported in 1656 about two ports in town, one near Poros for the large ships and another in Pirgos in the area of ​​today's port for the smaller ones. As the Ottoman chronicler Hacı Ali reported in his campaign diary Fethname-i Kamaniçe , the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV moved in 1672/73 in the Ottoman-Polish War (1672–1676) over Thermopolis . When Armenians were forcibly relocated from the fighting region during the campaign of 1673 , some settled in Burgas. In 1675 the Armenian Archbishop Mardiros Krimeci visited them in Pirgos . In 1697 Burgas was mentioned as Pierkus sive Pergas on a map of the Black Sea made by Nicolaas Witsen .

In the 17th century, Greek fishermen from nearby Anchialos settled near Pirgos. The place expanded to what is now the urban area and grew into a small fishing village. He was named Ahelo-Burgas , Pirgos or Borgos . The village of Atanasköi (later Atanassowo, now the Isgrew district) was also established during this period . The population earned its livelihood mainly by fishing and growing grain .

André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé , who visited the region in 1784, described Burgas strategically important and the largest city in that bay, which he first under the name of the bay of Burgas that these aforementioned with the remark, as Bay of Poros known was. Lafitte-Clavé called the lake to the west of the city Burgas Lake and its outlet Burgas . Several Western diplomats, including Wenzel Edler von Brognard (1786) and Claude-Charles de Peyssonnel (1787) reported at this time that Burgas was a Kasaba (small town) with 1100–1200 houses and an important trading center and trading center for agricultural goods from the east Thrace was. Burgas is the center of the coast of Ahtopol to Gyozeken and own his own measure of grain , the Burgas- Kile .

Burgas Bay on a map from 1832

In the Russo-Ottoman War (1828-1829) , the fortified city was captured on July 12, 1829 by Russian troops with the support of the local population. The Turkish-Muslim residents fled in advance. In the brief period that followed, the city was the base of the Russian fleet. At that time, the Russian administration only had 475 houses, two mosques ( Cilesis zâde Mustafa Cami and Gazi Paşa Camii ) and one church ( Holy Assumption ). 212 houses belonged to Turkish residents and were abandoned. The church was used by Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians alike. During this time, the region's cultural treasures were plundered by the Russians. When, after the Peace of Adrianople (1829), it became known that the region should remain in the Ottoman-Turkish Empire, almost the entire Christian population of the region moved away with the Russian army before the advancing Turks. They mainly settled in Bessarabia . A small part returned to Burgas in the next few years. In 1836 the German general Helmut von Moltke visited the city and left the oldest known city map.

In the 1850s, Crimean and Caucasian Tatars were settled in Burgas. They built the Azizie mosque (named after the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz ) with an attached school. In 1853 Austrian merchants laid the foundation stone for the Catholic Church, which was completed in 1859. During this time, the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz lived and worked in the city. In the 1860s, Burgas again became an important trading center and transshipment point for agricultural goods from eastern Rumelia and finally ousted Anchialos. The craft guilds of the Balkan towns of Kotel , Elena , Kalofer , Sliven and others also exported via the port of Burgas . With the administrative reforms of the Tanzimat in 1864, the Ottoman Empire was reorganized. This made Burgas the center of a Kaza in Sanjak Sliven. In the same year, the Ottoman government settled Circassians in the nearby villages of Mugres (now Gorno Eserowo), Yakezli (now Debelt) and Aivadcik (now Djulewo). In 1863 the city had approx. 3000 inhabitants, half of them were Muslim citizens (Turks, Tatars and Circassians). According to a French investigation of the Ottoman Black Sea ports, Burgas was the port with the second highest turnover of goods after Trebizond in 1865 .

Lured by trade, many Bulgarians from the Balkan towns settled in the following period, mainly from Kotel, Elena, Sliven and Stara Sagora and the beach villages in Burgas. Influenced by the ideas of the Bulgarian rebirth, the Bulgarians initiated the fight against the dominant Greek language in schools and churches. In 1865, for example, the first Bulgarian school opened in nearby Atansovo (today the Isgrew district ). It was a simple, privately owned primary school and built according to the monastery school system . Reading, writing, some arithmetic and church hymns were taught. In addition, the children were brought up to love their homeland and to love Christian neighbors. Ecclesiastical books were used as textbooks - books of hours , Gospels , Book of Psalms, and others.

At the end of 1867, the Bulgarian priest Georgi Dschelepow , who had been expelled from Sozopol , settled in Burgas. At the beginning of May 1868 he was able to convince the Bulgarian public of a more modern school (see Neofit Rilski and the Bulgarian school system ) and a separate Bulgarian church. After a fundraising campaign, the efforts of the Burgas merchants and the Bulgarian community in Constantinople, a Ferman was obtained for the construction of a Bulgarian church in Burgas. In the following year, the modern Holy Brothers Kiril and Methodius School and the first Bulgarian Orthodox Church of the same name were inaugurated there against the strong resistance of the Greek bishops of Sozopol and Anchialos and the Greek population of Burgas.

