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Moin is a mainly in northern Germany , in the south of Denmark ( Nordschleswig / Süderjutland ; there usually written mojn ), in Luxembourg (mostly in the form Moien ), sporadically or out of date in Switzerland , in the northeastern Netherlands (in areas where Low German is also spoken as moi, moin, amoin, mojen ) and in northern Poland among the Kashubians (written mòjn ) a greeting that can be used at any time of the day or night. As a variant , add moins, moinz in the Bern and Chur areas .

Different spellings are, in addition to the Mojn form also used by Kurt Tucholsky , Meun (in the works of Gorch Fock and in Low German by Georg Droste ), Moi'n (B. Sonntag, 1889), (gun) Moign by Otto Mensing , Otto Ernst Ludwig Frahm , who also used Moign as a farewell phrase and later with various other writers.

On both sides of the German-Danish border, moin (or mojn ) is used today in all local languages, including their varieties and dialects. In the meantime, the greeting from the north has spread to many other parts of Germany . However, there are regionally different conventions for use, such as the time of day, the formal aspect or the doubling ("moin moin").

Traces in the 19th and early 20th centuries

Moin appears in the Ostfreesland house calendar in 1924 . This house calendar is often seen as the first written record of the Moin greeting. Written traces go back further: after Northern Schleswig was ceded to Denmark in 1920, a Mojn ban was demanded in the country ; in the 1960s it was still used there in the southern Danish dialect Sønderjysk : "Mojn er forbojn" ("Moin is forbidden"). According to this source, the greeting itself was imported as a short greeting Morgen in the north of Schleswig-Holstein around 1900 by craftsmen, traders and conscripts from Berlin. Overall, there are different information for the region on both sides of today's German-Danish border - among other things, the note that the greeting in Hovslund (German: Haberslund) north of Rødekro (German: Rothenkrug) arrived in 1908 or 1909 with workers. For the island of Helgoland , in addition to the greetings gu'n Morjen and gud Morjen , Moin is also documented in 1909 . The writer Gorch Fock used the spelling Meun in several of his works at the beginning of the 20th century (including Hein Godenwind de Admirol vun Mosquitonia 1911) and translated the greeting as good morning . The Meun notation also used Georg Droste (s. O.). Otto Ernst and Ludwig Frahm (see above) preferred the spelling Moign in their works (Ernst, among others, in The greatest sin 1895 and Die Kunstreise nach Hümpeldorf 1905; Frahm in Minschen bi Hamborg rüm 1919) . Arno Holz and Oskar Jerschke used Moin in their tragic comedy Traumulus (1905) and also in Gaudeamus! (1908). Holz and Jerschke lived in Berlin at this time, whereas Joh. Mich. Ranke, who also used Moin in De Lüde von'n Diek in 1908 , apparently came from Bremen . In some cities and regions of Switzerland ( Basel , Bern , Biel , Bündner Rheintal , Frauenfeld , Freiamt , Zurich ), according to Zollinger-Escher, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the greeting Moin is mainly used among workers, schoolchildren and students; he appeared in Zurich around 1875. In Switzerland, however, this greeting disappeared again in most places; Exceptions are the Moin in the Interlaken ( Bödeli ) region and the Moi (n) in Graubünden . In the Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 1891 moin is described as "vulgar German" and the "most common form for good morning ". This does not sound like a spatially narrow degree of familiarity with the Moin greeting at the time; The greeting Moin was accordingly mentioned in a number of publications in the 1880s and 1890s, such as the Swiss Ernst Tappolet 1895 (with the thesis of a shortening of good morning via gut-morn and gt-moin ), Georg von der Gabelentz 1891 or also with Hugo Ernst Mario Schuchardt 1885 (also with the thesis of a shortening of Guten Morgen after G'Moin and G'Mo ). In 1886 and 1887 works in Danish took up Schuchardt's abbreviation thesis. In 1889 B. Sonntag wrote in the gazebo : “Students and junior officers have the privilege to shorten the abbreviated greeting“ good morning ”and to say“ Moi'n ”to each other at all times of the day and night! Hello!' For the Ammerland bordering on East Friesland (where Oldenburger Platt is spoken , not East Frisian Platt ) there is a document from 1888 in which Moin is shown as a shortened Guten Morgen greeting. Even earlier, namely in 1828, are Moin and Moin! - Hello! to be found in the Berliner Conversations-Blatt for poetry, literature and criticism (as greetings among officers). Also in this text, Moin! with tomorrow! explained.

According to this status, there is first evidence of the occurrence in East Frisia in 1924, for that in Hovslund (Haberslund) and for that on Helgoland in 1909, probably for that in Bremen in 1908 (Joh. Mich Ranke), for that in Hamburg in 1895 (Otto Ernst: Die greatest sin ), for the one in Ammerland in 1888, for that in Zurich around 1875 and for the appearance in Berlin as early as 1828.

