Re-education camp in Xinjiang

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Re-education camp in Xinjiang
 
 
Chinese :
Uighur : 		再教育 营
قايتا تەربىيەلەش لاگېرلىرى
Organization type Detention camps , re-education camps ,
labor camps
population min. 1 million people annually
(Source: leaked Chinese government documents)
founding

2014

 

The re-education camps in Xinjiang (Chinese zàijiàoyùyíng 再教育 营), (officially Chinese 职业 技能 教育 培训 中心 zhíyè jìnéng jiàoyù péixùn zhōngxīn , German “vocational (skills) and training center” or “centers”, Uighur قايتا تەربىيەلەش لاگېرلىرى Qayta terbiyelesh lagérliri ) are internment facilities in the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang organized by the People's Republic of China , in particular for the Uighur and other Muslim minorities living in Xinjiang .

The system or program of assimilation was started in 2014 at the behest of Party Secretary Chen Quanguo , following public announcements by General Secretary and “ Outstanding Leader ” Xi Jinping . The local authorities officially detain suspicious Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in these facilities to counter religious radicalization and extremism .

It is estimated that the Chinese authorities from the year 2018, hundreds of thousands or even millions of Uyghur , Kazak , Kirgiz , Hui Chinese and Muslims of other ethnic groups and Christians have, including some foreign nationals, were arrested and those across the region partly under inhumane conditions in numerous camps are arbitrarily interned. According to former prisoners, the participants in the re-education camps are sometimes exposed to psychological abuse and less often to physical abuse and torture . There were also several reports from the media, politicians and researchers comparing the camps with the Cultural Revolution under Mao Zedong - this time only against ethnic and religious minorities.

In November 2019, government documents were published as part of the China Cables , demonstrating the systematic scope of the system of repression and internment. According to internal documents, most of the inmates have been and are being held in the facilities for about a year without trial for re-education . There they should renounce their religion and instead adopt the ideology of the Communist Party of China and receive professional training.

The German anthropologist Adrian Zenz therefore speaks of a “ cultural genocide ” and a “systematic internment of an entire ethno-religious minority”. In August 2018, the United Nations Human Rights Committee announced that it had sufficient credible reports that one million Uyghurs were being held in re-education camps in China . Adults and children are systematically separated from one another; the latter grow up separately from their parents in boarding schools.

Meanwhile, China tried to convey a more positive image of the educational institutions and gave the BBC access to a facility, which it reported to visit in June 2019.

At the end of June 2020, systematic sterilizations and abortions of Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in the camps were reported for the first time.

History and implementation

Xinjiang conflict

The fear of a loss of power and significance, or the pursuit of self-preservation in China has always been a major factor in the Communist Party's propaganda programs . Wherever the goal of winning the Chinese people over to the ideological goals of the Unity Party failed, attempts were made to dictate the lifestyles of the people in the country and thus to assimilate them. E.g. through anti-religious (mainly anti-Islamic and anti-Christian) campaigns, as the People's Republic of China officially advocates atheism or Chinese popular belief . For example, during the time of Mao Zedong , who de facto ruled China dictatorially until his death in 1976, some Muslim villages in Xinjiang were forced to eat pork.

An estimated 11 million Uyghurs currently live in Xinjiang. In the past they strived for independence from China several times , for which the region is important, also because of the New Silk Road project .

About 70 years ago, the Chinese leadership began to mine natural resources in Xinjiang and to promote industrialization. The economy grew, the standard of living in the province increased - but the resident Uyghurs benefited little from it. The immigrant Han Chinese had particular advantages . All of these factors led ethnic minorities, such as the Uyghurs, to long-term readiness for uprisings against the state repression that already existed .

In 2009, around 200 people died in the Uighur riots in the city of Urumqi in Xinjiang, most of them Han Chinese. Since that year the willingness to use violence has increased among the Uyghurs. In 2013, a car crashed into a crowd in Beijing; In 2014, gunmen killed 31 people and wounded 143 others in Kunming . Both acts were attributed to Uighur militants.

Terms of office of Wang Lequan and Zhang Chunxian

Overview of the number of alerts related to re-education in Xinjiang .