In 1873 an Ottoman census for Burgas showed 682 houses and 1,753 male residents. At that time the city was divided into a Turkish quarter, which is now located between the port entrance and the Hotel Primorez, a Greek quarter to the west of the Turkish one around the Church of the Holy Mother of Jesus and a Bulgarian one around the current cathedral of the Holy Brothers Kiril and Methodius . The houses and the mosque of the Tatars followed to the southwest of the Bulgarian quarter. Although the Bulgarian population in Burgas did not take part in the fighting for political independence as in the April uprising in 1876, important communication channels and arms deliveries from the Inner Revolutionary Organization ran through the port city . The revolutionary leaders Vasil Levski and Panayot Chitow visited the city several times.

Port of Eastern Rumelia and Union of Bulgaria

In the Russo-Turkish War of Liberation of 1877/78, the safe harbor of Burgas was used as a retreat by the Turkish and Tatar population of Eastern Bulgaria as well as by deserters and irregular Ottoman troops ( Başı Bozuk ). But the city remained opposed to carbonate and Balgarovo of marauding spared gangs. At the end of 1877, the Ottoman army sent a 300-man force of the regular armed forces with the steamer Selime to protect the population and the port from marauding gangs. On January 28, 1878, the armed forces withdrew with the entire Turkish and Circassian population from the city in the direction of Constantinople. On February 6, 1878, the Ottoman-Turkish rule over the city formally ended. On this day, after the Edirne armistice , Burgas was captured by Russian units led by General Lermontov. A Bulgarian community was founded the very next day and Niko Popow was elected as the first Bulgarian mayor. At that time, Burgas had around 3,000 inhabitants. The Russian army was billeted in the former Turkish quarter, set up a hospital and stayed in the city until mid-1879.

After the Berlin Congress of 1878, however, Burgas was again part of the Ottoman Empire and incorporated into the newly constituted autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia . As a result, the first refugees from Eastern Thrace settled and a small part of the Turkish population returned to Burgas, but never regained their pre-war strength. At the same time, a unity committee was formed against the decisions of the Berlin Congress in Burgas and throughout the country. This set itself the goal of preventing the return of the Ottoman administration to Eastern Rumelia by all means and to unite all Bulgarian areas in the long term. The Burgas Committee disguised itself as a sports club and was called Morski Orel . The sports club was later the local committee of the Bulgarian Secret Revolutionary Central Committee , which united the unity committees in Eastern Rumelia.

At that time, Burgas was a small port town with no running water and no sewage system. The water was brought into the city by carts or water carriers from several freshwater springs in the area. The city was divided into a Greek, a Bulgarian and a Tatar district as well as a Roma district . With the departure of the Turkish population, their mosques in the city were destroyed. City council decisions were announced in Bulgarian , Greek and Ottoman . Despite the lack of water, the city was an important trading center, the only major port in Eastern Rumelia and the administrative center of one of the six departments. The economic development attracted refugees to Burgas from the Bulgarian areas of Thrace and Macedonia, which were still under Ottoman direct rule . In 1880 the Tschitalischte Probuda was opened. The first weekly newspaper in Burgas appeared on July 20, 1885 under the name Burgaski westnik .

The city remained Ottoman until September 1885 as the Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia after a military coup with the Principality of Bulgaria merged . The unification of Bulgaria, however, was disapproved of by Austria-Hungary and Russia, while Great Britain supported the principality. In the following Serbian-Bulgarian war , citizens from Burgas also took part under the leadership of the Unity Committee. Although the Peace of Bucharest of 1886 restored the status quo , Russia was not satisfied and Tsar Alexander III. refused to recognize the Bulgarian Prince Alexander von Battenberg as ruler of enlarged Bulgaria. For its part, the Ottoman government demanded that the port be placed under Ottoman administrative sovereignty as a prerequisite for the normalization of the disrupted relations after unification, which was rejected by the Bulgarian prince.

The port of Burgas, 1893

At the beginning of May 1886 a conspiracy by the pro-Russian forces in Burgas under the leadership of the Russian Colonel Nikolai Nabokow against Alexander von Battenberg failed . Although the Bulgarian Prince Alexander I was overthrown in an officer's coup initiated by Russia in August , the Bulgarian government of Stefan Stambolow was able to prevail against Russia. Another military revolt initiated by Russia in Burgas in October was suppressed by the central government with the help of the Aytos Company under the leadership of Major Kosta Paniza . In the meantime, on September 20, 1886, the first edition of the humorous weekly newspaper Tschepljo appeared and wealthy Turkish families began to emigrate to Constantinople.

Economic upswing, refugees and the Ilinden-Preobraschenie uprising

From the late 19th century, Burgas developed into an important economic center. The city's first development plan was approved in 1891. The oriental cityscape changed after the western model, above all through the newly erected public buildings: the city library was founded in 1888, the sea garden was laid out in 1891 and the cathedral of the Holy Brothers Kiril and Methodius was built in 1897 . In 1895 Georgi Ivanov opened the first printing house in Burgas, followed by the printing house of Ch. Weltschew in 1897, which in 1900 changed its name to Printing House Brothers Weltschewi . The formation of one of the largest Armenian communities in Bulgaria in the former Turkish quarter can also be traced back to this time . The opening of the railway line to Plovdiv on May 27, 1890 and the sea ​​port in 1903 were important stages in this boom and led to the rapid industrialization of the city. In the period thereafter, 151 factories were established. These included the sugar refinery founded by Avram Tschaliowski , the Great Bulgarian Mills by Ivan Chadschipetrov and the Kambana oil and soap factory . In 1900 the mineral springs were included in the urban area. In 1907 the first freshwater pipeline leading from the Balkan Mountains into the city was built, which was expanded between 1910 and 1912.

