Zofia Potocka

Unknown painter: Zofia de Witte, formerly Uman ( Ukraine ).

Hubert Maurer : Zofia divorced de Witte, Vienna 1797, artinfo.pl.

Zofia Potocka ( Ukrainian Софія Потоцька Sofija Potozka , Russian София Потоцкая Sofija Potozkaja , unmarried Glavani, divorced de Witte * 12. January 1760 in Bursa , † 24. November 1822 in Berlin ) was a fatal Femme that distinguish it from the minor courtesan in Istanbul brought to the wife of the richest magnate Russian Poland .

Idealized, demonized

With her beauty and her prominent lovers, she became, like her contemporaries Madame du Barry and Lady Hamilton, the subject of history, but also of popular science and fiction . The fact that she was idealized by the Russian side and demonized by the Polish side has to do with her role in the last partitions of Poland . As early as 1781 , the poet Stanisław Trembecki compared her to Helena , who brought down Troy . And Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , whose appearance also reminded you of that of Aspasia and Lais , later wrote: "This beautiful, so enchantingly shaped body hid the most false soul."

biography

Origin, first lover

Jean-Baptiste Hilaire: Port of Istanbul , around 1780, Istanbul.

According to her lover Karol Boscamp-Lasopolski, Zofia was born in Bithynian Bursa (south of Istanbul ). Her father Konstantinos was a Greek cattle dealer whose family name has not been passed down. At the age of twelve she came to live with a younger sister of her mother Maria, who married a merchant named Glavani in the capital of the Ottoman Empire . Zofia took on his family name, although the couple soon separated. Then her parents also moved to Istanbul, where the father became a slaughterhouse supervisor. But he died when Zofia was fifteen. Then mother and daughter began to prostitute each other, following the example of the aunt mentioned .

At seventeen Zofia became Boscamp's mistress . This adventurer had started his diplomatic career as a Prussian agent with the Crimean Tatars , where he aroused the envy of the Khan with his eye for feminine beauty . In 1777/78 he was an extraordinary intern in Poland at the Sublime Porte . He gave Zofia lessons in French , the mastery of which later opened the doors of the European courts to her . (On the other hand, she never really learned Polish.) When Boscamp was recalled less than a year later, he left her money to support her.

First marriage, trip to Europe

Kamianets-Podilskyi fortress (Ukraine).

Catholic Church, Zinkiwzi.

In 1779 Zofia followed her now widowed lover to Poland. When he heard that she was leading a free life in Focșani (Romania), he asked her to return to Istanbul. But his letter did not reach them until the Polish border fortress Kamjanez-Podilskyj. Zofia then secretly married the major of the royal artillery Józef de Witte (1739-1815) in the neighboring village of Zinkiwzi . He had learned the craft of war in Vienna and then trained in France. His father Jan de Witte (1709–1785) was the commandant of Kamyanets and an important architect , whose Dominican church in Lviv is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In order to cover up the Mésalliance , Zofia was passed off as the daughter of the Phanariot Celice and great-granddaughter of Pantelis Mavrokordatos with family ties to former Byzantine princes. In 1781 Józef took her on a trip to Europe. In Warsaw it was presented to King Stanisław August and was the attraction of the salons . When the monarch visited Kamianets in the same year, Jan de Witte built a triumphal arch for him . In the meantime, Józef and Zofia traveled on to Berlin , Paris and Vienna . The “beautiful Bithynier” or “beautiful Phanariot” seems to have become an icon of Turkish fashion ( Mozart's Abduction from the Seraglio dated 1782) and to have had affairs in the very highest circles. It is also said that she was the model for the anonymous portrait "Bella Potocka" , which was formerly in Berlin and was often copied; but this seems questionable, especially since it was only called Potocka from 1798 onwards. She gave birth to her first son in Paris in 1781. In Vienna, Joseph II granted the couple audience the following year , while Pope Pius VI , who had traveled at the same time . was not given an opportunity to protest against the emperor's church reforms . State Chancellor Kaunitz even revealed to Zofia that a joint war between Russia and Austria against Turkey was imminent.