Both before and shortly after the riots in Urumqi in July 2009 , Wang Lequan was the party secretary for the Xinjiang region , practically fulfilling the highest subnational political function. Wang worked on modernization programs in Xinjiang, including those for industrialization , expansion of trade, road and rail transport, development of hydrocarbons and pipelines, from neighboring Kazakhstan to eastern China . On the other hand, Wang restricted local culture and religion, replaced the Uighur language with Standard Chinese as the medium of instruction in elementary schools, and banned government employees (in a region where the government was a very large employer) from wearing beards and headscarves, fasting and praying Job. Violations of this were punished.

In April 2010, after the riots in Urumqi, Wang Lequan was replaced by Zhang Chunxian of the Communist Party . This continued the repressive policy of the predecessor. In 2011, Zhang said in a keynote address that the Uyghur assimilation is in favor of future viability in the present age. In 2012 he first mentioned campaigns on the topic of “de-extremification” and began to “treat” “wild imams” and “Islamic extremists”.

In 2014, the Chinese authorities announced a "People's War on Terror". The local government introduced new restrictions and banned “abnormal” long beards, the wearing of veils in public places and children's names with religious references ( e.g. Muhammad or Fātima ) as a campaign against Islamic terrorism .

Term of office of Chen Quanguo

In August 2016, Chen Quanguo , who had made a name for himself as a party official in Tibet, took over the leadership of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region.

After Chen's arrival, local authorities recruited more than 90,000 police officers in 2016 and 2017 - twice as many as in the previous seven years - and set up 7,300 closely guarded checkpoints in the area.

With the "Become a Family" campaign, the government started inspections of the homes of Muslim families at the beginning of 2017. Beijing has drawn up a list of 75 characteristics that allegedly indicate "religious extremism": Calls for "holy war" are considered suspicious, but also when someone "stores large stocks of food" or "dumbbells, boxing gloves, cards, Hoards compasses, telescopes, ropes and tents for no apparent reason ". A trip abroad or the use of the communication app "Zapya", which is popular among Uyghurs, also leads to the residents of Xinjiang being viewed as suspicious and thus interned.

International media described the provincial government in Xinjiang as "the most extensive police state in the world". A DNA database of Uighur residents was started and their passports were revoked. Anyone who does not bow to the request to surrender their passport will be refused entry.

The heavy surveillance of the Chinese police in the Xinjiang region went hand in hand with the expansion of technical mass surveillance in the republic and accelerated the detention of local people. In 2017, the region accounted for 21% of all arrests in China, even though less than 2% of the People's Republic's population lived in Xinjiang.

In addition, judicial and other government agencies in many cities and counties began to publish a number of procurement and construction applications for the planned warehouses and facilities. Massive prisons have become increasingly massive across the Xinjiang region, holding hundreds of thousands of people because of their religious and ethnic backgrounds. These camps are guarded by armed forces or regional police and are equipped with prison-like gates, enclosing walls, security fences, surveillance systems, watchtowers, guard rooms, etc. and therefore cannot be regarded as "vocational training centers" or the like. Local media also reported on these new facilities, generally referring to them as "training centers for counter-extremism" or "training centers for education and transformation". According to Human Rights Watch and The Guardian , existing schools and other government-owned buildings have been converted for these purposes.

According to the University of California, San Diego political economist Victor Shih , the mass internment was unnecessary as there was no active insurrection. A lot of money was spent on setting up the various camps, which went through corruption to employees of the politicians who set up the camps.

If the intention of the so-called re-education was officially a harmonization and peace-building measure, trust in the Chinese state was destroyed by the mass internment of those Uyghurs who not only did nothing but were examples of successful integration. Scientists believe that those re-education participants who never sought independence change their minds about independence by participating in the re-education program.

Reports on detention conditions and human rights violations

Up to 30 relatives of the Uyghur human rights activist and politician Rebiya Kadeer , who has lived in exile since 2005, disappeared in the camps.