Dimitar Stefanov

Bulgarian refugees from Macedonia have settled in the city since the 1880s. Most of them, however, only came from the area around today's northern Greek city of Giannitsa between 1923 and 1925 , which they had to leave as part of a population exchange between Greece and Bulgaria after the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. On January 29, 1895, Macedonian and Thracian Bulgarians founded the refugee organization Pirin Planina on the initiative of Christo Stanischew . Later other organizations were added, such as the Macedonian charity organization Dimitar Michajlow , the cultural, educational and charitable association of the Macedonian women Mentscha Karnitschewa and the Macedonian youth organization Pelister . The Thracian Bulgarians then founded the Edirne expellees association Strandscha on December 15, 1896 . During the first congress of the Thracian refugee organizations between February 19 and 21, 1897 in the Minkow restaurant , they formed the Union of Thracian Associations and decided to found revolutionary committees. These should resume the armed struggle in the Bulgarian areas of the Ottoman Empire.

With the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate by the Sultansferman in 1870 , the Bulgarian Orthodox Church regained its independence. Several places on the western Black Sea coast, including Burgas, remained under the ecclesiastical authority of the Greek Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. It was not until 1900 after long protests that the Ecumenical Patriarchate handed over the last churches and monasteries to the Bulgarian Church. This did not happen peacefully everywhere; the Greek hegumen of the monastery on the offshore island of Sweta Anastasia wanted to sell the church treasure beforehand . This attempt led to unrest in the city and only through the intervention of the Bulgarian government could pogroms against the Greek population by Macedonian Bulgarians be prevented. The Greeks made up 31 percent of the city's population at that time.

Map of Burgas and its southern environs (1903)

The concentration of refugees and the proximity of the Ottoman border meant that in the run-up to the Ilinden-Preobraschenie uprising (1903) in Eastern Thrace, Burgas became an important logistical base of the BMARK . In the vicinity of the city, near today's village of Rossenowo , training camps , weapons and provisions stores were set up. The leading ideologist of the BMARK, Goze Deltschew , visited Burgas several times in 1900 and restored the structure of the organization in the region. He set up an illegal bomb factory in which the explosives for the bombings of Thessaloniki were produced (1903). Many fighters ( Komitaji ) of the uprising moved from Burgas with their Cheetas ( companies ) to the Ottoman Empire (see Petrowa Niwa ). On September 2, the Hungarian ship Vaskapu burned down while entering the Bay of Burgas after a failed bomb attack by the BMARK. After the bloody suppression of the Ilinden-Preobraschenie uprising, Burgas became the main place of refugees; Refugee camps have been set up in the vicinity.

In 1906, the actions of the Greek Andarten in Macedonia led to unrest and pogroms against the Greek population in the city and the surrounding area, which was overcrowded with refugees. In the following time the Greek church and school in Burgas were expropriated. However, there were still an Armenian, a Turkish and a French private school in the city. In the following years, the Greek population mainly emigrated to Constantinople. In the same year, the commercial school founded in 1905, today's commercial high school, moved into the premises of the former Greek school.

Balkan Wars, First World War, interwar period

Town hall, built in 1927

Bad working conditions led to the so-called Great Dock Workers' Strike in September 1911. Almost a year later, on October 18, 1912, Burgas was shelled by the Ottoman fleet in the First Balkan War when they set up a sea blockade in the bay in front of Burgas. The sea blockade was lifted on November 8th of the same year. When the war broke out, the 1st company of the Twelfth Losengrad Battalion of the Macedonia-Adrianople Volunteer Corps was formed from refugees from Eastern Thrace , which was led by the Swiss Louis-Emil Eyer in the Second Balkan War . In the same year the last Turkish mosque in the city, the Cilesis zâde Mustafa Cami with the Ottoman cemetery was demolished. Today the station forecourt ( Zariza Joana Square ) is located on this vacated area between the station and the customs office building.

After the defeat of Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War, the city was overcrowded with refugees and at the end of the First World War their numbers increased again. In 1918 the Cistercian order, which looked after the refugees in Burgas, founded a boarding school for girls. In 1920 the city became Bulgaria's most important grain export port again and already had more than 21,000 inhabitants. The German School was opened in 1921, and a year later the Swiss AG for Trade and Industrial Values ​​in Glarus received a 25-year concession for the industrial use of Lake Atanasow with salt pans for salt production. After the Ilinden-Preobraschenie uprising, the Treaties of Sèvres , Neuilly-sur-Seine and Lausanne as well as the Balkan Wars and the World War, the rapid development of the city was additionally caused by large waves of refugees from ethnic Bulgarians displaced from Macedonia and Thrace in what is now northern Greece and the Turkey pushed forward. Due to the same treaties, the last Greeks left the city in 1929. According to information from Thracian displaced persons' associations , more than 60,000 Thracian Bulgarians , mainly from Eastern Thrace, were admitted to the Burgas district during this period .