Turkish war, Potjomkin

Carl Schütz : Transfer from Bender ( Moldova ) to Potjomkin , 1789.

After the death of his father, Józef was his successor as major general . When the Russo-Austrian Turkish War broke out, the Wittes are said to have spied for Russia . In 1788/89 Zofia was portrayed in Warsaw by Giovanni Battista Lampi . After he had painted the heads of his models, he completed the paintings in Vienna. Zofia then appears once as a chaste Vestal Virgin and once as Victorious Venus . Her husband was adopted as lieutenant general in 1789 . He then entered the Russian service as the commander of Kherson (Ukraine).

Zofia came to the headquarters of the Russian commander-in-chief Grigori Potjomkin (1739–1791), who surrounded himself with beautiful women, and became his last mistress. When the “Prince of Tauria ” returned to Petersburg in triumph in 1791 , the Wittes were in his entourage. Sebag Montefiore describes Zofia in his Potjomkin biography as "now twenty-five years old, with blonde curls, a noble Grecian face and violet eyes". In reality, according to Boscamp, she was six years older, black-haired and black-eyed. Of the portraits that they are supposed to depict, only one corresponds to the description of Montefiore. It also failed this, their highlighted by Boscamp intelligence to mention.

Potocki, partition of Poland

Jean-Pierre Norblin : Hanging of the traitors in effigie , 1794, Warsaw .

After Potjomkin's death, Zofia formed a relationship with Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki (1751–1805), Poland's richest magnate, at the Russian headquarters in Iași ( Romania ) . This despite the fact that in 1786 she had allowed herself to be caught in an intrigue against the magnate party. Potocki mostly lived in the classical palace that he had built in Tultschyn (southwest of Kiev ), while his wife belonged to the court of Catherine II in Petersburg and is said to have betrayed him. Like Potjomkin and other opponents of the French Revolution , Lampi had portrayed him in medieval armor . Fearing for his privileges , he fought against the Polish constitution of May 3, 1791 . In 1792 he participated as Marshal of the Targowica Confederation in the occupation of Poland by Russia . The quoted Niemcewicz compared the behavior of the Confederates at the time with the act of Herostratus , who set fire to the temple of Artemis in Ephesus .

Zofia moved to Potocki in Tultschyn. He probably had two sons, whom she gave birth to in 1793 (in Mińsk Mazowiecki ) and the following year. It is disputed whether she influenced her lover in the interests of Catherine II . In order to distance themselves from the Second Partition of Poland , the couple lived temporarily in Hamburg from 1793 to 1795 , where Potocki had another palace built. But in between he went to Petersburg to join the Russian army (in 1797 he reached the rank of Général en chef ), while Zofia and the children visited the Queen of Prussia . After the Kościuszko uprising of 1794, Potocki was sentenced to death as a traitor in Warsaw and hanged in effigy , and his property was confiscated . Boscamp fell as a suspected agent of Russia's lynching victim. The former great power Poland was divided for the third time the following year and was not supposed to regain its independence until 1918.

Second marriage, Sofiyivka Park

Joseph Lacroix: Central part of the Potocki Palace, Tultschyn (Ukraine).

Returning to his possessions, which now belong to Russia, Potocki, at Zofia's request, had the Sofijiwka Landscape Park built in his secondary residence Uman (south of Kiev) , which is now one of the tourist attractions of Ukraine. The model was Helena Radziwiłłowas Arkadia bei Nieborów , architect Ludwik Metzell. The Trembecki quoted sang the park in a long poem.

Witte received a princely reward for agreeing to the divorce. In 1798 Potocki was also divorced and was able to marry his mistress, who had given birth to a daughter the year before. In the following two years the couple went on a honeymoon in Europe. Witte concluded a second marriage with Karolina Ostroróg in 1801. This brought serious allegations against her predecessor in a complaint when Potocki died in 1805. Then Zofia would have prostituted herself on the European tour of 1781/82. It seems more reliable that she cheated on Potocki and his son Szczęsny Jerzy (1776–1809) and finally drove them insane .

