Olecko

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Olecko
Coat of arms of Olecko
Olecko (Poland)
Olecko
Olecko
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Olecko
Gmina : Olecko
Area : 11.42  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 2 '  N , 22 ° 30'  E Coordinates: 54 ° 2 '0 "  N , 22 ° 30' 0"  E
Residents : 16,442 (June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 19-400
Telephone code : (+48) 87
License plate : NOE
Economy and Transport
Street : Ełk - Gołdap
Rail route : Kruglanken – Marggrabowa (closed in 1945)
Olecko – Suwałki (only goods traffic)
Treuburger Kleinbahnen (closed)
Ełk – Tschernjachowsk (only goods traffic)
Next international airport : Warsaw
Danzig



Olecko [ ɔˈlɛtskɔ ] ( German until 1928 Marggrabowa (colloquially also Oletzko ), 1928–45 Treuburg ) is a town in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with 22,057 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019).

Geographical location

The city is located in northeastern Masuria at the mouth of the Lega River (formerly Oleg ) in the Jezioro Oleckie Wielkie (Großer Oletzkoer See , 1928–1945 Großer Treuburger See) on its western bank, about 25 kilometers north-northeast of the city of Ełk (Lyck) and 30 Kilometers southwest of the city of Suwałki (Suwalken) .

Cityscape from a bird's eye view

City structure

Until 1945

Until 1945 four localities belonged to the municipality or town of Marggrabowa (Oletzko) / Treuburg:

After 1945

Today the city (Miasto) Olecko is divided into six districts and settlements ( Polish dzielnice i osiedla Olecka ):

history

Former district building of the Treuburg district (photo 2008)

The town of Marggrabowa or Oletzko was founded on January 1, 1560 by Duke Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach and received Kulmer law . The city was founded in memory of a friendly conversation that took place in this area with the Polish King Sigismund II August , who in turn founded Augustowa , some forty kilometers further south-east in his own country - also in memory of this meeting . The place name was borrowed from Polish : Margrabia means margrave . As early as 1544 there was a hunting lodge named Oletzko , first mentioned in 1599 . Oletzko Castle was built in 1619 on a peninsula off the town between Lega and See . Since then, Oletzko has also been used as a place name for the city . In 1709 most of the population died from a plague epidemic (1,100 dead, 98 survivors). By 1900 Marggrabowa had a Catholic church and a synagogue .

From 1818 to 1945, the city was the seat of the Prussian district of Oletzko (renamed District Treuburg in 1933 , from 1939 District Treuburg ).

After the end of the First World War , a referendum took place in the Olsztyn / Masuria voting area in 1920 , in which the population was to decide whether to belong to East Prussia or to Poland. In the city of Oletzko, 3,903 votes were cast for East Prussia, none for Poland. In the Oletzko district only 2 of 28,627 votes were cast for Poland. A ministerial decree of December 21, 1928 approved the change of the city name Marggrabowa in Treuburg. On June 27, 1933, the district was then renamed "Treuburg District"; this renaming ended decades of confusion about the different names of town (Marggrabowa) and district (Oletzko). It was welcomed by the population - in contrast to the later renaming by the National Socialists, who from 1938 replaced the traditional Masurian and Old Prussian names of many places in the area with historically unjustified, "purely German" names.

Towards the end of World War II , the city was evacuated in October 1944 and occupied by the Red Army in January 1945 after fighting . It was 80 percent destroyed during the war. Soon afterwards Treuburg was placed under Polish administration together with the southern half of East Prussia . As far as the people had not fled, they were in the period that followed sold and migrant Poland replaced. The German city of Treuburg was renamed Olecko .

From 1946 to 1975 Olecko was the seat of a powiat . Through an administrative reform, the place came to the newly formed Suwałki Voivodeship in 1975 , then to the Warmia-Masurian Voivodeship in 1999 and was again the seat of the Powiat.

coat of arms

Blazon : "In silver on green ground a blue three-tower castle with a higher central tower, covered with a shield: split, on the right of the split a half, red eagle (Brandenburg), on the left of silver and black quartered (Zollern)."

