Erich Maria Remarque

Remarque is a redirect to this article. For the asteroid of the same name, see (10119) Remarque .

Erich Maria Remarque in 1929 in Davos (Switzerland)

Erich Maria Remarque (actually Erich Paul Remark ; born June 22, 1898 in Osnabrück , † September 25, 1970 in Locarno , Switzerland ) was a German writer . His novels, mostly classified as pacifist , in which he addresses the cruelty of war, are still widely used today. Already at the beginning of the Nazi regime , when the author saw nothing new through his main work, the anti-war novel Im Westen , which was first published in 1928 and filmed in Hollywood in 1930, was already world famous, he emigrated to Switzerland. His work was banned in Germany as “harmful and undesirable literature” and in 1933 it was publicly burned . The German citizenship was revoked his 1,938th He was accepted into the United States , received American citizenship and recognition as a writer.

life and work

Early years

Erich Maria Remarque was the second of four children of the bookbinder Peter Franz Remark (1867–1954) and his wife Anna Maria Remark, b. Stallknecht (1871–1917), born on June 22nd, 1898 in Osnabrück as a descendant of a "Remacle" family who immigrated from France. According to research by his childhood friend Hanns-Gerd Rabe , Erich Maria Remarque's great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, born in 1789, came from a French family in Aachen. The maiden name of his maternal grandmother is Bäumer (like the surname of the protagonist in Remarque's novel In the West Nothing New ). After graduating from Johannisvolksschule (current school name: Domschule Osnabrück ) (1904 to 1912) Remark attended the Catholic preparatory institute (1912 to 1915). From here he switched to the Royal Elementary School Teacher Seminar in Osnabrück in 1915.

Erich Maria Remarque (around 1928)

First World War

During the First World War , he was drafted as a reserve conscript in November 1916 after passing a note exam and in June 1917 he was sent to the Western Front as a soldier . At the end of July of the same year, he was wounded by several shrapnel in his arm and leg and by a shot in the neck. He came to an army hospital in Duisburg , worked here in a clerk's office after the first improvement and returned to the 1st Replacement Battalion Osnabrück in October 1918 after his recovery. In November 1918 he received the Iron Cross First Class, but was only released from the army in January 1919. During his time in the hospital, he began writing his first novel About the War in November 1917 - as he called the resulting texts at the time. From then on, shaped by his war experiences, he developed an attitude that is rated by most biographers and interpreters of his works as pacifist - antimilitarist . In fact, in his diary, which he kept during his hospital stay in Duisburg, on August 24, 1918, Remarque demanded for the period after the end of the war a "fight against the threatened militarization of youth, against militarism in all its excesses." Later Remarque emphasized in various interviews that he was an “apolitical person”.

Although Remarque in his most famous work, the novel on the Western Front , partially processed own war experiences, in which first-person narrative fictional protagonist Paul Bäumer not " alter ego to consider" Remarque. Unlike Bäumer, who enters the German army as a war volunteer in the novel , Remarque did not volunteer for military service. Another difference to the protagonist of the novel is that Remarque survived the First World War. Although, contrary to Bäumer's prognosis, he succeeded in regaining a foothold in civil life after the war and embarked on a successful writing career, Remarque was also a member of the " lost generation ".

Activity as a teacher

After the war he continued his teacher training and successfully passed the teaching examination in June 1919. From August 1, 1919, he then worked as a primary school teacher in Lohne , at that time in the Lingen district , today in the Grafschaft Bentheim , from May 1920 in Klein Berßen in the then Hümmling district , now the Emsland district , and from August 1920 in Nahne , which has been in operation since 1972 belongs to Osnabrück. This episode ended on November 20, 1920 with his application for a leave of absence from school service.