Sophiopolis, death

Napoleon Orda : Potocki Palace, Nemyriv (Ukraine).

Anne's Church , Talne .

Zofia's closest admirer was the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Nikolai Novossilzew (1761–1838). He supported her in Petersburg with the division of the estate, which brought her, among other things, the secondary residence Nemyriw near Tultschyn. The consumptive Szczęsny Jerzy spent the last years of his life in Paris. Around 1810 , Zofia unsuccessfully propagated the construction of a luxury resort called Sophiopolis on the southern tip of the Crimea . When the writer Auguste de La Garde visited them in 1811, alleged arson attacks had just destroyed the thatched wooden houses in Tultschyn and Nemyriw.

Zofia gave the court in Tultschyn new splendor until her son Mieczysław, who had come of age, drove her out of it in 1820. In connection with this, she declared Mieczysław to be the child of an Italian who raped her on her honeymoon . In 1822 she wanted to have a tumor removed in Paris , but died on the way there in Berlin . She was transferred to Uman and is now buried in the Annenkirche in neighboring Talne .

progeny

Of Zofia's ten children (seven sons and three daughters), two probably had Józef de Witte, six Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, one the aforementioned Italian and one Szczęsny Jerzy Potocki as their father:

Jan de Witte (1781–1840), ∞ Józefa Lubomirska widowed Walewska (approx. 1770–1851)
Kornel de Witte (1784–?)
Konstanty Potocki (1793–1797)
Mikołaj Potocki (1794–1797)
Helena Potocka (1797-1803)
Aleksander Potocki (1798–1868)
Mieczysław Potocki (1799–1878), ∞ (1) 1825 Delfina Komar (1807–1877), ∞ (2) 1844 Emilia Świejkowska (1821–1894)
Zofia Potocka (1801–1875), ∞ 1821 Pawel Kisseljow (1788–1872)
Olga Potocka (1803–1861), ∞ 1824 Lew Naryshkin (1785–1846)
Bolesław Potocki (1806–1875), ∞ 1825 Maria Sałtykowa (1807–1845)

The three-tear cascade in Sofijiwka commemorates the illegitimate children who died early . As a double agent, Jan de Witte revealed the plans for Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812 . As a Russian general, he was involved in the suppression of the November uprising in Poland in 1831 . He also had a liaison with Balzac's sister-in-law Karolina Sobańska, born Rzewuska (1795–1885). Mieczysław Potocki was divorced twice for violence, deported for other crimes and died in Paris. Olga Naryshkina had a liaison with her brother-in-law Kisselev. Aleksander Potocki and Zofia Kisseljowa, who left their husband, supported the November uprising and emigrated to Rome and Paris, respectively.

gallery

Portraits, handwriting

Unknown painter: Zofia de Witte (?), Miniature , Warsaw .
French school (?): "Bella Potocka", pastel , formerly Berlin .
Giovanni Battista Lampi : Zofia de Witte as a Vestal Virgin , ca.1789, Trento .
Giovanni Battista Lampi: Zofia de Witte as Victorious Venus , approx. 1789, Petersburg .
Unknown painter: Zofia Potocka, ca.1815.
Zofia Potocka: Autograph , 1821, Krakow (French).

Lover, admirer

Unknown painter: Karol Boscamp-Lasopolski.
Giovanni Battista Lampi: King Stanisław August , Wroclaw .
Giovanni Battista Lampi: Grigori Potjomkin , Petersburg.
Giovanni Battista Lampi: Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki , Paris (far left: Szczęsny Jerzy).
Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun : Szczęsny Jerzy Potocki.
Stepan Shchukin : Nikolai Novossilzew , Petersburg.

children

Pietro de Rossi: Jan de Witte, 1805.
George Dawe : Jan de Witte, Petersburg.
Nicolas Maurin after a daguerreotype by Perraud (Rome 1846): Aleksander Potocki.
Antoni Lange: Mieczysław Potocki, miniature, 1844, Montrésor Castle .
George Hayter : Zofia Kisseljowa, Petersburg.
Unknown painter: Olga Naryshkina, miniature.
Heinrich Hollpein : Bolesław Potocki with daughters.