On January 1, 1560, the city of Marggrabowa received an "ordinary seal" from Duke Albrecht of Prussia with the above coat of arms, which is also on the SIGILLVM CIVITATIS MARGGRABOVIENSIS ANNO 1575 .

Population numbers

year Check-
residents 		Remarks
1782 01,620 without the garrison (a squadron of Bosniaks )
1831 02,490 half German, the other half Polish
1875 04.212
1880 04,347
1890 04,887 108 Catholics and 86 Jews (100 Poles)
1900 04,878 mostly evangelicals
1905 05,021
1910 05,391
1933 06,629
1939 07.118
2000 16,128

Religions

Evangelical

Church building

There is no longer a Protestant church in Olecko. The former Lutheran church that stood on the former market square was destroyed in the Second World War and then cleared. This building was a plastered brick building from the 17th century with a three-sided end and a western tower . In 1901 the building was completely renovated.

The altarpiece inside the church was a rich carving from the workshop of Johann Chr. Döbel from 1702, the pulpit was built in 1692. The organ from the 17th century was rebuilt in 1857.

As early as the middle of the 16th century, two incumbent clergymen were named in Marggrabowa, so that a church already existed at that time. When the Tartars invaded the church in 1656 it burned down, but was rebuilt.

Between 1984 and 1987 a new church building as a place of worship for the Catholics was built on the site of the Protestant parish church that was destroyed in the war .

Parish

In 1560 a Protestant parish was founded in Marggrabowa, a few years after the Reformation was introduced in East Prussia . In 1925 it counted a total of 10,000 parishioners in 16 parish towns in the city and the surrounding area . They were looked after by two clergymen, strengthened by an assistant preacher since 1862. Until 1945 the parish belonged to the Oletzko / Treuburg church district in the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union .

Church life collapsed due to the flight and displacement of the local population . A new evangelical congregation could not form in Olecko after 1945, evangelical church members visit the churches in Gołdap (Goldap) and Ełk (Lyck) , which belong to the Masuria diocese of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland .

graveyard

Evangelical cemetery in Olecko

In Olecko a former Protestant cemetery ( Cmentarz ewangelicki in Polish ) has been preserved. It was refurbished around the turn of the millennium and inaugurated again on October 25, 2003.

Church district Oletzko / Treuburg

Marggrabowa resp. Until 1945, Treuburg was the seat of the superintendent for the Oletzko / Treuburg parish , which roughly corresponded to the size of the Oletzko district with some of the localities belonging to the Lyck district . Nine parishes with eight parishes were assigned to him:

German
place name		 Change name from
1938 to 1945
Year of foundation		 Polish
name
Czychen Bolken (Reformation time) Cichy
Gonsken Ducal churches 1741 Gąski
Big Czymochen (from 1928 :)
Reuss		 1906 Cimochy
Marggrabowa (Oletzko) (from 1928 :)
Treuburg		 1560 Olecko
Mierunsken / Eichhorn:
** Mierunsken Merunas 1545 Mieruniszki
** Szceczinken (from 1916 :)
Eichhorn		 1913 Szczecinki
Schareyken Shariks 1581 Szarejki
Schwentainen 1577 Świętajno
Wielitzken Wallenrode (pre-Reformation) Wieliczki

Catholic

Church building

Today there are four Catholic church buildings in the town of Olecko :