In 1924, Deweko (now HemusMark AD ) was founded in Burgas, the first pencil factory in south-eastern Europe, which in 1937 became the official supplier to the Bulgarian court of tsars. In 1925 a specialized high school for mechanics and technology opened its doors. A large market hall was opened the following year. As a result of the cold spell in the winter of 1928/29, the bay of Burgas iced over at the end of January and beginning of February, so that the offshore island of Sweta Anastasia could be reached on foot.

On October 30, 1930 and at lunchtime went to Burgas after their marriage in Assisi, Italy, Tsar Boris III. and his wife Giovanna of Savoy and subsequent sea voyage to land. That same evening, the couple took the train to Sofia, where they were married in an Orthodox ceremony. The Burgasser Platz Pasarnij (German market square) was renamed to Zariza Giovanna by a resolution of the municipal council.

In 1934 Burgas had 34,260 inhabitants.

Burgas from the middle of the 20th century

During the Second World War , Red Army troops occupied the city on September 9, 1944, and shortly afterwards the entire country. In the people's courts that followed, it was mainly members of wealthy families, the intelligentsia and the college of lawyers who were convicted. In Burgas, the two chambers of the People's Courts met in the former building of the Burgas Chamber of Commerce and Industry (today the seat of the Governor of the Burgas Province ).

After the Communists came to power in 1945, the German and Italian schools and the Volksuniversität were closed. and nationalized over 160 factories and businesses (including the large companies Große Bulgarische Mühlen , Weriga , Plug , Dab etc.) shops, baths and other private property. The nationalization and inability of the new rulers to run the businesses led to the collapse of the food supply and the shortage of everyday goods in the city. Total nationalization hampered economic development in the city for decades and political repression against the population of Burgas continued over the next few years. Young people from Burgas were denied access to universities in the capital, some of them were interned in penal and labor camps. The German School was later used as a hospital until the 1990s. The hospital was popularly known as the German Hospital .

After the end of the war, the Hagana organized several ship convoys for the European survivors of the Holocaust , who sailed from Burgas for Palestine . Around 12,000 people, including the city's Jewish population, emigrated with these convoys. At that time, in addition to the baths in the old Thermopolis, there were six public baths and a seaside resort in the city. During this time the minaret of the last mosque in the city, that of the Tatar mosque Azizie, was demolished.

The Kumluka spit with the residential area Pobeda and the industrial zone south from the west. In the foreground the Burgassee and in the background the Black Sea and the Strandscha Mountains and on the right the Mandra Lake

Since the 1950s and 1960s, several corporations in the oil and chemical industry have settled in Burgas as part of the state-mandated planned economy . Industrialization brought additional population growth with it and in the 1960s a German school was reopened with the Goethe-Gymnasium Burgas . Between 1970 and 1973 a new development plan was adopted and the city was expanded and rebuilt according to the project of the architecture studio IPP Glawproekt according to the socialist model. In the following period, the districts of Isgrew, Sorniza, Slawejkow and Meden Rudniask were built, in which buildings from this period still shape the cityscape. With the renovation of the city center, the last mosque in Burgas was demolished to make room for a multi-storey shopping center on Baba Ganka Square (today Trojkata Square ) together with other buildings . In 1974 the Balkaniade in weightlifting was held in Burgas .

The village of Kara Bair was incorporated into the Meden Rudnik district in 1976. It is the largest district of the city and is connected to the city center by a four-lane road that runs along the Kumluka spit on the shores of Burgasse. In the Slawejkow district , the longest block of houses in Bulgaria with 25 staircases, which was awarded the title Socialist Pride , was built until the 1980s . The city's central market hall replaced a new two-story building. It has been called Krasnodar ever since . The districts of Kraimorie , Sarafowo , Banewo , Marinka and the surrounding municipal villages of Twardiza and Isworischte emerged from the former refugee camps .

On June 21, 1978, the terrorists of the June 2 movement, Till Meyer , Gabriele Rollnik , Gudrun Stürmer and Angelika Goder, were arrested in Burgas by German officials and then brought to the Federal Republic. The 13th International Chemistry Olympiad took place in Burgas from July 13 to 23, 1981, and almost a year later, on September 9, 1982, the Armenian secret army assassinated the Turkish consulate general and killed its administrative attaché Bora Süelkan.

Development in the Post-Communist Era

After the democratic changes in November 1989, Nikola Aleksandrov was proclaimed the city's first democratic mayor in December. He held this post until September 1990, when he was replaced by Atanas Demirew. Demiriev held the office until his death in May 1991. The first modern democratic local elections, won by opposition leader Prodan Prodanov of the Union of Democratic Forces , took place in October. His mandate ended in November 1995 and was marked by political confrontation with the former rulers and financial problems. Prodanov was beaten in the local elections in 1995 by the candidate of ex-communists Joan Kostadinov , who also make up the central government.

After the end of communism in 1989, the architecture and appearance of the city changed. Nevertheless, today's cityscape of Burgas, especially in the periphery, is shaped by the expansion of the city during the communist era, when the former refugee camps were converted into modern residential areas. In winter 1996/97 found in Burgas, as across the country protests against the government under the Zhan Videnov used hyperinflation instead. In 1998 the port city became the seat of one of the five Bulgarian local courts. In contrast to other major Bulgarian cities such as Plovdiv or Varna, there was no drastic population decline in Burgas after the fall of the Wall. Burgas is one of the fastest growing cities in the country. In 1992 the city had 190,057 inhabitants, in 2007 there were already 229,250 people. In 2009 the former villages of Banewo and Wetren were incorporated into the city, so that the population rose to 231,059.