Sofiyivka Park

After William Allan : Grotto of Calypso .
After William Allan: three tear cascade and broken column.
After William Allan: Ship of Cleopatra .
After William Allan: Grotto of Fear and Doubt.

Scientific literature

Jerzy Zdrada: Zofia Kisielewowa (z domu Potocka). In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny , Volume 12, 1966/67 ( digitized version ).

Jerzy Łojek: Dzieje pięknej Bitynki […] (Story of the beautiful Bithynierin […]). Wydawnictwo Pax, Warszawa 1970 (authoritative biography, several other editions).

Barbara Konarska: Aleksander Potocki. In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Volume 27, 1982/83 ( digitized version ).

Jerzy Łojek: Potomkowie Szczęsnego […] ( Szczęsny's descendants […]). Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, Lublin 1983.

Ryszard W. Wołoszyński: Potocka 1. v [oto] Vittowa Zofia. In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Volume 27, 1983.

Emanuel Rostworowski: Stanisław Szczęsny (Feliks) Potocki h. Pilawa. In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Volume 28, 1984/85 ( digitized version ).

Jerzy Łojek: Dzieje zdrajcy (story of a traitor). Wydawnictwo Śląsk, Katowice 1988, ISBN 83-222-0119-2 (biography of Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki).

Hanna Widacka: O portretach pani na Tulczynie "przez Szczęsnego uwielbione" (About the portraits of the lady "glorified by Szczęsny" in Tultschyn ). In: Sztuka.pl - Gazeta Antykwaryczna (Kraków), 11 f., 1999.

Вікторія Колесник (Wiktoria kolesnyk): Відомі поляки в історії Вінниччини: біографічний словник (Outstanding Poland in the history of the region Vinnytsia : Biographical Dictionary). Розвиток, Вінниця (Vinnytsia) 2007, ISBN 9789668877056 .

Татьяна Михайловна Фадеева (Tatiana Mikhailovna Fadeeva): Две Софии и Пушкин […] (Two Sophia and Pushkin […]). Бизнес Информ, Симферополь ( Simferopol ) 2008, ISBN 978-966-648-179-8 .

Павло Георгійович Усенко (Pavlo Usenko Heorhiyovych): Серпанкова прелюдія "Софіївки" - Потоцькі [...] (The unknown Prelude to " Sofijiwka " - Potocki [...]). Національна академія наук України ( National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ), Київ ( Kiev ) 2010, ISBN 978-966-02-5544-9 .

Павло Георгійович Усенко: Потоцька (Potocka) Софія (Zofia) Костянтинівна. In: Енциклопедія історії України ( Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine ), Volume 8, Національна академія наук України, Київ 2011, ISBN 978-966-00-11в 2011, ISBN 978-966-00-111в 2011 ( Digital 978-966-00-11 ).