On July 13, 2018, Sayragul Sauytbay, a Kazakh Chinese woman and former employee of the Chinese state, was summoned to appear in a court in the city of Sharkent on charges of illegally crossing the border between the two countries. During the trial, she spoke about her forced labor in a re-education camp for 2,500 Kazakhs. Her lawyer believed extradited to China would result in the death penalty for exposing re-education camps in a Kazakh court. On August 1, 2018, Sayragul Sauytbay, who had fled one of the Chinese re-education camps, was released on a six-month suspended sentence and ordered to report to the police on a regular basis. She applied for asylum in Kazakhstan in order not to be deported to China. Kazakhstan refused to give her asylum. On June 2, 2019, she flew to Sweden, where she was granted political asylum. As a result, a database of victims was created in order to collect public statements about those detained in the camps.

In January 2018, Abdurahman Hasan, a Uighur businessman from Kaxgar , was interviewed by BBC News after fleeing Turkey. He asked the Chinese government to shoot his relatives who were detained because he could not bear to see them continue to suffer under the inhumane conditions.

Kayrat Samarkand was detained in one of the region's "re-education camps" for three months for visiting neighboring Kazakhstan. After his release, he and other former inmates reported having been brainwashed and humiliated . H. Forced to study Communist propaganda of the People's Republic of China for hours every day , sing the Chinese national anthem and songs for the benefit of Xi Jinping , the general secretary of the Communist Party . In the camps, slogans can be seen on the walls of the buildings designed to encourage the study of Standard Chinese .

The Muslim prisoners are forced to drink alcohol and eat pork , contrary to their beliefs .

According to the former detainees, people who do not obey instructions or try to flee are handcuffed and / or tortured, for example, by waterboarding or other methods . Regardless of the prisoners' willingness to cooperate, sexual abuse and subsequent abortion or sterilization occur. The detainees are forced to take unknown pills without being informed. Former inmates reported suicide attempts by fellow prisoners and deaths without an established cause of death.

Some detainees reported a lack of space: For example, more than 50 women were housed in a room that was so small that the inmates could only alternately sleep in shifts on the floor.

Systematic sterilizations and abortions of Uyghurs

The one-child policy in the People's Republic of China is officially abolished. At the beginning of July 2020, a report by China expert Adrian Zenz from the Jamestown Foundation appeared on the birth rate in Xinjiang between 2015 and 2018. According to an analysis of Chinese statistics and government documents, this had slumped by an average of 24 percent, in two prefectures by 84 percent. In an interview with Swiss Radio and Television (SRF), Zenz continued and assessed the “prevention of births” of the Uyghurs as fulfilling one of the criteria of the UN Genocide Convention . Thus the question arises whether it is developing from a “cultural genocide” into a “demographic genocide”.

According to testimonials from former inmates published by the Associated Press in June 2020 , women in the detention centers were required to have pregnancy tests and use IUDs for contraception . Other women were forced to have abortions . In addition, other physical injuries were committed to women until they stopped menstruating . A father of seven children was sentenced to seven years in prison. A Chinese government spokesman accused Western media of providing false information after the reports were published.

In 2014, around 2.5 percent of all spiral deployments (contraceptive surgery) in the People's Republic of China were performed in Xinjiang, in 2018 around 80 percent of all spiral deployments performed in China were performed in Xinjiang; around 1.8 percent of the Chinese population lives in Xinjiang (as of 2020).

According to government documents and statistics, 1.1 percent of all married women of childbearing age in Xinjiang were sterilized in 2018. In 2019, 34.3 percent of childbearing married women who lived in the city of Hotan and 14.1 percent of those women who lived in the Guma region were scheduled for sterilization. According to the evaluation, this showed that 7000–7500 women per hundred thousand inhabitants in Hotan and 3000 women per hundred thousand inhabitants in Guma were earmarked for sterilization in 2019.

Media reception

On May 15, 2017, the Jamestown Foundation, a Washington, DC- based institute, published a list of 73 open government contracts related to re-education institutions.

In January 2018, US government-funded Radio Free Asia estimated that 120,000 Uyghurs were being held in political re-education camps in Kaxgar Prefecture at the time .

On November 1, 2018, the International Cyber ​​Policy Center (ICPC) of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) reported on suspected camps at 28 locations. On November 29, 2018, Reuters and Earthrise Media reported 39 suspected bearings.