Career as a writer

Cover of the company newspaper “ Echo Continental ” with the “Contibuben”, 1926

In April 1918, while he was still in the hospital, Remarque published the text Ich und Du . Like his first novel in 1920, the artist's novel Die Traumbude , he was published in the newspaper Die Schönheit , which uncovered for “Race Rejuvenation”, “Racial Hygiene”, “a rejuvenated race of noble people of Aryan blood and with Aryan instincts” and in general for the "prerogative of Aryan mankind to increase the effect of their fertility" came into effect. In 1977, Remarque was accused of having “stood before his world success in the camp of the political right”. The dream booth was a failure. In the early days of the Weimar Republic, Remarque managed to do odd jobs, including as an agent for gravestones and organist in the “Madhouse” (processed in The Black Obelisk , first published in 1956). After all, he was a newspaper editor, including at the Osnabrücker Tageblatt , for which he worked from March 1921. In a letter to Stefan Zweig from those days he very clearly expressed his doubts about the future of his writing activities.

From mid-1921 Remarque initially worked as a freelancer for the company newspaper of the tire manufacturer Continental AG , which was published in Hanover : From April 1922 he worked as a permanent employee for the newspaper Echo Continental and was already the chief editor-in-chief in June 1923. In addition to lyrical advertising texts, he wrote the stories of the comic characters he invented The Contibuben , which he signed with "EMR" and to which Hermann Schütz contributed the drawings. Even after he switched to Scherl-Verlag in early 1925, Remarque continued the series until it was discontinued in December 1926 .;

During his time in Hanover, around 100 shorter prose texts from Remarque were published in various daily and weekly newspapers. In 1923 he went on a folding boat trip in Patagonia and wrote about it in the magazine Kanu-Sport . He was working on a novel he titled Gam and wrote an essay in 1924 entitled Guide to the Decadence. About mixing precious schnapps .

As early as 1921, the occasional use of the artist name "Remarque" is documented. He used the middle name “Maria” from November 1922 to express his admiration for Rainer Maria Rilke . At the same time he honored the memory of his mother Anna Maria. Since 1924 he has only called himself "Remarque" to emphasize his family's origins from France. In 1926, shortly after his marriage to Ilse Jutta Zambone, he bought the nobility title “Freiherr von Buchwald” through adoption for allegedly 500 RM.

From January 1, 1925 to November 15, 1928 Remarque worked for the newspaper Sport im Bild published by the Hugenberg Group . In 1927 he published another publication, Station on the Horizon , and began nothing new with Im Westen . From August 3, 1928, he was responsible for the editorial content of the newspaper Sport im Bild . In 1952, Der Spiegel reported that a few months before the publication of his novel In the West Nothing New , Remarque had written a benevolent review of Ernst Jünger's work In Stahlgewittern . However, Remarque offered his services to the publishers S. Fischer and Ullstein in 1928 , although they represented a left-liberal tendency. In March 1928 he received a rejection from S. Fischer Verlag for the submitted designs in the West, nothing new , but in August he received a letter of confirmation and the contract for publication from Ullstein Verlag . On November 10, preprinting began in the Vossische Zeitung , and on November 15, 1928, Remarque received his termination without notice from the Hugenberg Group.

In the novel Nothing New in the West , in addition to his own experiences, he mainly processed the stories of wounded soldiers he had met in the hospital, but also added freely invented episodes. The novel made Erich Maria Remarque world famous soon after its publication as a book (1929) and through the Hollywood film adaptation of Lewis Milestone (1930). For advertising reasons, the publisher and author did not seriously oppose the misunderstanding that was already widespread then that the novel was essentially based on the author's own experiences. During this time Remarque met the screenwriter and playwright Karl Gustav Vollmoeller . Their acquaintance deepened in the time of Remarque's exile after 1933. Vollmoeller dedicated his poem Ypres, written during the First World War, to him as an expression of his sympathy . In mid-November 1930 Remarque saw the film about his book in a special screening specially arranged for him in Osnabrück. On December 4th, Im Westen had nothing new for its German premiere in Berlin.

In 1931 Remarque was proposed for his work In the West by the Polish Professor Zygmund Cybichowski (1879-1944) and the American Nicholas Murray Butler (1862-1947) - also winner of the Nobel Peace Prize - for the Nobel Peace Prize. The German Officer Association (DOB) protested against this nomination on the grounds that the novel denigrated the German army and its soldiers.