Ам February 28, 2008 the local council recognized the genocide of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire .

In the spring of 2010, flooding caused by melting snow and days of rain led to flooding in the districts of Pobeda, Dolno Ezerowo and Akazijte and the road to Meden Rudnik.

Further development

Night life on the city beach of Burgas

The further development of the city is also influenced by its location between the Black Sea in the east and the Burgas lakes and the industrial area. In October 2010, the expansion and construction of Burgas Airport began. In the same year it was decided to expand the city in an easterly direction between the lakes. Bridges should lead across the lakes to relieve traffic in the city center. A ferry service between the districts and a ring road are also under discussion. In summer 2011 the renovation of the city center and the old casino was completed. In this context, the Super Burgas plan is discussed. It is intended to open the city towards the port based on the model of Barcelona and towards the lakes, based on the model of Hamburg , and make part of the port facilities accessible to tourists and residents. The first work began in September 2011. To open up the city to the waterways, a new building and development plan for the city was approved by the local council in July 2011.

In February 2012, a Roman settlement came to light in the Sarafowo district during a storm surge. This is to be uncovered and researched in the next few years. During the subsequent excavations, led by Ljudmil Wagalinski, director of the National Archaeological Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , an early Christian basilica was discovered and uncovered at the end of May.

On July 18, 2012, 6 Israelis and a Bulgarian were killed in an attack on a coach in front of Burgas Airport and up to 32 other people, including two pregnant women and two Russians, were injured, some seriously.

Population development

Population numbers depend on the respective area. The figures are census results (¹), estimates (²) or official updates from the statistical offices (³).

year Residents
1878² 2,950
1887² 5,749
1892² 5,000
1900 ¹ 10,703
1906² 15,000
1910 ¹ 14,897
year Residents
1920 ¹ 21,170
1934 ¹ 36,230
1946 ¹ 44,440
1956 ¹ 79.091
1965 ¹ 106.115
1975 ¹ 148,662
year Residents
1985 ¹ 182,338
1992 ¹ 190.057
1999 ³ 238,685
2008 ³ 229.740
2009 ³ 231.059
2011 ¹ 232.264

Incorporations

  • Burgas mini-baths - 1900
  • Bratja Miladinowi - December 19, 1912
  • Akacijte - 1926
  • Pobeda - 1926
  • Meden Rudnik - 1976
  • Slavicov - 1948
  • Glaze - 1948
  • Sornitsa - 1948
  • Isgrew - 1948
  • Gorno Eserowo - December 4, 1985
  • Losowo - November 12, 1987 district
  • Sarafovo - November 12, 1987 district
  • Dolno Eserowo - August 26, 1991
  • Kraimorie - November 12, 1987
  • Banewo - February 14, 2009
  • Wetren - February 14, 2009

literature

  • Peter Soustal: Thrace (Thrace, Rhodope and Haimimontos) (= Tabula Imperii Byzantini . Volume 6). Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-7001-1898-8 .
  • Petya Kiaschkina, Iwan Karajotow : Aquae Calidae. Center de la culture Thrace. In: La Thrace et les sociétés maritimes anciennes. Thracia Pontica 6, 1, Center of Underwater Archeology, Sozopol, 1997, pp. 175-190.
  • Andrew G. Robinson: Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region , American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma 1997, ISBN 0-89181-348-9 , online version
  • Ivanka Nikolova, Filip Panaiotov (Ed.): България. 20 век (Eng. Bulgaria. 20th century. ), TRUD Publishers, 1999
  • Jan de Boer: Apollonia Pontica and its Emporia, Ports of Trade ?. In: Murielle Faudot, Arlette Fraysse, Évelyne Geny (eds.): Pont-Euxin et commerce. La genèse de la “route de la soie”. Actes du IXe Symposium de Vani (Colchide), 1999. Presses Universitaires Franc-Comptoises, Besançon 2002, ISBN 2-84627-079-1 , pp. 131-135 Google Books
  • Miroslaw Klasnakow: Селищна могила Бургас. Сезон 2009. ( Eng . The settlement hill Burgas. Season 2009. ) In: Българска Археология 2009 ( Eng . Bulgarian Archeology 2009 ), Sofia, 2010, pp. 10-11.
  • Ivan Karajotow, Stojan Rajtschewski, Mitko Ivanov: История на Бургас. От древността до средата на ХХ век. (German history of the city of Burgas. From antiquity to the middle of the 20th century. ) Tafprint OOD publishing house, Plovdiv, 2011, ISBN 978-954-92689-1-1
  • Stojan Rajtschewski : Старият Бургас. (German: The old Burgas ), Verlag Zahari Stoyanov, 2011, ISBN 978-954-09-0266-1 .
  • Atanas Sirkarow: Архитектурата на Бургас 1878-1940. (Eng. The architecture of Burgas 1878-1940 ), Verlag Baltika, Burgas 2010, ISBN 978-954-8040-29-7