Outside the closed German-speaking area, Moj'n! as well as Moj'n! Moj'n! as early as 1904 for the Latvian capital Riga as a greeting and farewell to the then German-speaking population of the city.

origin

The existence of the greeting Moin can be proven for almost 200 years. In the past, the greeting was not only restricted to northern Germany, but also occurred in Switzerland and Berlin , among other places . With the addition of similar greetings such as Morn, Moi, Mui, whose relationship to Moin is suspected but not clearly documented, areas in various European countries would be added. The greeting began its (re -?) Spread in northern Germany since the 1970s (at a time when evidence of its existence is also available from Luxembourg , Westphalia , Switzerland and the Berlin area). In the meantime, the greeting is not only known in northern Germany, but has also spread to the south in Germany. In contrast, the etymology remains in the dark despite many attempts to explain ancestry. In addition to Frisian and Low German , other languages ​​(e.g. Dutch ), dialects (e.g. Berlin ) or sociolects (e.g. those of students, soldiers, seafarers) can also be considered as roots . Around 1900 there were six separate areas in which the greeting was known: the part of Schleswig in Schleswig-Holstein including today's Danish part, the Hamburg area, the relatively isolated island of Helgoland, the area between Dollart and Weser (East Friesland, Ammerland , Bremen and others), the Berlin area and German-speaking Switzerland. Including Rigas , there were seven of them. An occurrence in other areas at this time can be assumed. Independent occurrences cannot be completely ruled out.