The China Daily reported in March 2018 that Communist Party cadre Wang Yongzhi had been sacked for "serious disciplinary violations." The New York Times received a copy of an alleged confession from Wang. It said he was released for being too lenient towards Uyghurs, including his release of 7,000 detainees. Wang told his superiors that he was concerned that the actions against the Uyghurs would create dissatisfaction and lead to greater violence in the future.

In November and December 2018, Bitter Winter magazine published three videos that it claimed were shot in two camps in Gulja , Yining region . The videos show the prisons and the magazine claims they have proven that the camps are detention centers and not "schools". According to Business Insider , a video from "Bitter Winter ... matches descriptions from former inmates and witnesses from other detention centers in Xinjiang."

Researcher Adrian Zenz wrote in the Journal of Political Risk in July 2019 that the number of people detained in re-education camps in Xinjiang was speculatively limited to 1.5 million. In November 2019, Zenz estimated the number of detention centers in Xinjiang at over 1,000.

Rushan Abbas of Campaign for Uyghurs said that the actions of the Chinese government provide for definitions of the United Nations as the Genocide Convention are set, genocide is.

On November 16, 2019, the New York Times published an extensive leak ( China Cables ) of 400 documents from a member of the Chinese government. The anonymous government official who whistleblower the documents did so in the hope that disclosure would "prevent party leaders, including Mr. Xi, from evading guilt for mass detention."

International reactions

A peculiarity is that Islamic states as well as the most important supranational Islamic organization, the Organization for Islamic Cooperation , did not advocate the Muslim Uighurs, but advocated the Chinese approach in Xinjiang. According to the ethnologist Susanne Schröter and the anthropologist Adrian Zenz, this has to do with the fact that the governments of Islamic countries are themselves authoritarian and have problems with ethnic and religious minorities. The retention of power of these regimes, as well as the relations with China, are for them above religious freedom and they support other regimes to which this also applies, even if this means that the minorities are Muslims .

Reactions from states and associations of states

The Central Asian states hold back with criticism or support the internment camps. In the picture: their heads of state at a summit meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

In 2019, the ambassadors of 23 countries signed a letter condemning China's mass imprisonment against Uyghurs and other minority groups and calling on the Chinese government to close the camps.

In contrast, more than 50 other states supported the program of Chinese policy in Xinjiang.

position number States
Therefore 37 Algeria , Angola , Bahrain , Belarus , Bolivia , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Cambodia , Cameroon , Comoros , Republic of the Congo , Cuba , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Egypt , Eritrea , Gabon , Kuwait , Laos , Myanmar , Nigeria , North Korea , Oman , Pakistan , Philippines , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan , Syria , Togo , United Arab Emirates , Venezuela and Zimbabwe
On the other hand 23 Australia , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , Estonia , Finland , France , Iceland , Ireland , Japan , Canada , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Austria , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , United Kingdom , United States
draw 5 Bahrain , Kuwait , Qatar , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan
All in all 85 -

Saudi Arabia

  • In February 2019, the Saudi Arabian Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman defended the camps: "China has the right to implement counter-terrorism and de-extremization measures for its national security."

Turkey

Since the early 1950s, the Turkish state, as one of the most vehement advocates of the Uyghurs, has welcomed thousands of Uyghur refugees who, as speakers of a language closely related to Turkish and as Muslim brothers and sisters, enjoyed public goodwill and official support in Turkey and often enjoyed Turkish citizenship received. During the unrest in Xinjiang in September 2009 , Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused the Chinese government of “genocide” against the Uyghurs. But when Turkey's rift with its traditional Western allies reached a climax after the attempted coup in Turkey in 2016 , with Turkey being increasingly accused of taking repressive measures after the attempted military coup and also coming under greater economic pressure, it took place under the Turkish government Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu has been looking for alternative allies as part of a foreign policy diversification strategy since mid-2017 . In the course of this, there was also a change of course in the Turkish government's attitude to the Uighur question, which until then had burdened Sino-Turkish relations.

  • In February 2019, the Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman condemned China for "violating the fundamental human rights of Uighur Turks and other Muslim communities in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region."
  • In July 2019, when Turkish President Erdoğan visited China, he hoped: "that people of all ethnicities in Xinjiang live happy lives amidst the development and prosperity of China." Erdogan also said that some people "abuse" the Xinjiang conflict wanted to endanger Turkey and China's economic relations. As of 2019, Turkey largely banned domestic demonstrations and political actions by Uyghurs.