Emigration to Switzerland

In August 1931 Remarque had bought a villa in Porto Ronco - near Ascona - on Lake Maggiore . He had already moved his main residence to Switzerland in April of the following year. For a short time he stayed in Berlin from November 1932 to deal with business matters, where he stayed in the Hotel “Majestic”. But after the hostility towards his film Im Westen nothing new , criminal prosecutions and the incitement of the NSDAP , especially by Joseph Goebbels , on January 31, 1933, one day after Hitler was appointed Chancellor , he finally left Germany and initially lived in Porto Ronco, a district of Ronco sopra Ascona , on the west bank of Lake Maggiore, in the Swiss canton of Ticino . Here he made contact with other emigrated writers, among others. a. to Thomas Mann , Carl Zuckmayer , Ernst Toller , Else Lasker-Schüler , Ludwig Renn and gave shelter to other, lesser-known emigrants from Germany.

Outlawed by the National Socialists

National Socialist thugs on behalf of Gauleiter Joseph Goebbels prevented the German premiere of the Oscar-winning Hollywood anti-war film In the West Nothing New on December 4, 1930 in Berlin. Disruptive actions were reported from all over the Reich, so that the film was finally banned by the German film inspection agency on December 11th. From the early summer of 1931 the film was allowed to be shown again in an abridged version "for certain groups of people and in closed events"; The production company also had to undertake "in future to only show this version approved by the German censorship authorities abroad". After Hitler was appointed Chancellor, nothing new was finally banned in the West .

Remarque's books were burned during the book burning in Germany in 1933 with the “fire spell” “Against literary betrayal of the soldiers of the World War, for educating the people in the spirit of defense!”.

In addition, the National Socialists spread the rumor that he was Jewish, that his real name was “Kramer” (the ananym of Remarque's birth name “Remark”), and that he did not take part in the war. The aftermath of this rumor is the erroneous assumption, which is still widespread today, that Remarque's original name was "Kramer".

In 1938 Remarque's German citizenship was revoked .

His sister Elfriede Scholz , who lived as a tailor in Dresden, was sentenced to death by the President of the “ People's Court ” Roland Freisler in 1943 for “ undermining military strength ” after denouncing statements against the Nazi regime that the war had already been lost Guillotine executed. As it says on the website of the peace city of Osnabrück , the blood judge Freisler referred to Erich Maria Remarque in the trial when he said: "Unfortunately, your brother got away from us, but you won't get away from us." Remarque only found out about his sister's death afterwards End of the war and then dedicated his novel Der Funke Leben (1952) to her.

Recognition in the USA

Remarque on arrival in New York in 1939

From 1939 Remarque officially lived in the USA , where he met other German emigrants such as Lion Feuchtwanger , Bertolt Brecht , Artjom Dmitriev and Marlene Dietrich . Unlike many other emigrated writers, he enjoyed a high level of recognition and fame here, which was partly due to the fact that some of his works were published in English. While in exile in America , he wrote a novel that was published in 1941 in London under the title Flotsam ("Strandgut") in English and in Stockholm under the title Love Your Neighbor in German.

After the end of the war, the German authorities made no offer to Remarque to regain his German citizenship , which he had been deprived of in 1938 . According to his own statements, he didn't value it either. In 1947, Remarque received American citizenship . From 1948 he lived alternately in the USA and in Porto Ronco in Switzerland. In Ascona, Remarque met Herbert Zangs and Marlene Dietrich in the then trendy Café Verbano .

Marriages and love affairs

Remarque was married to the dancer Jutta Ilse Zambona (born August 25, 1901, † June 25, 1975) for the first time (October 14, 1925 to January 4, 1930) and second marriage (January 22, 1938 to May 20, 1957) . Through her second marriage, he made it possible for her to immigrate to Switzerland and later asylum in the USA. In the meantime he had affairs with Marlene Dietrich, Greta Garbo and other women. His relationship with Natalia Pawlowna Paley is processed in the posthumously published novel Shadows in Paradise (or the later published version The Promised Land with the title intended by Remarque). On February 25, 1958, he married the actress Paulette Goddard , the former wife of Charlie Chaplin .

Late years in Switzerland

He lived with Paulette Goddard in his adopted home Ticino until his death .