  • A Low German origin, according to which moi comes from “pleasant, good, beautiful”, is widely accepted, including the Lower Saxony dictionary . The Duden editorial team, along with others, has since joined this etymology; According to the Duden, the roots can be found in East Frisian mōi and in Middle Low German mōi (e) .
    • For an origin from the Low German and Frisian should speak that Moin (and Moin Moin ) was used as a salutation to the 1970s, almost exclusively in the north of Germany and especially in East Friesland, in the Emsland , in Hamburg and in the Oldenburg region and in the North Frisian region of Schleswig-Holstein and in the Flensburg area possessed a dominance; However, there is a lack of evidence of an emergence (regardless of possible parallel developments) in these regions. In the other regions of Schleswig-Holstein, on the other hand, Moin was sometimes in competition with the usual informal greeting “Tach!”, And sometimes the word was not used at all (in the east of the Holstein region). In 1977 an investigation showed that in the afternoon when entering a shop Moin was common on the island of Borkum and in the cities of Tönning , Husum , Flensburg, Schleswig , Eckernförde , Emden , Aurich , Leer , Cloppenburg and Delmenhorst , which in 1977 was for There were two areas that were used not only in the morning: on the one hand in the northern part of Schleswig Schleswig-Holstein, on the other hand in East Frisia and neighboring areas. In Luxembourg, however, Moin and Moiën were already used all day long as a greeting. The older East Frisians themselves are convinced that "Moin" is the contracted form of the greeting "Moi'n Dag!" = "Have a nice / good day!", Because "Moi" is an often used word in East Frisian Platt for "beautiful" or "good". "Dat is moi" is also an often used expression in East Frisian Platt and is used with the same meaning in the Netherlands ("mooi"), with whose language, for example in the Groninger Land , East Frisian Platt is very closely connected. The Lower Saxony dictionary also explains moin as elliptical for mōien Dag .
    • However, the fact that Moin is the only word in this language that has the short oi diphthong , which cannot be derived from -ōj- due to phonological laws, could speak against the derivation of Moin from East Frisian-Low German mōj . This problem can, however, be explained by the fact that Moin, as an elliptical particle, is subject to different stress ratios in the sentence than as an ordinary adjective. It should also be borne in mind that the distribution area of mooi for “beautiful, pleasant” in Low German is limited to its north-western edge and was unknown in the other areas of northern Germany, which means that an illegal shortening of the diphthong outside of the area where mooi is autochthonous is hardly possible something stood in the way.
    • The fact that this etymological approach seems to be adapted to the presumed area of ​​origin and that the house calendar Ostfreesland from 1924 was often assigned the role of a first evidence (also by linguists) could speak against the derivation from the Low German East Frisia . Compared to the older ones from the 19th and early 20th centuries, this interpretation is quite new from the early 1980s; After all, one of the documents for Moin is almost 100 years older than this house calendar, comes from Berlin and explains the greeting as a morning greeting (see above). More suitable than the house calendar from 1924 would be the evidence from the Ammerland from 1888 (see above), suggesting an origin in the northwest of what is now the state of Lower Saxony.
    • The doubling to Moin Moin (in Luxembourg: Moimoin ) may have arisen directly from the Frisian moi moren , it is also argued. The last part morn (morning) in this usage would then have the meaning “day”, or, as the North German likes to greet, Tach . The doubling, however, can already be found in 1828 in the Berlin Conversations Journal for Poetry, Literature and Criticism (see above). It is often argued that the word does not come from tomorrow or good morning . However, it is mostly perceived by non- Frisians as an education from good morning (→ Morgen → Morjen → Mojen → Mojn → Moin) .
  • Others prefer a direct origin from Guten Morgen (or Morjen ).
    • Küppers dictionary of German colloquial language diagnosed soldier language around 1900 that it had been pulled together from "Morgen" and meant a "welcome call in the morning". In fact, there are several indications of an origin from the military milieu. However, the specified point in time is refutable; the first document dates back to 1828 (see above).
    • In the early documents from the 19th century (including B. Sonntag, Br. V. Braunthal, Hugo Schuchardt, Ernst Tappolet; see above) the greeting Moin! with (good) morning! explained or derived from good morning . Anna Zollinger-Escher (see above) sees the appearance in Switzerland as an imitation of the Berlin “(good) morning”; In 1951 Paul Geiger and Richard Weiss also wrote about performances in cities in eastern Switzerland, moin! is a loan from the Berlin metropolitan jargon . The same is said for the northern part of Schleswig-Holstein (see above). In addition to the morning greeting formulas (allegedly) from the Berlin area as the origin of the Moin, the regional Low German should also be considered (including Morgen, Morn, Mornk ). The (gun) Moign mentioned in the Schleswig-Holstein dictionary , probably also occurring in the southern part of the German-speaking area and also used by Otto Ernst and Ludwig Frahm , could be seen as an intermediate level for this theory and thus as evidence. Sources about Moin appear from times before the publication of the tape. Still others try to combine the geographical origin from East Friesland with the etymological derivation from Morgen , by assuming a takeover and idiosyncratic transformation of a Morjen (“Good Morning”) Prussian administrative officer in. Also for the multilingual part of Schleswig in Schleswig-Holstein a direct import of the short greeting Morgen from the Berlin area around 1900 (where, however, see above, there was also a Moin ) with subsequent dialectal adaptation is claimed. - All in all, the data situation is too small for a derivation of tomorrow .
  • The etymology of the Grisons greetings Moi and Moi-zäme ( tame for "together", plural forms of greetings common in Swiss-German dialects) is uncertain. An independent, isolated form of greeting can hardly be assumed, the word is missing in the Swiss Idioticon . Rather, a remnant from the 19th and beginning of the 20th century can be expected (cf. Anna Zollinger-Escher above). In the Bern area apparently the greetings Moin (s) and Moin (s) zäme still existed until the 1950s or 1960s , probably also in cities in Eastern Switzerland (Paul Geiger / Richard Weiss, see above); In the Interlaken region (especially in Bödeli ), Moin, Moin tame and Moin Moin could possibly even have existed until today. Another interpretation of origin comes from this region: Moin has been borrowed from the English (good) morning . In Switzerland there are also the greetings Hoi and Hoi zäme, to which, however, there is hardly any etymological connection, since Hoi can be proven to go back to a driver call (see the article Hoi (interjection) ) and, moreover, Hoi and Moi (n) in Switzerland not are common in the same areas.
  • The origin of Moin (Moiën, Moien) in Luxembourg is also unclear ; the Luxembourg dictionary (see above) indicates, on the one hand, an origin (no longer tied to a time of day) from Muergen ("morning") and, on the other hand, that Moin and Moiën were outdated synonyms for Prosit . For the Luxembourg linguist Sam Mersch, Moi (e) n is an "inherited word from medieval Moselle Franconian" meaning tomorrow and, as a greeting, also the result of a linguistic simplification. In the children's game Giisch (t) (also: Giischmei ), Moin in south-west Luxembourg is also an answer. In Luxembourg, the greeting is used both in German and in Luxembourgish (next to Bonjour ); the explicit morning greeting is called Gudden moiën .
  • Certain clues could lead to Berlin as the starting point for the Moin greeting. There is evidence of an existence for Berlin as early as 1828 (see above). The etymology of the greeting would then remain unclear: origin in Berlin (Mo (r) jen), word of a sociolect (according to the text from 1828 it is a greeting among officers), import from the Berlin area (in a dictionary of since 1986 extinct Telschet Platt from 1956 is the word listed)?
  • A sociolect is also indicated several times, with several references to soldiers (officers; see above on Küpper's dictionary), students and children (pupils).

use

Moin is used as a whole within the German-speaking area:

  • as a greeting in the morning (meanwhile nationwide)
  • As a greeting throughout the day (regionally, especially in parts of northern Germany and in Luxembourg, also to be found in Switzerland)
  • as a farewell greeting (regionally, in parts of northern Germany, in parts of the Netherlands and in southern Denmark)
  • as a greeting reply
  • as a toast (regional, at least in the Schleswig part of Schleswig-Holstein; outdated in Luxembourg)
  • as a standard answer to the children's game Giisch (t) (Giischmei) (in southwest Luxembourg)
  • in connection with Moin dokter in Gronings , a dialect of the Low German language in the Netherlands, as an exclamation of amazement or horror

In contrast to the Low German goden Morgen , Moin is traditionally used throughout the day in many regions of Northern Germany, but mostly only in the (early) morning in others where the greeting has only recently become common or has become common again. Similar to the Moin in northern Germany, the Luxembourgish Moin and Moiën are not only used as "good morning" greetings, but are used throughout the day.