Web links

Commons : History of the city of Burgas  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See: Tacitus : Annales 3, 26, 2; CIL VIII, 2546 ; CIL VIII, 2548 ; Sergio Zamora: El origen del español. El Castellano, 1999, archived from the original on September 3, 2014 ; Retrieved September 1, 2010 (Spanish). ; Peter Soustal: Thrace (Thrace, Rhodope and Haimimontos) , p. 234, quote: “According to an inscription (154/155 AD) from Pantschewo, in Thrace, for the protection of the province under Antony Pius (138-161), respectively the governor C. Iulius Commodus Orfitismus burgi and praesidia established, and the specially per fines coloniae Flaviae Deultensium ”; Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, p. 7.
  2. ^ Bulgaria in Harald Roth (ed.): Study Guide Eastern Europe , Volume 1, p. 143.
  3. ↑ a b c Iris von Bredow : Burgas. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 2, Metzler, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-476-01472-X , Sp. 855.
  4. ↑ darinews.net: Burgas - Crossroads of ancient civilizations . Retrieved August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  5. ↑ dnes.bg: Unique find completely twisted the story of Burgas. Retrieved August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z cf. Regional Museum Burgas: History of the City of Burgas. (PDF; 1.3 MB) Retrieved January 26, 2012 (Bulgarian). ; Burgas Regional Museum: History of the city of Burgas. Retrieved August 26, 2011 (English, abstract).
  7. ↑ a b c Faudot, Murielle / Fraysse, Arlette / Geny, Évelyne: Pont-Euxin et Commerce , Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté, Besançon 2002, ISBN 978-2-84627-079-3 , pp. 110–126 and 130 -135
  8. ↑ a b Klasnakow, pp. 10-11
  9. ^ A b Ivan Wenedikow : Thrace . In: Gold of the Thracians. Archaeological treasures from Bulgaria . Zabern, Mainz 1979, ISBN 3-8053-0435-8 , pp. 11-19
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h Iwan Karajotow, Stojan Rajtschewski, Mitko Iwanow: History of the city of Burgas (Bulgarian История на Бургас), 2011, ISBN 978-954-92689-1-1 ; Summary
  11. ↑ a b Peter Soustal: Thrace (Thrace, Rhodope and Haimimontos). P. 347
  12. ↑ Vladislav Škorpi, Karel Škorpil: Някои бележки върху археологическите и историческите изследования в Тракия. (PDF; 9.8 MB) Staatsdruckerei Ostrumelia, Plovdiv, 1885, p. 92 , accessed on August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  13. ↑ Darik Radio: Interview with Zonja Draschewa, head of the Museum of Archeology in Burgas about the fortress. Retrieved August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  14. ↑ a b c d Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 60–65
  15. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: Die Goten: from the beginnings to the middle of the sixth century: draft of a historical ethnography , Verlag CH Beck, 2001, p. 130
  16. ↑ Michael Wendel: The war campaign of the Avars in 586/87 AD through northern Thrace. in Pontos Euxeinos. Contributions to the archeology and history of the ancient Black Sea and Balkans , ZAKSSchriften 10, Verlag Beier & Beran, Langenweissbach 2006, p. 447ff.
  17. ↑ The interpretation of this episode (obtained from Michael Syrus ) is controversial, cf. on this Walter Pohl, Die Awaren , Munich 2002, p. 78.
  18. ↑ geopan.org: The old Bulgarian border wall "Erkesija". Retrieved August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  19. ↑ a b c d e The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill. Leiden Vol. 1, p. 1325 f. (Article: Burgas)
  20. ↑ Iskender Pasa efkavendan Pirgos iskelesi , Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, p. 62
  21. ↑ Daniela Dimitrova: Un batiment public et un parc comme amorce à l'extension de la ville de Bourgas, BG. (PDF; 5.6 MB) enoncé théorique pour le projet de master 07. Retrieved on October 2, 2011 (French): “La première information détaillée sur la ville Bourgas de XVII siècle vient de l'épiscope Mardiros Krimeci qui dit seulement deux choses à propos de Bourgas "
  22. ↑ See: Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 68, 274, 297 and André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé, M. Duverne de Presle: Reconnoissance nautique et militaire du Golfe de Bourgas, au Nord-Est de Constantinople. In: Annales des sciences et des arts. Volume 3. Colas, 1810, pp. 58-59.
  23. ↑ Etudes historiques. A l'occasion du XIII Congrés international des sciences historiques - Moscou, août 1970. Acad. Bulg. des sciences, 1970, pp. 243 and 252.
  24. ↑ However, his impressions were collected between 1753 and 1756; See Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 67, 280; and Claude Charles De Peyssonnel: Traité sur le commerce de la Mer Noire , Volume 2, Cuchet, 1787, p. 151
  25. ↑ Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, p. 301
  26. ↑ Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 69, 75, 90
  27. ↑ a b c d e f Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: p. 298
  28. ↑ Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 112-113
  29. ↑ Wael B. Hallaq , Donald Presgrave Little: Islamic studies presented to Charles J. Adams , Brill, Leiden, 1991, p 211
  30. ↑ Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 131–132.
  31. ^ School of Holy Brothers Kiril and Methodius: History of the School of Holy Brothers Kiril and Methodius. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 17, 2010 ; Retrieved August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sou-kimbs.com