Miscellaneous

Antoine-François Mauduit : Le Compas et la lyre, ou Deux époques de ma vie, opuscule en vers, composé pour S. E. Mme la Ctesse S. Potocka. A. Pluchart, Saint-Pétersbourg 1810.
Comte A. de La Garde [Auguste-Louis-Charles comte de La Garde-Chambonas]: Fêtes et souvenirs du congrès de Vienne […] Volume 2, A. Appert / Brockhaus et Avenarius, Paris / Leipsick 1843, p. 317 -338 ( digitized version ).
Matias Bersohn: Zofia Potocka. In: Kłosy: czasopismo ilustrowane, tygodniowe, poświęcone literaturze, nauce i sztuce (Warszawa), August 29, 1868 ( digitized version ), p. 8 f. (= P. 132 f.).
Countess Sophia Potoczka [sic]. Historical novella. In: Ladies Almanac by Louise Mühlbach , Dürr, Leipzig 1870, pp. 89–340 ( digitized version ).
Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849): Le roi de Ladawa: roman historique de la dernière révolution de Pologne. Edited by Manfred Kridl, K. Wojnar, Warszawa 1924.
Karol Boscamp-Lasopolski († 1794): Moje przelotne miłostki z młodą Bitynką. Opowieść prawdziwa, czyli malowniczy życiorys sławnej Piękności Grecko-azjatyckiej ... całość wyjęta for dziennika byłego ministra przy Porcie Ottomańskiej ... (My fleeting affair with a young Bithynierin . True story, or picturesque biography of the famous Greek Asian beauty ... All of taken from the diary of a former minister at the gate ...). Edited by Jerzy Łojek, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1963, in it the original text: Mes amours éphémères avec une jeune Bithynienne. Roman véritable, ou bien biography pittoresque de la fameuse beauté gréco-asiatique ... Le tout tiré du journal d'un ancien ministre près la Porte ... (pp. 97–142).
Antoni Józef Rolle (1830–1894): Wybór pism (Selected Writings). Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1966, in the 1st volume: Losy pięknej kobiety (The fate of a beautiful woman), Fatyma (Fatima); in the 2nd volume: Dwór tulczyński (The Tultschyn Court ).
Павло Іванович Наніїв (Pavlo Ivanovych Naniïv): Тричі продана: історічна повість (sold three times: historical story). Маяк, Одеса ( Odessa ) 1969.
Antoni Chrząszczewski (1770–1851): Pamiętnik oficjalisty Potockich z Tulczyna (Diary of a Potocki official from Tultschyn). Edited by Jerzy Piechowski, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich , Wrocław 1976.
Eva Stachniak : Garden of Venus . HarperCollins, Toronto 2005, ISBN 978-0007180448 (sold in the UK under the title Dancing with Kings ).
Joh. RM Christl: Invisible ink. Sophia Potocka, the famous spy on behalf of Catherine the Great […] Rediroma, Remscheid 2018, ISBN 978-396103-386-7 .
Joh. RM Christl: The Sofijia [sic] Park in Uman : A garden of lust and hidden shoots […] Rediroma, Remscheid 2018, ISBN 978-3-96103-468-0 .

Web links

Commons : Zofia Potocka - collection of images, videos and audio files

Наталка Сопіт (Natalka Sopit): Прекрасна Софія - і подарунок їй - парк Софіївка від графа Потоцького (The beautiful Zofia - and the gift for them - the Sofiyivsky Park of Count Potocki) on YouTube , in 2006, Ukrainian with English subtitles, 15 min .

Individual evidence

↑ Agata Roćko: Fenomen kobiecej urody: "Do thoseałowej Wittowej przejeżdżającej z mężem przez Warszawę do wód spaskich" (The phenomenon of female beauty: "To General Witte, who went to the spa baths via Warsaw with her husband ") In: Czytanie Trembeckiego ( read Trembecki ) 1, Edmund Rabowicz's commemorative publication, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa 2016, ISBN 978-83-65573-31-5 , pp. 233–248.

^ Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz : Pamiętniki czasów moich (Memories of my time). Volume 1, Tower Press, Gdańsk 2000 ( digitized version), p. 52 f .: "Ta tak piękna, tak czarująca postać ciała zawierała w sobie najprzewrotniejszą duszę."

↑ See Władysław Konopczyński : Karol Boscamp-Lasopolski. In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny , Volume 2, Polska Akademia Nauk , Kraków 1936, pp. 372–374.

↑ Theodor Mundt : Crimea -Girai, an ally of Frederick the Great [...] Heinrich Schindler, Berlin 1855 ( digitized ), passim .

↑ Neil Jeffares: Dictionary of pastellists before 1800 […] Here: French School […], Updated 21 August 2020 ( digitized version ), p. 10 f.

↑ Jerzy Łojek: Dzieje pięknej Bitynki […] (story of the beautiful Bithynierin […]). Wydawnictwo Pax, Warszawa 1970, pp. 96-99.

↑ Fernando Mazzocca, Roberto Pancheri, Alessandro Casagrande (eds.): Un ritrattista nell'Europa delle corti: Giovanni Battista Lampi , 1751-1830. Provincia Autonoma di Trento , Trento 2001, p. 230 f. (Vestalin), p. 276 f. (Victorious Venus).