Modifications of the greeting

Apart from different spellings (see above), there are also variations of the Moin greeting:

  • Moin Moin - also written Moinmoin (especially in Northern Germany),
  • Moin tame , Moins tame , Moi- tame , Moinz (in Switzerland, regionally different there)
  • Moinsen (especially in northern Germany among young people)
  • Moiner , Moiners

Moin Moin, Moinmoin

Entrance to Nordhastedt

The double greeting Moin Moin (also Moinmoin ) is already documented in Berlin in 1828 (see above). Today the double greeting is mainly used in northern Germany, but also in neighboring regions such as in parts of West Friesland and in northern Schleswig (partly in different spellings). In northern Germany and northern Schleswig, in some areas, "Moin" and "Moin, Moin" are used analogously to say goodbye and sometimes as a toast. Moin Moin is often used as a greeting reply to the greeting Moin . In the western part of North Schleswig (Denmark) the double greeting (including Mojn Mojn ) is used almost exclusively as a farewell greeting.

Hello

In the meantime, moinsen is also used colloquially, especially among young people in northern Germany . The origin is unclear. One can assume that this is an ironic reference to the numerous names ending with "sen" in northern Germany, e.g. B. Petersen, Hansen, Jensen etc.

Moinsen is used in the same context as Moin , but sometimes also specifically when:

  • several people are addressed at once ( Moinsen as short for "Moin together")
  • the Moin should be particularly emphasized ("I greet you particularly warmly")
  • a Moin is answered ("Moin back").

Moin tame, Moins tame, Moi-tame, Moinz

The extension tame in the Swiss greetings Moin tame, Moins tame, Moi-zäme means "together" and is also used in other greetings. In Moinz is a plural form, at least for the Grisons town of Chur is occupied.

gun Moign

In the survey period for the Schleswig-Holstein Dictionary from 1902 onwards, Moign was reported as a greeting from a sub-area of ​​Schleswig-Holstein . At that time, Moin / Mojn (see above) and also on Helgoland (see above), where a Gu'n Morjen and a Gud Morjen could be found at the same time, already existed in the north of the country (part of Schleswig including today's North Schleswig ) . Other forms reported when the Schleswig-Holstein dictionary was created were, among others, Morgen, Morn, Mornk, Mornt and, according to another source, people greeted each other on Sylt in 1898 with gur mêern!  - the greeting reply was mêern gur! There is a reference to the A guun Moign greeting from the Upper Palatinate (see above).

Morn, Moi

It is not certain whether greetings like Morn and Moi (Moj, Mui) can be interpreted as variants of the Moin greeting. Morn is known as the regional explicit morning greeting in Low German and can also be found outside of the German-speaking area in Norway (as an all-day greeting), Sweden (as a morning greeting) and Denmark (in the pronunciation of God tomorrow and in written abbreviations of the morning greeting). Moi can be found in Bündnerdeutsch and outside of the German-speaking area in the Netherlands and Finland (see following section). Mui in the extreme northwest of Germany, in the Rheiderland , used as a greeting mainly among men.

Outside the German-speaking area

Outside of the German-speaking area, people in the Netherlands, Finland, Latvia, Poland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark encountered similar or identical greetings.

Norway

In terms of linguistic history, the Norwegian greeting morn is related to "Moin", which many Scandinavians believe comes from the Middle Low German of the Hanseatic League ; a shortening of the word tomorrow to morn can also be found in Upper German dialects, partly also in Low German (as an alternative to Moin in the morning) as well as in English ( morning, twilight, daybreak, etc.) and Old and Middle English ( morn (e) " Tomorrow"). In contrast to god morn or god tomorrow “good morning”, which in Norway is only appropriate in the morning, morn is more informal and can be used all day long into the night (e.g. instead of god aften “good evening”) .

Sweden

In contrast to Norway, in Sweden morn is used regionally as a shortened form of morgon only as a morning greeting.

Denmark

In addition to Mojn in North Schleswig (see above), there are various abbreviations of the Danish morning greeting god Morgen (pronounced: go morn) in Denmark : go 'morgen, go' morn, morgen, morn etc. Go'morn is also the title, for example a short wake-up song by the Danish singer Kristoffer Bøhrs. Evidence suggests that the Mojn greeting is now expanding across the country and has also reached Copenhagen . There, in contrast to the usage in the western part of North Schleswig, where Mojn is almost only used as a farewell phrase (in North Schleswig you usually greet each other with hej or daw / dav ; in the eastern part more often than in the western part with mojn / møjn / moin ), can also be used as an all-day greeting.