Remarque died of cardiovascular disease . He was buried in the Ronco sopra Ascona cemetery.

Awards / honors

Memorial plaque Kaiserdamm

Memorial plaque on Wittelsbacherstrasse

• 1964 Justus Möser Medal of the City of Osnabrück (also at the suggestion of his childhood friend Hanns-Gerd Rabe )
• 1967 Award of the Great Federal Cross of Merit
• 1968 honorary citizen of Ascona
• In 1971 the former Karlsring in Osnabrück was renamed Erich-Maria-Remarque-Ring
• 1995 The historian Tony Judt founded the " Remarque Institute " of the "New York University Center for European and Mediterranean Studies".
• In 1999 the asteroid (10119) Remarque was named after him.
• In 2017 the initial reception facility at Natruper Holz in Osnabrück was renamed "Erich-Maria-Remarque-Haus".
• Commemorative plaques have been placed on the former Remarque houses in Berlin (Kaiserdamm 114, Wittelsbacherstraße 5).
• In the center of the village of Klein Berßen , where he worked from May 1920, a street is named after him.
• In Löhne (North Rhine-Westphalia) a square not far from the train station was named after him. Löhne is nothing new for the transfer station in the West .
• In Wietmarschen -Lohne a street was named after Remarque. In the schoolyard of the primary school there, a plaque commemorates his brief teaching activity in Lohne.

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the beginning of the First World War, the Osnabrück Theater in Remarque's birthplace is in charge of the “Remarque City Project”. In various parts of the city, the theater is dedicated to the person of the writer. The interdisciplinary city project Remarque accompanies the productions during the 2014/15 season with projects, readings and guided tours.

Erich Maria Remarque Peace Prize

In honor of Remarque, his hometown Osnabrück launched the Erich Maria Remarque Peace Prize in 1991 .

Erich Maria Remarque Peace Center

The Erich Maria Remarque Peace Center in Osnabrück, opened in 1996, is operated jointly by the city and the University of Osnabrück . The museum shows u. a. a permanent exhibition under the name "Independence - Tolerance - Humor" on Remarque's life and work and runs an archive on the writer.

reception

Marcel Reich-Ranicki wrote about Remarque that his prose was not characterized by artistic originality, but by craftsmanship and that it hit the nerve of the time. Although Remarque chose materials that were considered unpopular, he achieved high editions with each of his books. He only wrote what and how he liked it, and that's what the audience wanted.

For Wilhelm von Sternburg , Remarque was an "extremely precise observer of his time (...), a radical interpreter of politics, a philanthropist who kept his distance".

Works

The Remarque work is maintained by the Erich Maria Remarque Society and is largely available in paperback editions from the Kiepenheuer & Witsch publishing house . Only the dates of the (German) first editions are given below.

Novels

Nothing new in the West. 1929

• The dream shack. An artist novel. Verlag der Schönheit, Dresden 1920 (still as Erich Remark ).
• Nothing new in the west . Propylaea, Berlin 1929.
• The way back . Propylaea, Berlin 1931.
• Three comrades . Querido, Amsterdam 1938.
• Love your neighbor . Querido / Bermann-Fischer, Amsterdam / Stockholm 1941.
• Arc de Triomphe . Micha, Zurich 1946.
• The spark of life . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1952.
• Time to live and time to die . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1954.
• The black obelisk . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1956.
• Heaven knows no minions . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1961.
• The night of Lisbon . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1962.

Published posthumously

• Shade in paradise. Droemer Knaur, Munich 1971, ISBN 3-426-08996-3 , (unauthorized version of the last novel with the working title Das gelobte Land , heavily edited by the publisher ).
• The enemy . Stories. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-462-02268-7 .
• The unknown work. Early prose, works from the estate, letters and diaries. Edited by Thomas F. Schneider; Tilman Westphalia. 5 volumes in a cassette, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1998, ISBN 978-3-462-02695-5 .
• Station on the horizon. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1998, ISBN 978-3-462-02720-4 , (originally published in 1927/28 as a serial in Sport im Bild ).
• The promised land. Roman, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1998. Volume 2 of the cassette The Unknown Work: early prose, works from the estate, letters and diaries . Edited by Thomas F. Schneider; Tilman Westphalia. Kiepenheuer + W., Cologne 1998, (cassette) ISBN 3-462-02695-X . As a single volume not until 2010 as a paperback ISBN 978-3-462-04266-5 , (= KiWi Volume 1189).