  32. ^ Online edition of the newspaper Faktor: History of the City of Burgas. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 13, 2016 ; Retrieved on August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian): “Първото българско училище в Бургас било открито през 1865 год. от даскал Петко от Атанаскьой “ Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.factor-bs.com
  33. ↑ a b Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 76, 109, 133-134; 198-201
  34. ↑ Burgas . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 12, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 654.
  35. ↑ Burgas Regional Library: The Liberation of Burgas City. Retrieved September 8, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  36. ↑ a b Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 135-138
  37. ^ Stefan Pejkow, Petranka Dimitrova: The first mayor of Burgas - Niko Popow. Morski Vestnik, accessed 21 November 2011 (Bulgarian): "... След Берлинския договор (July 13, 1878 г.) в града се завръщат турските бежанци, преселват се българи от Източна Тракия, Малкотърновска околия ..."
  38. ↑ a b c d e f g Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: pp. 173–180
  39. ↑ Darik Radio : В "Пробуда" няма да рахатясат. Retrieved December 15, 2010 (Bulgarian).
  40. ^ A b c Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: pp. 220–228
  41. ↑ a b c Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: pp. 180–190
  42. ↑ a b Simeon Radrew: The Builders of Modern Bulgaria (from the Bulgarian "Строителите на съвременна България") Volume 2: The Regency (Bulgarian Регенството), Verlag Sahari Stoyanov, Sofia, 2004
  43. ↑ Ulf Brunnbauer : Mountain Societies in the Balkans: Economy and Family Structures in the Rhodope Mountains (19th / 20th Century) , Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2004, p. 104
  44. ^ A b Duncan M. Perry: Stefan Stambolov and the emergence of modern Bulgaria, 1870-1895 , Duke University Press, 1993, pp. 85-86; Pp. 114-115, pp. 142, pp. 146-147
  45. ↑ Simeon Radew: The October Uprising in The Builders of Modern Bulgaria (from the Bulgarian "Строителите на съвременна България") Volume 2, Verlag Sahari Stoyanov, Sofia, 2004, pp. 480-484
  46. ↑ Dimitar Ivanov: Стефан Стамболов - от перото до ятагана , TRUD Publishers, 2005, p. 86
  47. ^ Armenian community in Bulgaria. Archived from the original on September 25, 2009 ; Retrieved September 25, 2009 (Bulgarian).
  48. ↑ Ruth Leiserowitz: The Unknown Neighbors: Minorities in Eastern Europe in Political and Contemporary History , Ch. Links Verlag, 2008, p. 264
  49. ^ (History 1886, 1887) Bulgaria (History 1886, 1887) . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 17, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 181.
  50. ^ RJ Crampton: A concise history of Bulgaria . Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 121
  51. ↑ Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: pp. 210–220
  52. ↑ Nikolova / Panaiotov: p. 300
  53. ↑ a b c d Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: pp. 190–201
  54. ^ After the complaint of the Greek Metropolitan of Anchialo in the Filipopolis newspaper , issue 30 of July 27, 1901; Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: p. 199
  55. ^ Theodora Dragostinova: Between Two Motherlands: Nationality and Emigration Among the Greeks of Bulgaria, 1900-1949 , Cornell University Press, 2011
  56. ^ The Montreal Gazette: Ship blown up on Black Sea. The austrian Streamship Vaskapu Met whit disaster. September 3, 1903, accessed November 3, 2011 .
  57. ↑ Балканская война 1912–1913 годов на море (сборник) , ЛеКо publishing house, Saint Petersburg, 2005, ISBN 5-902236-20-7 , pp. 11-14.
  58. ↑ Chimia. Volume 3 , Swiss Chemical Association, 1949, pp. 33-35.
  59. ^ Thracian organization "Anthim the First": Refugees in Burgas. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009 ; Retrieved September 25, 2009 (Bulgarian).
  60. ^ History of HemusMark AD. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 24, 2012 ; Retrieved September 1, 2011 (Bulgarian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.koh-i-noor.bg
  61. ↑ Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: p. 236
  62. ↑ Sonja Kechlibarewa: Бургас първи посреща царската двойка. Burgas is the first to receive the tsarist couple. (No longer available online.) Factor-bs.com, September 21, 2012, archived from the original on November 22, 2012 ; Retrieved October 10, 2012 (Bulgarian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / factor-bs.com
  63. ↑ a b c d e f Regional Library Pejo Jaworow Burgas: Бургас. Retrieved September 8, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  64. ↑ Portal decommunization: Chronology of Bulgarian Communism (bulg. Хронология 1944–1947). Retrieved on August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian): “ 9 септември 1944. В условията на започнала съветска окупация .... Съветските войски Рокупация .... Съветските войски Бур завземаг. "
  65. ↑ a b Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow, pp. 246–250
  66. ↑ a b Burneva / Murdsheva: German as a foreign language (s) at Bulgarian universities in Hiltraud Casper-Hehne: The restructuring of courses in "German as a foreign language": Problems and perspectives; Conference November 17th - 19th at the University of Hanover , Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2006, p. 238
  67. ^ Gaby Coldewey: Between Pruth and Jordan: Memoirs of Czernowitz Jews. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar 2003, p. 105.
  68. ↑ Idith Zertal: From catastrophe to power: Holocaust survivors and the emergence of Israel , University of California Press, 1998, pp. 118–120, 139, 208, 298