Finland

In Finland , moi (Swedish-language spelling: moj) are used as a greeting and moi moi (moj moj), as a farewell. The variants Mojn (Moin) and (at least regionally in Åboland ) Moin moin (or Mojn mojn ) are used less often. Other forms are moins , morjens , morjes , moro and moikka . A connection with the Finnish verb myydä (“to sell”; 1st pers. Singular imperfect: möin ) cannot be ruled out; Mikko Bentlin sees the origin of these Finnish greetings in the influence of Low German on the Finnish language.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands , the same and similar greetings are used both in the Dutch language (rare, standard: moi  - an all-day greeting ) and in the West Frisian language ( môj , moin ) and especially in the Dutch dialects of the Low German language . In addition to moi , various regional variants, especially of Low German, are known, such as moin, moien, amoin, amoien, moien dag, moj, mojen, mojjes; the exact application (greeting, farewell, etc.) also differs regionally there; sometimes the greeting is used more as a farewell greeting instead of a greeting (province of Groningen ). In Gronings is Moin dokter! also an exclamation of amazement or terror, comparable to Jesus Maria (and Joseph)! in German-speaking regions. The moin variant can be found in the Achterhoek region bordering Germany and in Twente . The greeting hoi, which can also be found in the Netherlands, is younger than moi .

Latvia

In Latvia the greeting Moins was used among male acquaintances in the middle of the 20th century ; the Latvian writer Anna Brigadere used the greeting mojn, mojn in Akmeņu Sprostā in 1933 . For the German-speaking population of Riga at the time , both Moj'n! as well as the double greeting Moj'n! Moj'n! as early as 1904 as a greeting and a farewell, especially in business circles, among good acquaintances and among young people. Around 70,000 residents of the city spoke German at that time.

Poland

In the north of Poland , the Kashubian- speaking population (around 110,000 active speakers, around 300,000 with passive language skills) uses the greeting mòjn .

Others

Moin is also recognized as a semi-formal greeting in the German Navy because it promotes camaraderie. Managers from business and politics also use the greeting that the former Schleswig-Holstein Prime Minister Björn Engholm even described Moin as “the most ingenious word creation of all time”. The former Prime Minister Heide Simonis also used the greeting with remarkable frequency. The then Prime Minister of Lower Saxony, Christian Wulff, also extended the battle for Moin to the fact that the Microsoft Office spell check would finally take up Moin .

According to Welt von 2004, "the Low German greetings Moin and Moin, Moin ... after a multi-year recording procedure for the first time" can be found in the 23rd edition of the Spelling Duden. The Duden Volume 1, no longer binding since the spelling reform - The German spelling in the 24th edition from 2006 leads as Lemma moin, moin !, Moin, Moin! and rates it as a “North German greeting” with a note that often only moin or moin! will be written. The spelling with j is therefore not Duden-compliant. The 6th edition of the German universal dictionary published by Dudenverlag has moin [moin]; Moin [Moin] as a lemma. The binding official directory from 2006 and the no longer valid revision from 2011 do not contain the word moin .

In order to preserve the word “Moin” in German usage, the private Bremen radio station Energy Bremen has taken over a word sponsorship for the word “Moin” at the “Verein deutsche Sprache”. The station's morning show was renamed “Moin!” In August 2006. In Aabenraa (North Schleswig) of the private broadcaster is Radio Mojn home, predominantly in Danish sends broadcasts but also German-speaking parts of the program.

MoinMoin is the name of a weekly advertisingpaperfor Flensburg and the surrounding area and MoinMoin Wiki is a free wiki software based on PikiPiki. The breakfast program of the Internet station Rocket Beans TV is called #MoinMoin. The gaming podcast insert moin carries moin in the title as an allusion to the invitation insert coin on older slot machines.

Moin Moin is also the name of a song by the group Godewind known in Lower Germany , which appeared in 1980 on the album of the same name, and the name of an album by Klaus and Klaus from 1995; Hello! is the name of a song by the group Wise Guys , Mojn is the name of a song by the Danish rapper L: Ron: Harald and Møjn is also the name of a piece of music by the Danish film music composer Mikael Simpson.

Literary evidence

Little is known about older literary evidence. Even if Arno Holz , who draws on dialects and old language traditions, cannot be used as evidence of the common language, his uses show the love of language that can be associated with this expression. Here is a scene from the criticism of the Wilhelmine educational drill in the Traumulus:

LANDRAT in fur and top hat through the door on the right . Moin, gentlemen!
MOLLWEIN. Moin, Mr. District Administrator!
MAJOR. Hello!
GOLD TREE. Good Morning!
SANITARY COUNCIL. enjoy the meal!

literature

  • Karen Margrethe Pedersen: Sprogbrug and Sprogsyn hos Flertal and Mindretal in the dansk-tyske grænseregion. In: Nordisk Forening for Leksikografi og Forfatterne (ed.): Nordiske Studier i Leksikografi, no. 8, 2006, ISBN 87-7533-007-5 , pages 321 ff., 327 ff. (Danish) online ( Memento from March 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.1 MB)
  • Karen Margrethe Pedersen: Mojn - moin. In: Mål & Mæle, September 1997 edition, p. 5 ff. (Danish) målogmæle.dk (PDF)
  • Karl Prause: German greetings in New High German times. Publisher M. & H. Marcus, Breslau 1930.
  • Anna Zollinger-Escher : The greetings of German Switzerland. Dissertation, C. A. Wagner Buchdruckerei, Freiburg i. Br. 1925.
  • Christoph Landolt : Moin - the East Frisians are conquering Switzerland , in: Wortgeschichte from April 28, 2015, ed. from the Swiss Idiotikon .