Theatrical performances

• The last stop. Premiere: Renaissance-Theater Berlin, September 20, 1956.
• Performances of various adaptations of the novel In the West Nothing New for the stage in the 2014/2015 season in Bochum , Braunschweig , Celle , Göttingen , Hamburg , Hanover , Karlsruhe and Münster

• The theater project of the Rostock Jewish Community, Love Your Neighbor, was based on motifs from the novel of the same name .

Film adaptations

• 1930: on the Western Front ( All quiet on the Western Front , based on the Western Front )
• 1937: The Road Back (based on The Road Back )
• 1938: Three Comrades (based on Three Comrades )
• 1941: So Ends Our Night (based on Love Your Neighbor )
• 1947: The Other Love (based on A Burning Love )
• 1948: Arc de Triomphe ( Arch of Triumph , based on de Arc Triomphe )
• 1955: The last act (as co-scriptwriter)
• 1957: The Last Station (television; based on the Remarque play The Last Station )
• 1958: A Time to Love and a Time to Die ( based on Time to Live and Time to Die ) - Erich Maria Remarque also played the supporting role of resistance fighter Professor Pohlmann in this film.
• 1958: From the Ashes ( Iz pepla , Из пепла, TV Moscow / VGIK ) to The Last Station
• 1959: The Last Station (television; based on the Remarque play The Last Station )
• 1971: The Night of Lisbon (TV; based on The Night of Lisbon )
• 1977: Bobby Deerfield (based on Heaven Knows No Minions )
• 1979: Nothing New in the West (TV movie, All Quiet on the Western Front ; based on Nothing New in the West )
• 1984: In the shadow of the triumphal arch ( Arch of Triumph ; based on Arc de Triomphe )
• 1988: The Black Obelisk (TV movie; based on The Black Obelisk )

literature

• Mynona : Did Erich Maria Remarque really live? The man. The work. The genius. 1000 words of remarque. Steegemann, Berlin 1929.
• Alfred Antkowiak: Erich Maria Remarque. Life and work. People and Knowledge, Berlin 1965; 6. A. 1987 (= contemporary writers , volume 14)
• Heinz Ludwig Arnold (Ed.): Remarque. Text + criticism (Heft 149), München 2001, ISBN 3-88377-663-7 (In it a homage to R. von Edgar Hilsenrath , excerpt online at Hilsenrath.org ).
• Franz Baumer: EM Remarque . In: Heads of the XX. Century , Volume 85.Berlin 1976.
• Werner Fuld , Thomas F. Schneider (Ed.): Tell me that you love me. Erich Maria Remarque - Marlene Dietrich. Testimony to a passion. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-462-03032-9 , as paperback: KiWi 795, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-462-03338-7 .
• Julie Gilbert: Erich Maria Remarque and Paulette Goddard. Biography of a love. List, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-471-79349-6 .
• Markus Henkel: Walter Flex and Erich Maria Remarque - a comparison. War image and processing of war in Walter Flex's “The Wanderer Between Two Worlds” (1916) and Erich Maria Remarque's “Nothing New in the West” (1929). In: Heinrich Mann-Jahrbuch 19 (2001), pp. 177–213.
• Denis Herold: Forms and functions of the New Objectivity in Erich Maria Remarque's novels. Tectum, Marburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8288-3023-3 .
• Ruth Marton : My friend bonuses. Memories of Erich Maria Remarque. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1993
• Thomas F. Schneider: Erich Maria Remarque. A chronicler of the 20th century. A biography in pictures and documents. Rasch, Osnabrück 1991, ISBN 3-922469-54-X .
• Mariana Parvanova: "... the symbol of eternity is the circle". An examination of the motifs in the novels of Erich Maria Remarque. Tenea, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-86504-028-4 .
• Mariana Parvanova: EM Remarque in Communist Literary Criticism in the Soviet Union and Bulgaria. ReDiRoma, Remscheid 2009, ISBN 978-3-86870-056-5 .
• Heinrich Placke: The ciphers of the utopian. On the literary content of Remarque's political novels from the 1950s. V&R unipress, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-89971-166-1 .
• Thomas F. Schneider (Ed.): Erich Maria Remarque Yearbook. V&R unipress, Göttingen 1991 ff.
  • Volume XVII: Erich Maria Remarque and the comic , 2007, ISBN 3-89971-365-6 .
• Thomas F. Schneider, Tilman Westphalen (ed.): Reue is un-German. EM Remarques “The Spark of Life” and the Buchenwald concentration camp. (Catalog for the exhibition). Rasch, Bramsche 1992, ISBN 3-922469-73-6 .
• Thomas F. Schneider (Ed.): The eye is a strong seducer. Erich Maria Remarque and the film. Rasch (Writings of the Erich Maria Remarque Archive 13), Osnabrück 1998, ISBN 3-932147-51-0 .
• Thomas F. Schneider, Inge Jaehner (Ed.): Remarques Impressionists. Art collecting and trading in exile . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2013 ISBN 978-3-525-30044-2 .
• Wilhelm von Sternburg : "As if everything were the last time". Erich Maria Remarque. A biography. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1998; as paperback: KiWi 581, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-462-02917-7 .
• Wilhelm von Sternburg :  Remarque, Erich Maria. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-428-11202-4 , p. 414 f. ( Digitized version ).
• Heinrich Thies : The lost sister. Elfriede and Erich Maria Remarque. zu Klampen Verlag, Springe 2020, ISBN 978-3-86674-618-3 .
• Tilman Westphalen (Ed.): Erich Maria Remarque 1898–1970. Rasch, Osnabrück 1988, ISBN 3-922469-35-3 .
• Citizens of the world against their will . In: Der Spiegel . No. 2 , 1952 ( online - cover story).