↑ Sebag Montefiore : Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin . Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 2000, ISBN 0-312-27815-2 , p. 461.

↑ According to Auguste-Louis-Charles comte de La Garde-Chambonas: Voyage de Moscou à Vienne […] Treuttel et Würtz, Paris 1824, p. 112 ( digitized version ), Potocki - serfs of both sexes, Szlachta , Jews - and merchants added up - against 500,000 subjects.

↑ Marquis d'Aragon: Un paladin au XVIIIe siècle: le prince Charles de Nassau-Siegen , d'après sa correspondance originale inédite de 1784 à 1789. E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie, Paris 1893, pp. 95-97 ( digitized ).

^ Tadeusz Jaroszewski: Pałac w Tulczynie i początki architektury klasycyzmu na Ukrainie (The Palace in Tultschyn and the beginnings of classical architecture in Ukraine). In: Przegląd Wschodni (Warszawa), 1/1, 1991, pp. 83–111.

^ Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz : Herostrat. Powieść wierszem (Herostrat. Verse novel). In: Królowa Golkondy (The Queen of Golkonda), no location 1792, pp. 65–70 ( digitized version ).

^ Theodor Schrader: Hotel Potocki. In: Communications from the Association for Hamburg History . Volume 11, 33/1913, pp. 417-427, 450-453 ( digitized version ).

↑ Wojciech Brzezowski, Marzanna Jagiełło: Od "Zofiówki" do Національний дендрологічний парк "Софіївка" [...] (From "Zofiówka" to the Dendrological National Park "Sofijiwka" [...]). In: Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki : Współczesna ranga Zieleni zabytkowej (The contemporary rank of historical greenery), Seria architektura, Monografia 492, Kraków 2015 ( digitized version), pp. 37–64.

^ Necrology by Kazimierz Władysław Wóycicki : Cmentarz Powązkowski pod Warszawą (The Powązki Cemetery near Warsaw). In: Biblioteka warszawska […] 1854, Volume 1, A. Krasiński, Warszawa, pp. 15–23 ( digitized version ).

↑ Sophiowka , poème polonais par Stanisław Trembecki . Traduit en vers français par le comte de Lagarde [Auguste-Louis-Charles comte de La Garde-Chambonas]. Antoine Strauss, Vienne 1815 (with original Polish text and illustrations by Wilhelm Friedrich Schlotterbeck after William Allan ) ( digitized version ).

↑ Dominique Triaire: Jean Potocki , cosmopolite européen? In: Entre Pologne et France, le cosmopolitisme des Lumières (proceedings), Accademia Polacca delle Scienze , Rome 2018 ( digitized version), pp. 68–85, here: pp. 80–84.

↑ Auguste-Louis-Charles comte de La Garde-Chambonas: Voyage de Moscou à Vienne […] Treuttel et Würtz, Paris 1824, pp. 75–93, 101–143 ( digitized version ).

↑ Michel ( pseudonym ): Витт (Jan de Wittе) Иван Осипович (1781–1840) ( digitized version ).

personal data
SURNAME	Potocka, Zofia
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Потоцька, Софія Костянтинівна; Потоцкая, София Константиновна; Glavani, Zofia; de Witte, Zofia
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Greek courtesan, Polish noblewoman
DATE OF BIRTH	January 12, 1760
PLACE OF BIRTH	Bursa
DATE OF DEATH	November 24, 1822
Place of death	Berlin

[1] Agata Roćko: Fenomen kobiecej urody: "Do thoseałowej Wittowej przejeżdżającej z mężem przez Warszawę do wód spaskich" (The phenomenon of female beauty: "To General Witte, who went to the spa baths via Warsaw with her husband ") In: Czytanie Trembeckiego ( read Trembecki ) 1, Edmund Rabowicz's commemorative publication, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa 2016, ISBN 978-83-65573-31-5 , pp. 233–248.

[2] Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz : Pamiętniki czasów moich (Memories of my time). Volume 1, Tower Press, Gdańsk 2000 ( digitized version), p. 52 f .: "Ta tak piękna, tak czarująca postać ciała zawierała w sobie najprzewrotniejszą duszę."