Web links

Commons : Moin  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: moin  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

References and comments

  1. ↑ According to a survey from 2011, the greeting “when entering a shop in the afternoon” is widespread in Lower Saxony , Schleswig-Holstein , Bremen and Hamburg and occurs occasionally in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ; see atlas on everyday German language .
  2. ↑ region.de ( Memento from November 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ in German Nordschleswigs besides mojn also Moin, in South Jutischen there next to Mojn also Møjn (outdated also: måjn ) written.
  4. ^ Moiën is according to the Luxembourg dictionary, Volume III, ed. by the dictionary commission of the Grand Ducal Luxembourg Government, P. Linden, Luxembourg 1965–1970 a different spelling of Moin engelmann.uni.lu ; Moien spelling is also common
  5. ^ Anna Zollinger-Escher: The greetings of German Switzerland. C. A. Wagner Buchdruckerei, Freiburg i. Br. 1925.
  6. ↑ According to the study Linguistic Politeness and greetings rituals in German-speaking Switzerland by the London professor Felicity Rash in 2004, the use of Moin is expected to increase again in Switzerland, especially among young people as a greeting among colleagues and in e-mails ( text )
  7. ↑ Belok - czôrno na biôłim
  8. ↑ a b Mòjn Pòmòrskô! - 24 czerwca , Radio Kaszëbë.
  9. ↑ Moin at any time of day ; Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  10. ↑ see entry at muemmel.net , see also note on the discussion page for this article
  11. ↑ Kurt Tucholsky in Der Preußenhimmel (1920) and Mr. Wendriner's year starts well (under the pseudonym 1926)
  12. ↑ Mojn is also used in North Schleswig in German (German minority)
  13. ↑ in Ottjen Alldag 1914 books.google.de
  14. ↑ Otto Mensing: Schleswig-Holstein Dictionary . Volume 3, Wachholtz-Verlag, Neumünster, (1931)
  15. ↑ Otto Ernst (Schmidt) a. a. in: A Comedy (1904) books.google.de , Die Kunstreise nach Hümpeldorf (1905), Tartüff the Patriot (1909) here , The greatest sin (1895) here .
  16. ↑ in: Minschen bi Hamborg rüm (1919) here
  17. ↑ such as B. with Uwe Johnson in anniversaries
  18. ^ High German , Low German , Danish (incl. Sønderjysk , Sydslesvigdansk ), North Frisian , Petuh .
  19. ↑ an example of a regional convention see under Alexander Foken (the author comes from Wilhelmshaven)
  20. ↑ Jörg Peters (professor of German studies) within a film report by NWZ-TV (the Nordwest-Zeitung ) from September 19, 2012 online ( memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; see also history s – h ( memento of the original from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. with reference to: Jürgen Byl, Ostfriesland 1989/1, p. 10 ff., Aurich, 1989, Ostfriesische Landschaft @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nwzonline.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.geschichte-sh.de
  21. ↑ a b c Language: Mojn north of the border. Region Sønderjylland - Schleswig, accessed on January 10, 2015 .
  22. ↑ Peter Dragsbo, Inge Adriansen, Kirsten Clausen, Hans Helmer Kristensen and Torben Vestergaard: I centrum ved grænsen - portræt af Sønderborg Kommune . Ed .: Museet på Sønderborg Slot & Historisk Samfund for Als og Sundeved (=  Fra Als og Sundeved . Band 84 ). Sønderborg 2006, ISBN 87-87153-52-1 , E sproch - dansk og tysk, alsisk og sundevedsk, p. 128-131 (Danish).
  23. ↑ Note: According to the source history s – h with reference to Jürgen Byl, s. o., the greeting in the north of Schleswig-Holstein, however, was imported from East Frisia
  24. ^ Karen Margrethe Pedersen, Mojn - moin in Mål & Mæle. Edition September 1997, p. 5 based on a contemporary witness report (Danish) online (PDF)
  25. ^ Karl Prause: German greetings in New High German times . Verlag M. & H. Marcus, Breslau 1930, p. 12 with reference to Theodor Siebs: Helgoland and his language. Contributions to folklore and language studies, Cuxhaven / Helgoland 1909, pages 54 and 255
  26. ↑ among other things in Hein Godenwind de Admirol von Moskitonien (1911) among other things here , Hamborger Janmooten (1913), seafaring is not! (1913)
  27. ↑ projekt-gutenberg.org
  28. ↑ Arno Holz, Oskar Jerschke: Traumulus. First edition 1905, cited from Digital Library Volume 95: German Dramas from Hans Sachs to Arthur Schnitzler, p. 28929
  29. ↑ published by J. Sassenbach books.google.de
  30. ↑ published by Rolandverlag H. Boesking books.google.de
  31. ↑ Joh. Mich. Ranke is said to have been a pseudonym of Heinrich Bösking from Bremen, cf. Heinrich Bösking in the Low German Bibliography and Biography (PBuB)