Biography

• Remarque - His Road to Fame. Documentary drama by Hanno Brühl with Max von Thun , Esther Zimmering , Julia Nachtmann , Jörg Panknin a . a. NDR 2008

Web links

Commons : Erich Maria Remarque  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wikiquote: Erich Maria Remarque  - Quotes

• Literature by and about Erich Maria Remarque in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Erich Maria Remarque  in the German Digital Library
• Newspaper article about Erich Maria Remarque in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
• Publications by and about Erich Maria Remarque in the Helveticat catalog of the Swiss National Library
• Erich Maria Remarque Society e. V.
• Erich Maria Remarque Peace Center
• Ulrich Goerdten: Annotated link collection of the University Library of the Free University of Berlin ( Memento from October 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
• Claudia Bannert: Erich Maria Remarque. Tabular curriculum vitae in the LeMO ( DHM and HdG )
• Erich Maria Remarque - portrait and autograph
• The Life and Writings of Erich Maria Remarque . - Biography, photos and information on the Erich Maria Remarque and Paulette Goddard estate in the archive of the Fales Library, New York
• Erich Maria Remarque in the culture portal Northwest
• Tomb of Erich Maria Remarque and Paulette Goddard in Ronco sopra Ascona

Individual evidence

1. ↑ List of harmful and undesirable literature .
2. ^ Wilhelm Kühlmann (Ed.): Killy Literature Lexicon . Volume 9. Os-Roq. De Gruyter, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-022044-5 , p. 551.
3. ↑ Remarque, Erich Maria (actually Erich Paul Remark) in the German biography , accessed on May 9, 2015.
4. ↑ Jolana Landová: Exile, War and Flight in France between 1933 and 1941, depicted in selected works by German writers , Charles University in Prague, 2009, p. 46.
5. ↑ Julian Hölscher: Where the Remarque Square got its name from. Retrieved February 18, 2020 . 
6. ^ Extract from the German lists of losses (Preuss. 918) of August 23, 1917 , p. 20215.
7. ↑ Remarque's novels and biography in: http://www.lili.uni.osnabrueck.de/remarque/bio.htm and Erich Maria Remarque-Friedenszentrum .
8. ^ Hubert Wetzel: Erich Maria Remarque in the First World War. Six weeks in hell. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. March 25, 2014.
9. ^ From Remarque's diary. In: Erich Maria Remarque: Nothing new in the West. Novel. Edited and provided with materials by Thomas F. Schneider. Cologne. Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch 2014, p. 286.
10. ↑ Bernhard Stegemann: "The world has only been brought forward by bad students". Erich Maria Remarque as a teacher in Emsland . In: Emsland yearbook. Yearbook of the Emsland Heimatbund. Vol. 55 (2009), pp. 149-160.
11. ↑ Armin Kerker: Mixed Double - Nothing new in the West and so on. A missed Remarque biography. In: The time. November 18, 1977.
12. ↑ Fred Bergmann: Early Advertising / Something New in the West ... , article under the heading one day on the Spiegel Online website from September 4, 2009, last accessed on February 4, 2018
13. ↑ Erich Maria Remarque archive: Erich Maria Remarque. The first stages of his life. literaturatlas.de