United States

  • On July 26, 2018, the Executive Commission of the US Congress (CECC), which discusses the development of human rights and the rule of law in the People's Republic of China, confirmed that up to one million people are being held in so-called "political re-education centers". The following day, the US Embassy and Consulate in China issued a statement promoting religious freedom in China, which mentioned and called for the detention of hundreds of thousands and possibly millions of Uyghurs and members of other Muslim minority groups as part of “political re-education” on the Chinese government to immediately release all those arbitrarily detained.
  • On September 11, 2019, the US Senate unanimously passed a Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act ( Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act ) requiring US authorities to monitor the situation.
  • In December 2019, the US House of Representatives decided under the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act to be able to impose sanctions against Chinese politicians, authorities and companies that are responsible for or participate in the suppression of the Muslim ethnic group in Xinjiang. In May 2020, the United States Congress passed a resolution calling on US President Donald Trump to impose sanctions. In June 2020, the US President signed the sanctions law, which obliges the US government to impose sanctions on Chinese officials responsible for re-education.

European Union

United Nations

  • On August 10, 2018, United Nations human rights experts expressed concern over reports that China has detained one million or more ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang.
  • On September 10, 2018, Michelle Bachelet , the High Commissioner for Human Rights , urged China to ease restrictions on her and her office team. She urged China to allow observers to visit Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there: “The UN Human Rights Committee had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being held in camps in Xinjiang, and I expect talks with Chinese officials to begin soon . "

Responses from organizations

  • The Center for World Indigenous Studies described the Chinese Xingjiang policy in January 2018 as " cultural genocide ".
  • On September 9, 2018, Human Rights Watch published a 117-page report, entitled "Eradicating Ideological Viruses: China's Campaign to Suppress Muslims in Xinjiang," in which China accused China of the systematic mass imprisonment and torture of tens of thousands of Uyghurs and other Muslims becomes. The report also called on foreign governments to take a range of multilateral and unilateral measures against China, including "targeted sanctions " against those responsible. The organization had already asked the Chinese government in September 2017 to end the internment and close the camps.
  • On March 1, 2019, however, the Organization for Islamic Cooperation issued a document in which “the efforts of the People's Republic of China to take care of its Muslim citizens are praised”.

Dealing and behavior within China towards the internment camps and the international reactions

The Chinese government denied the existence of re-education camps in Xinjiang until October 2018, when it confirmed their existence and considered them legitimate.

When international media asked about the re-education camps in June 2018, the Chinese Foreign Ministry said it had "heard nothing" of the situation.

On August 10, 2018, around 47 Chinese intellectuals and exiles filed an open letter appeal against what they describe as “shocking human rights violations in Xinjiang”.

On August 12, 2018, the Chinese tabloid Global Times defended the crackdown in Xinjiang after a United States anti-discrimination committee raised concerns about China's treatment of Uyghurs. According to the Global Times, China prevented Xinjiang from becoming "China's Syria" or "China's Libya" and the policies of local authorities saved countless lives and avoided "great tragedy". The newspaper published another editorial the day after, entitled "Xinjiang Policies Justified."

On August 13, 2018, the delegation from China told the UN Human Rights Committee at a UN meeting in Geneva : "There are no re-education centers in Xinjiang and it is completely wrong that China is detaining a million Uyghurs." A Chinese delegation said: "The citizens of Xinjiang, including the Uyghurs, enjoy equal freedom and rights."

On August 14, 2018, Foreign Ministry spokesman Lu Kang said in response to the UN Human Rights Committee's response on August 10, "Anti-China forces have made false allegations against China for political reasons, and some foreign media outlets have disputed the Committee misrepresented and misunderstood China's counter-terrorism and crime-fighting measures in Xinjiang. "

On August 21, 2018 Liu Xiaoming wrote, the Chinese Ambassador in the UK, an article in response to a report by the Financial Times with the title "Crackdown in Xinjiang: Where have all the people gone?" "The local of the Government of Education and training measures taken in Xinjiang have not only been effective in preventing the infiltration of religious extremism and helping those lost in extremist ideas find their way, but also providing them with professional training to build better lives. "