  32. ^ Anna Zollinger-Escher: The greetings of German Switzerland. C. A. Wagner Buchdruckerei, Freiburg i. B. 1925, p. 43
  33. ↑ Benedikt Horn: Dialects around Lake Thun and Lake Brienz (PDF) p. 208 (PDF; 260 kB); see also entries on flightforum.ch and cosmiq.de
  34. ↑ books.google.de
  35. ^ Ernst Tappolet: The Romance family names: with special consideration of the French and Italian dialects; a contribution to comparative lexicology. Verlag Karl J. Trübner, 1895, p. 30.
  36. ↑ Georg von der Gabelentz: The linguistics. Verlag TO Weigel Successor, 1891, p. 411.
  37. ^ Hugo Ernst Mario Schuchardt: About the phonetic laws: Against the young grammarians. Oppenheim, 1885, p. 26.
  38. ^ In Nordisk tidsskrift for filologi. 1887, p. 224 ( books.google.de );
    Kristoffer Nyrop: Adjectives kønsbøjning i de romanske sprog: med en indledning om lydlov and analogi. Verlag CA Reitzels, 1886, p. 20.
  39. ↑ B. Sunday: A Double Edged Virtue . In: The Gazebo . Issue 20, 1889, pp. 330 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
  40. ↑ Abbreviated greeting "good morning" because the greeting "good morning" is itself an abbreviation from "God give you a good morning". Ref: Tomorrow 5). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 12 : L, M - (VI). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1885, Sp. 2562 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  41. ↑ Wortkarg is also the Ammerlander in his greetings; instead of “good day!” he just says “Dag!” instead of “good morning!” - “Moin,” instead of “good evening!” - “'n evening!”; Franz Poppe : Between Ems and Weser: Land and people in Oldenburg and East Friesland. Schulzesche Hof bookstore and court printing house, Oldenburg, Leipzig 1888, p. 66
  42. ↑ Br. V. Braunthal: Berlin conversation, in the academy halls . In: Berliner Conversations-Blatt für Poetry, Literature and Criticism of October 14, 1828 books.google.de (the author could be Karl Johann Braun von Braunthal , who also stayed in Berlin and lived there since 1829 books. google.de )
  43. ↑ a b Guido Eckardt: How to speak in Riga. In: Baltic Monthly . July 1, 1904 periodika.lv
  44. ↑ In the novel by Hans Dieter Baroth: But those were nice times from 1978 it says on p. 48: Moin is the Westphalian way of good morning. books.google.de
  45. ↑ Moin is no longer only understood in northern Germany . In: Hamburger Abendblatt ; Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Moin" is widespread in the south . In: The world .
  47. ↑ mōi. In: Lower Saxony dictionary. Volume VIII Column 782-787
  48. ^ According to Johannes Saß : Small Low German Dictionary . 8th edition. Verlag der Fehrs-Gilde, Hamburg 1977, p. 51 means moi, moje "pleasant".
  49. ↑ In the East Frisian Platt, moi also means “tired” botschaft.ealafryafresena.de ; however, this has a different etymology.
  50. ↑ duden.de
  51. ↑ Other sources such as B. Walter Krämer / Götz Trenkler : Lexicon of popular errors. 500 capital misunderstandings, prejudices and thinking errors from sunset to zeppelin. Eichborn-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-8218-0479-3 , however, refer to this derivation as folk etymology .
  52. ↑ Investigation by Jürgen Eichhoff (Jürgen Eichhoff: Wortatlas der deutschen vernaculars. Vol. I / II, Francke, Bern 1977/78) cited in: Volodymyr Kalinkin: Konstrastive Analyze the use of greetings and farewell formulas in German and Ukrainian. Master's thesis 2007 at the University of Duisburg-Essen, p. 24, GRIN Verlag Norderstedt, ISBN 978-3-638-92888-5 ; also quoted in: Wacław Miodek, The Greetings and Farewell Formulas in German and Polish. Julius Groos Verlag, Heidelberg 1994, p. 57 books.google.de . According to the atlas of everyday German language from the University of Augsburg (as of 2011), the area has now expanded somewhat (especially within Schleswig-Holstein) and there are also scattered specimens from other regions such as East Lower Saxony, South Hesse and South Saxony atlas -alltagsssprache.de
  53. ↑ Luxembourg Dictionary, Volume III (see above) from 1965 to 1970
  54. ↑ mōi Bed. 2. In: Lower Saxony Dictionary, Volume VIII, Column 784.
  55. ↑ Christoph Landolt: Moin - the East Frisians conquer Switzerland . In: Word history of April 28, 2015, published by the Swiss Idiotikon .
  56. ↑ Lower Saxony Dictionary, Volume VIII, Column 787/88, card 'beautiful'
  57. ↑ Jürgen Byl: Moin! The long explanation of a short greeting. In: Ostfriesland - magazine for culture, economy and traffic, 1982, issue 2, pp. 32–37