[3] See Władysław Konopczyński : Karol Boscamp-Lasopolski. In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny , Volume 2, Polska Akademia Nauk , Kraków 1936, pp. 372–374.

[4] Theodor Mundt : Crimea -Girai, an ally of Frederick the Great [...] Heinrich Schindler, Berlin 1855 ( digitized ), passim .

[5] Neil Jeffares: Dictionary of pastellists before 1800 […] Here: French School […], Updated 21 August 2020 ( digitized version ), p. 10 f.

[6] Jerzy Łojek: Dzieje pięknej Bitynki […] (story of the beautiful Bithynierin […]). Wydawnictwo Pax, Warszawa 1970, pp. 96-99.

[7] Fernando Mazzocca, Roberto Pancheri, Alessandro Casagrande (eds.): Un ritrattista nell'Europa delle corti: Giovanni Battista Lampi , 1751-1830. Provincia Autonoma di Trento , Trento 2001, p. 230 f. (Vestalin), p. 276 f. (Victorious Venus).

[8] Sebag Montefiore : Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin . Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 2000, ISBN 0-312-27815-2 , p. 461.

[9] According to Auguste-Louis-Charles comte de La Garde-Chambonas: Voyage de Moscou à Vienne […] Treuttel et Würtz, Paris 1824, p. 112 ( digitized version ), Potocki - serfs of both sexes, Szlachta , Jews - and merchants added up - against 500,000 subjects.

[10] Marquis d'Aragon: Un paladin au XVIIIe siècle: le prince Charles de Nassau-Siegen , d'après sa correspondance originale inédite de 1784 à 1789. E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie, Paris 1893, pp. 95-97 ( digitized ).

[11] Tadeusz Jaroszewski: Pałac w Tulczynie i początki architektury klasycyzmu na Ukrainie (The Palace in Tultschyn and the beginnings of classical architecture in Ukraine). In: Przegląd Wschodni (Warszawa), 1/1, 1991, pp. 83–111.

[12] Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz : Herostrat. Powieść wierszem (Herostrat. Verse novel). In: Królowa Golkondy (The Queen of Golkonda), no location 1792, pp. 65–70 ( digitized version ).

[13] Theodor Schrader: Hotel Potocki. In: Communications from the Association for Hamburg History . Volume 11, 33/1913, pp. 417-427, 450-453 ( digitized version ).

[14] Wojciech Brzezowski, Marzanna Jagiełło: Od "Zofiówki" do Національний дендрологічний парк "Софіївка" [...] (From "Zofiówka" to the Dendrological National Park "Sofijiwka" [...]). In: Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki : Współczesna ranga Zieleni zabytkowej (The contemporary rank of historical greenery), Seria architektura, Monografia 492, Kraków 2015 ( digitized version), pp. 37–64.

[15] Necrology by Kazimierz Władysław Wóycicki : Cmentarz Powązkowski pod Warszawą (The Powązki Cemetery near Warsaw). In: Biblioteka warszawska […] 1854, Volume 1, A. Krasiński, Warszawa, pp. 15–23 ( digitized version ).

[16] Sophiowka , poème polonais par Stanisław Trembecki . Traduit en vers français par le comte de Lagarde [Auguste-Louis-Charles comte de La Garde-Chambonas]. Antoine Strauss, Vienne 1815 (with original Polish text and illustrations by Wilhelm Friedrich Schlotterbeck after William Allan ) ( digitized version ).

[17] Dominique Triaire: Jean Potocki , cosmopolite européen? In: Entre Pologne et France, le cosmopolitisme des Lumières (proceedings), Accademia Polacca delle Scienze , Rome 2018 ( digitized version), pp. 68–85, here: pp. 80–84.

[18] Auguste-Louis-Charles comte de La Garde-Chambonas: Voyage de Moscou à Vienne […] Treuttel et Würtz, Paris 1824, pp. 75–93, 101–143 ( digitized version ).

[19] Michel ( pseudonym ): Витт (Jan de Wittе) Иван Осипович (1781–1840) ( digitized version ).