On September 10, 2018, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang condemned a report on the re-education camps published by Human Rights Watch : "This organization has always been full of prejudice and distorting facts about China." Geng added, "Xinjiang enjoys a general social stability, solid economic development and a harmonious coexistence of different ethnic groups. The measures implemented in Xinjiang are intended to improve the stability, development, solidarity and livelihood of the people and to take action against ethnic groups, separatist activities and violent and terrorist crimes, safeguarding national security and protecting people's lives and property. "

On September 11, 2018, China called on UN human rights chief Michelle Bachelet to "respect his sovereignty" after she asked China to allow observers to enter Xinjiang. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said, "China urges the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to strictly comply with the mission and principles of the UN Charter, to respect China's sovereignty, and to perform its duties fairly and objectively not listening one-sidedly. "

In March 2019, Xinjiang Governor Shohrat Zakir denied the existence of the camps amid the US sanctions against Chen Quanguo, the highest Communist Party official in the region.

On March 18, 2019, the Chinese government published a White Paper on Combating Terrorism and De-radicalization in Xinjiang. The white paper states: “As the rule of law, China respects and protects human rights in accordance with the principles of its constitution.” The white paper also claims that there have been no violent terrorist attacks in Xinjiang for more than two years and that penetration by extremists has been effectively curbed, and social security has improved significantly.

In July 2019, the Chinese government published another white paper , which states: "The Uyghur people did not adopt Islam of their own accord ... but enforced it through wars of religion and the ruling class." In the same month, it was alleged that "the advanced version of normal social government" was being used in the re-education camps and the process was "the victory of all Chinese people, including the Xinjiang."

After a Chinese government official with the China Cables published a 403-page document on Xinjiang policies anonymously as a whistleblower and reported it to the New York Times on November 16, 2019, the Chinese Foreign Ministry announced that it was an internal matter for China and a stable and prosperous Xinjiang is the best answer to the slanderous reports.

In response to the Uyghur Human Rights Policy adopted by the USA , the governor of Xinjiang Shohrat Zakir announced in December 2019 that the first graduates of the educational centers had received their professional qualifications and were now "free to come and go." In addition, Zakir said the policies in Xinjiang are no different from those in the United States' counter-terrorism.