Exaltation of the Cross Church, built in 1862
  • The neo-Gothic church from 1859 to 1861 thus existed as a Catholic church before 1945. In 1862 the church was consecrated by the Auxiliary Bishop Anton Frenzel from the Warmia . After an extensive refurbishment of the years 1987 to 1989, the church was consecrated again, this time by Bishop Edmund Piszcz from Elk (Lyck) . Today it is called Kościół Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego (" Church of the Exaltation of the Cross " / " Church of the Holy Cross ").
  • Between 1984 and 1987, a new - now Catholic - church was built on the site of the former Protestant church that was destroyed in the war. It was consecrated on August 15, 1987 by Bishop Edmund Piszcz . It bears the name Kościol Niepokalanego Poczęcia Maryi Panny (" Church of the Conception of Mary ").
Parish church built in 1987 on the site of the Protestant church that was destroyed in the war
  • The third church in Olecko was built between 1990 and 1994. It was consecrated on September 16, 1994 by Bishop Edward Samsel . Her name is: Kościół Świętej Rodziny (" Holy Family Church ").
  • A fourth church was built from 1994 to 1995 and was consecrated on June 28, 1995. The associated parish was established on September 1, 1998 by Bishop Wojciech Ziemba . The church is named Kościół Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny (" Church of the Assumption ").

Parishes

In 1890, the then Catholic parish Marggrabowa had only 108 church members in the city, a far larger number of them had to be looked after in an area that encompassed the entire Oletzko district . The situation has been very different since 1945: today there are four Catholic churches in the town of Olecko and nine more parishes in the vicinity of the town. They have belonged to the Ełk diocese of the Catholic Church in Poland since 1992 .

Deaneries Olecko

Olecko is the seat of two deaneries in the Diocese of Ełk :

Jewish

The first Jews settled in Olecko around 1830 and around ten years later several Jewish families founded a small community there , which after 1840 built a synagogue and a cemetery. In 1880 the community had grown to 103 members, at the beginning of the National Socialist tyranny there were still around 75. By 1937 the number fell to 57 and by 1939 to 25. The synagogue was burned down during the Reichspogromnacht . The cemetery was also destroyed. In 1940 the city was then " free of Jews ".

local community

General plan Gmina Olecko

The town itself and 33 villages with 34 school boards belong to the town-and-country community (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Olecko with an area of ​​266.6 km².

traffic

The station at the western end of the city was a regional rail hub.

1879 opened Prussian Eastern Railway route Gołdap-Ełk (Goldap-Elk) . The state railway lines to Kruklanki (Kruglanken) and Suwałki followed in 1908 and 1918 . The Treuburger Kleinbahnen to Mieruniszki (Mierunsken) - Garbassen and Schwentainen near Sulejki (Suleiken) , which opened in 1911, were destroyed in 1944/1945 and have not been rebuilt.

In summer 2008 there were passenger train connections to Suwałki (only express trains, some only in the summer months) and Ełk (two daily passenger trains and express trains, some only in the summer months). In 2018 only freight traffic will take place; The load is gravel.

sons and daughters of the town

literature

  • Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, pp. 38–39.
  • August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 454, no.64.
  • Franz Tetzner: The Slavs in Germany . DOGMA (Europäische Hochschulverlag), Bremen 2012, p. 194 (restricted preview).

Web links

Commons : Olecko  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Marggraffstadt in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ also colloquially: Hamburg
  2. ^ A b Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, pp. 38–39.
  3. ^ A b August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 454, no.64.
  4. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 13, Leipzig / Vienna 1908, p. 281.
  5. ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : Self-determination for East Germany - A documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Editor: Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 63.
  6. ↑ a b Otto Hupp : German coat of arms . Kaffee-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft , Bremen 1925.
  7. ^ Erich Keyser : German city book. Handbook of urban history , Vol. I: Northeast Germany. W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1939, p. 113.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. treuburg.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  9. ↑ a b c d Churches in Treuburg
  10. ↑ Walther Hubatsch : History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia , Volume 2: Images of East Prussian churches. Göttingen 1968, p. 116, fig. 526, 527.
  11. ↑ a b Friedwald Moeller: Old Prussian Protestant Pastor Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945. Hamburg 1968, p. 91.
  12. ^ A b Walther Hubatsch: History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia , Volume 3: Documents. Göttingen 1968, p. 484.
  13. ↑ The dean's parishes Olecko on the website of the Diocese of Ełk ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.diecezjaelk.pl
  14. ^ The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life before and during the Holocaust. Vol. 3, New York University Press, Washington Square, New York 2001, p. 1322.