  69. ↑ Nikolova / Panaiotov: p. 323
  70. ↑ Gerald Knaus: Bulgaria , Verlag CH Beck, 1997, p. 144
  71. ↑ The shopping center has not yet been completed.
  72. ↑ a b CMP Consulting: Development plan of the city of Burgas for the period 2007-2013. (PDF; 2.2 MB) (bulg. План за развитие на Община Бургас за периода 2007-2013). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 31, 2012 ; Retrieved August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / vcc.gateway.bg
  73. ↑ Eckhart Dietrich: Attacks on the constitutional state: the Baader / Meinhof gang, the June 2nd movement, the revolutionary cells and the Stasi in the West Berlin operational area (from original judgments with explanations and comments) , 2009, p. 84
  74. ^ Website of the city of Burgas: Mayor of the city of Burgas. Retrieved August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  75. ^ Ben Fowkes: The post-communist era: change and continuity in Eastern Europe , Verlag Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, p. 176
  76. ↑ Nikolova / Panaiotov. P. 214
  77. ↑ novinar.bg: Бургас призна геноцида над арменците. Retrieved March 8, 2012 (Bulgarian).
  78. ↑ See: Darik Radio: Отводняват Комлука, язовири преливат. Retrieved February 13, 2010 (Bulgarian). and news portal mediapool: В Елхово градят дига край прииждащата Тунджа, езерото Вая преля в Бургас. Retrieved February 14, 2010 (Bulgarian).
  79. ↑ the sofiaecho: Bourgas airport expansion and overhaul to cost 20M leva. Retrieved October 19, 2010 .
  80. ↑ the sofiaecho: Super Bourgas project is launched. Retrieved June 30, 2009 .
  81. ^ Darik Radio: Super Burgas with the first intermodal terminal in Bulgaria. Retrieved December 14, 2010 (Bulgarian).
  82. ↑ Водната стихия разкри римска постройка в Сарафово. (No longer available online.) Burgasnews, archived from the original on January 18, 2015 ; Retrieved February 9, 2012 (Bulgarian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.burgasnews.com
  83. ↑ Водната стихия разкри римска постройка в Сарафово. Darik Radio, accessed February 9, 2012 (Bulgarian).
  84. ↑ Storm exposes the ancient city on the Bulgarian coast , orf.at, accessed on February 9, 2012
  85. ↑ Бургас получава 240 000 лв. от държавата за археологически проучвания. (No longer available online.) Burgasnews, archived from the original on January 18, 2015 ; Retrieved on February 15, 2012 (Bulgarian): "State gives 120,000 leva to start archaeological investigations near Sarafowo" Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.burgasnews.com
  86. ↑ Stefka Kruschkowa: 240,000 за разкопки. Darik Radio, accessed on February 15, 2012 (Bulgarian, interview with the head of the Burgasser Mussen).
  87. ↑ Rosiza Amelewaa: Откриха антична църква край Сарафово. Darik Radio, accessed May 29, 2012 (Bulgarian).
  88. ↑ See: Reports from Bulgaria: 5 Casualties in Explosion on Israeli Tourist Bus ( Memento of the original from November 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Accessed July 18, 2012); Seven dead, five after the explosion ( memento of the original from July 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , burgasnews.com, Interview with the Bulgarian Interior Minister Tsvetan Tsvetanov, (accessed on July 18, 2012) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.israeldefense.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / burgasnews.com
  89. ^ History of the city of Burgas. Zone Bulgaria, accessed February 14, 2010 .
  90. ↑ a b c Urban geography in Bulgaria. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 3 , archived from the original on July 6, 2011 ; Retrieved February 14, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.geography.iit.bas.bg
  91. ↑ Burgas . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 12, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 654.
  92. ↑ Burgás . In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition. Volume 3, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1905, p.  619 .
  93. ↑ Dimitar Sterew: Бургас. (No longer available online.) In: На път. Мисли, случки и впечатления. Publishing house Г.П. Иванов, 1908, archived from the original on April 5, 2016 ; Retrieved August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.factor-bs.com
  94. ^ National Statistical Office: General information on the city of Burgas. January 23, 1959, accessed December 21, 2012 (Bulgarian).
  95. ↑ Jan Filip: Encyclopedic Handbook on Prehistory and Early History in Europe: With the participation of numerous scholars and scientific institutions , Volume 1, Verlag der Czechoslovak Academy, 1966, p. 186
  96. ^ National Statistics Office: Inhabitants of Bulgaria 1985. September 1, 1987, accessed on August 25, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  97. ↑ Central residents ' registration office Bulgaria: data from the residents' registration offices 1999. 1999, accessed on August 24, 2012 (Bulgarian).
  98. ↑ Central residents ' registration office Bulgaria: data from the residents' registration offices 2008. 2008, accessed on August 24, 2012 (Bulgarian).
  99. ↑ Central residents ' registration office Bulgaria: data from the residents' registration offices 2009. 2009, accessed on August 24, 2012 (Bulgarian).
  100. ↑ Central residents ' registration office Bulgaria: data from the residents' registration offices 2011. Retrieved on March 25, 2011 (Bulgarian).
  101. ↑ a b c d Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: p. 295
  102. ↑ a b Karajotow / Rajtschewski / Iwanow: p. 294