literature

Radio reports and reports

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b admin: Brainwashing, Police Guards and Coercive Internment: Evidence from Chinese Government Documents about the Nature and Extent of Xinjiang's “Vocational Training Internment Camps”. Retrieved July 1, 2019 (American English).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k SPIEGEL ONLINE: China expert on camps for Uyghurs: "This system is like a cultural genocide". Retrieved November 26, 2019 .
  3. ↑ a b Josie Ensor: Saudi crown prince defends China's right to put Uighur Muslims in concentration camps . In: The Daily Telegraph , February 22, 2019. 
  4. ↑ 新疆 的 反恐 、 去 极端 化 斗争 与 人权 保障 . Xinhuanet.com. March 18, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  5. ↑ shilei: 新疆维吾尔自治区 去 极端 化 条例 . Xjpcsc.gov.cn. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  6. ^ Full Text: Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang . August 16, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  7. ↑ Austin Ramzy: 'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims (en-US) . In: The New York Times , November 16, 2019. 
  8. ↑ A Summer Vacation in China's Muslim Gulag . In: Foreign Policy , February 28, 2018. 
  9. ↑ Kate O'Keeffe and Katy Stech Ferek: Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' US Panel Says . In: The Wall Street Journal , November 14, 2019. 
  10. ↑ China detains thousands of Muslims in re-education camps . Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  11. ^ High Numbers of Uyghurs Targeted for Re-Education Camps . Voice of America. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  12. ^ Clarke Michael: Xinjiang's "transformation through education" camps . Lowy Institute. May 25, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  13. ↑ Why are Muslim Uyghurs being sent to 're-education' camps . Al Jazeera. June 8, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
  14. ↑ Rian Thum: How Should the World Respond to Intensifying Repression in Xinjiang? . In: ChinaFile , Center on US-China Relations at Asia Society , June 4, 2018. 
  15. ↑ 100 Christians sent to 're-education' camps in Xinjiang . Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  16. ↑ Rights groups criticize sharp rise in arrests in China's Xinjiang province . Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  17. ^ Thousands of Uyghur Muslims detained in Chinese 'political education' camps . CNN. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  18. ^ Rian Thum: What Really Happens in China's 'Re-education' Camps . In: The New York Times , May 15, 2018. 
  19. ↑ China Operates Political and Ideological Re-Education Camps in Xinjiang . Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  20. ^ Re-education camps make a comeback in China's far-west . Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  21. ↑ Arrests skyrocketed in China's Muslim far west in 2017 . In: France24 , June 25, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2019. 
  22. ↑ 'Permanent cure': Inside the re-education camps China is using to brainwash Muslims . Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  23. ↑ China: Big Data Fuels Crackdown in Minority Region . Human Rights Watch. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  24. ↑ a b Muslim inmates in China detention camp forced to eat pork, drink alcohol and physically tortured as some commit suicide . Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  25. ↑ a b Uyghur Teenager Dies in Custody at Political Re-Education Camp . Radio Free Asia. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  26. ↑ Republic: How China wants to reeducate a whole people. Retrieved July 11, 2020 .
  27. ↑ Rémi Castets: Lead times in Xinjiang. Retrieved July 11, 2020 .
  28. ^ Bernhard Zand: Chinese Oppression of the Uighurs Like 'Cultural Genocide' . November 28, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  29. ↑ Karen Leigh: The Uighurs . December 4, 2019. Accessed December 30, 2019.
  30. ↑ Gerry Shih: China's mass indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution . May 18, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
  31. ↑ Helga Trüpel: China is not a strategic partner ( de ) December 2, 2019. Accessed January 14, 2020.
  32. ↑ RACHEL HARRIS: Repression and Quiet Resistance in Xinjiang . October 2019.
  33. ^ Adrian Zenz: Opinion | You Can't Force People to Assimilate. So Why Is China at It Again? . In: The New York Times , July 16, 2019. 
  34. ↑ a b "China Cables": data leak proves Chinese internment camps . In: Spiegel Online . November 24, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed November 25, 2019]).
  35. ↑ "It's about cultural genocide" ; tagesschau.de of November 24, 2019; accessed on November 25, 2019
  36. ↑ China Uighurs: One million held in political camps, UN told . BBC. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  37. ↑ UN says it has credible reports that China holds million Uighurs in secret camps . Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  38. ↑ Patrick Zoll: Xinjiang: China separates children from their parents . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . ( nzz.ch [accessed on November 19, 2019]).
  39. ↑ Xinjiang: China's government apparently systematically separates Muslim families . In: Spiegel Online . July 5, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed November 19, 2019]).
  40. ↑ ZEIT ONLINE: Xinjiang: China describes internment camps as groundbreaking . In: The time . July 30, 2019, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed November 19, 2019]).
  41. ↑ a b What the leak means for Xi Jinping. Retrieved November 19, 2019 .
  42. ^ John Sudworth: Searching for truth in China's 're-education' camps . June 21, 2019 ( bbc.com [accessed November 19, 2019]).
  43. ↑ Michael Dillon: Religious Minorities and China ( English ). Minority Rights Group International, 2001.
  44. ↑ Sa'eda Buang, Phyllis Ghim Lian Chew: Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives ( English ). Routledge, May 9, 2014, ISBN 978-1-317-81500-6 , p. 75: “Subsequently, a new China was found on the basis of Communist ideology, ie atheism. Within the framework of this ideology, religion was treated as a 'contorted' world-view and people believed that religion would necessarily disappear at the end, along with the development of human society. A series of anti-religious campaigns was implemented by the Chinese Communist Party from the early 1950s to the late 1970s. As a result, in nearly 30 years between the beginning of the 1950s and the end of the 1970s, mosques (as well as churches and Chinese temples) were shut down and Imams were involved in forced 're-education'. "
  45. ↑ Madsen, Richard (October 2010). "The Upsurge of Religion in China" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 21 (4): 64-65. November 1, 2013, accessed November 24, 2019 .
  46. ↑ a b c d e Muslim minorities in China - One million enemies of the state. Retrieved November 25, 2019 .
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