  58. ↑ a b Morn for tomorrow also occurs in the Upper German dialects, see already morn. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 12 : L, M - (VI). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1885, Sp. 2588-2589 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  59. ↑ In English (for "Morning, Twilight, Daybreak" thesaurus.com );
    Old-Middle English ( morn (e) for tomorrow dictionary.reference.com ).
  60. ↑ Among others: Horst Fuhrmann: The Middle Ages are everywhere: From the present of a past time. 3. Edition. C. H. Beck, Munich 2010, p. 37 ( books.google.de );
    Wacław Miodek: The greeting and farewell formulas in German and Polish. Julius Groos Verlag, Heidelberg 1994 ( books.google.de )
    Karl Prause: German greetings in New High German times. Verlag M. & H. Marcus, Breslau 1930, p. 10 ( books.google.de )
    Carola Otterstedt: Farewell in everyday life. Forms of greeting and farewell design in an intercultural comparison. Iudicum Verlag, Munich 1993, p. 130 ( books.google.de ).
  61. ^ The first edition, 6th reprint: Klett 1997, p. 542 (own lemma). Also in volume 36 of the digital library. Berlin 2004
  62. ^ Paul Geiger, Richard White: Atlas of Swiss Folklore. Swiss Society for Folklore, 1951, p. 7 online
  63. ↑ Not completely in line with this, the University of Basel , which in 1910 attested a "Central German pronunciation" (from: morjen ) as the starting point for the Basel student language of that time - University of Basel: Basel Student Language : An anniversary gift for the Universitaẗ Basel made by the German Seminar in Basel. Georg & Company, 1910
  64. ↑ see note from Sulzbürg / Upper Palatinate : A guun Moign sulzbuerg.de
  65. ^ Region Sønderjylland-Schleswig
  66. ↑ See entry at muemmel.net , see also note on the discussion page for this article
  67. ↑ Benedikt Horn: Dialects around Lake Thun and Lake Brienz (PDF) p. 191 (PDF; 260 kB); see also entries on flightforum.ch and cosmiq.de
  68. ↑ Benedikt Horn, s. o., p. 208
  69. ↑ L'essential of June 11, 2018: Why does everyone in Luxembourg say “Moien”? ( here online )
  70. ^ Luxembourg Dictionary, Volume II, Dictionary Commission of the Grand Ducal Luxembourg Government, P. Linden, Luxembourg 1955–1962.
  71. ↑ books.google.de
  72. ↑ Willy Lademann: Dictionary of the Teltower vernacular (Telschet Wöderbuek). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1956.
  73. ↑ Greetings and replies are not always identical, as the example of the island of Sylt from 1898 shows here in the text; see section gun moign
  74. ↑ Oscar Eckhardt: Moi! and Moinz! - How to greet and say goodbye in Chur here (PDF)
  75. ^ Karl Prause: German greetings in New High German times . Verlag M. & H. Marcus, Breslau 1930, p. 12 with reference to Theodor Siebs , Erich Johannsen: Sylter Lustspiele . Julius Abel Verlag, Greifswald 1898, p. 199 (Appendix: Short Sylt dictionary)
  76. ↑ According to Karl Prause there were quite different morning greeting formulas in northern Germany, e.g. B. komounto! ( Rostock area), Na heft ji de Froköst al ut? ( Probstei ), goen onern! ( Osnabrück area, 1756)
  77. ↑ plattmaster.de
  78. ↑ thesaurus.com
  79. ^ Dictionary.reference.com
  80. ↑ also: Moin, Møjn, Måjn, s. O.
  81. ↑ dengang.dk
  82. ↑ region.de
  83. ↑ Mikko Bentlin: Low German-Finnish language contacts: the lexical influence of Low German on the Finnish language during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Dissertation at the University of Greifswald , Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura , Helsinki 2008
  84. ↑ see also: Asger Albjerg: HEJ! DAV! MOJN! HELLO! ELLER MØJN! on-line
  85. ↑ around 500,000 speakers of West Frisian and 1.5 million of Low German (so the northern Netherlands are not clearly outside the German-speaking area)
  86. ↑ Siemon Reker: Goidag! Taalgids Groningen. In Boekvorm Uitgevers bv, Assen 2005 ISBN 90-77548-17-3 and ISBN 978-90-77548-17-2
  87. ↑ online
  88. ↑ Belok - czôrno na biôłim
  89. ^ The greeting of the Frisians spreads even in the south , October 26, 2001; accessed November 19, 2016
  90. ↑ Microsoft takes “Moin” in the Office vocabulary on July 11, 2009.
  91. ↑ "Moin" has been in Duden since the 23rd edition . In: The world . August 4, 2004.
  92. ↑ p. 699 left column
  93. ↑ p. 1160 column 3
  94. ↑ the set of rules for download
  95. ↑ insertmoin.de
  96. ↑ open.spotify.com
  97. ↑ Traumulus . A tragic comedy in 5 acts, by Arno Holz and Oskar Jerschke , first edition 1905, cited from Digital Library Volume 95: German Dramas from Hans Sachs to Arthur Schnitzler, p. 28929. Further evidence can be found in Holz's social aristocrats.