14. ↑ Remarque's novels and biography in: https: www.lili.uni-osnabrueck.de/remarque/bio.htm
15. ↑ Citizens of the world against their will . In: Der Spiegel . No. 2 , 1952 ( online - cover story).
16. ↑ Erich Maria Remarque - short biography in dates . Erich Maria Remarque Peace Center
17. ↑ The novel was first published by the Vossische Zeitung as a serial novel until December 9th, before it was published in full by Propylaeen Verlag in 1929 . Both the Vossische Zeitung and the Propylaen Verlag belonged to the Ullstein Group during the Weimar Republic.
18. ^ Reprint of the poem at the Karl Vollmoeller Freundeskreis, in the Internet archive ( Memento from August 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 9, 2017.
19. ^ The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956
20. ↑ deutsches-filminstitut.de ( Memento from February 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).
21. ↑ Erich Maria Remarque Rundgang , website of the city of Osnabrück, accessed on May 3, 2011.
22. ^ Thomas Schneider: Erich Maria Remarque: A chronicler of the 20th century, A biography in pictures and documents . Rasch Verlag Bramsche, Germany 1991, pp. 94-95.
23. ↑ Date of birth according to biography on remarque.uni-osnabrueck.de
24. ↑ Jutta Ilse Zambona
25. ↑ Erich Maria Remarque and his hometown , Anne Reinert, in: Osnabrücker Zeitung, August 11, 2014.
26. ^ Remarque Institute
27. ^ New York University Center for European and Mediterranean Studies
28. ↑ The initial reception facility at the Natruper Holz in Osnabrück becomes the "Erich-Maria-Remarque-Haus" , hasepost.de, August 30, 2017, accessed on December 27, 2017.
29. ↑ Memorial plaques for Erich Maria Remarque
30. ↑ Theater Osnabrück: City Project Remarque ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
31. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, July 11, 2004, No. 28, p. 21
32. ↑ Universitas , No. 864 (2018), p. 68
33. ↑ Schauspielhaus Bochum: Nothing New in the West based on the novel by Erich Maria Remarque ( Memento from March 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
34. ↑ Schauspiel Staatstheater Braunschweig Nothing new in the west ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
35. ↑ Schlosstheater Celle: Nothing new in the west based on the novel by Erich Maria Remarque in a play development by Michael Klammer ( Memento from February 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
36. ↑ Young Theater Göttingen: Nothing new in the West. Adaptation of the novel after Erich Maria Remarque. Stage version by Nico Dietrich and Tobias Sosinka ( Memento from January 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
37. ^ Thalia Theater: FRONT - Nothing new in the west. Polyphony based on Erich Maria Remarque, Henri Barbusse and contemporary documents. A coproduction with NTGent
38. ↑ Staatsschauspiel Hannover: Nothing new in the west from Erich Maria Remarque
39. ^ Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe: Nothing new in the west. Classroom piece based on the novel by Erich Maria Remarque
40. ^ Cactus Junge Theater Münster: Nothing new in the west based on the novel by Erich Maria Remarque ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
41. ↑ 3rd Jewish Culture Days 2018