Michael Chaplin (actor)

Donald James Cram
Born	April 22, 1919 Chester, Vermont
Died	June 17, 2001
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Rollins College
Known for	Cram's rule Host guest chemistry phenonium ions paracyclophanes
Awards	1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, National Medal of Science
Scientific career
Fields	chemist
Institutions	UCLA, Merck & Co, MIT
Doctoral advisor	Louis Fieser

Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host-guest chemistry. He is possibly most famous for Cram's rule, which provides a model for predicting the outcome of nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds.

File:Hemicarcerand ChemComm 1997 1303.jpg

Crystal structure of a nitrobenzene bound within a hemicarcerand reported by Cram and coworkers

Cram was born in Chester, Vermont, and died in Palm Desert, California.

Education

• Winwood High School, Long Island
• Rollins College, Florida, 1938-1941
• M.S., University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1941-1942

Thesis Advisor: Norman O. Cromwell, "Amino ketones, mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with -bromo-, -unsaturated ketones"

• Ph.D., Harvard University, Organic chemistry, 1945-1947

Dissertation advisor: Louis Fieser, "Syntheses and reactions of 2-(ketoalkyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones"

Career history

• Merck & Co, penicillin program with mentor Max Tishler, 1942-1945
• Postdoctoral ACS fellow, MIT with Jack Roberts
• Assistant Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, 1947
• Professor,University of California, Los Angeles, 1955-1987

Awards and Honors

• National Academy of Science Award in the Chemical Sciences
• Saul Winstein Endowed Chair in Organic Chemistry
• National Medal of Science, 1993
• International Academy of Science, member
• ACS Southern California Tolman Award, 1984
• ACS Chicago Section Willard Gibbs Medal, 1985
• ACS Cope Award for Distinguished Achievement in Organic Chemistry, 1974
• American Academy of Arts and Sciences, member, 1967
• American Chemical Society Award for Creative Work in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 1965
• National Academy of Sciences, member, 1961

Field of study

Cram expanded upon Charles Pedersen's ground-breaking synthesis of crown ethers, basically two-dimensional organic compounds that are able to recognize and selectively combine with the ions of certain metal elements. Cram synthesized molecules that took this chemistry into three dimensions, creating an array of differently shaped molecules that could interact selectively with other chemicals because of their complementary three-dimensional structures. His work represented a large step toward the synthesis of functional laboratory-made mimics of enzymes and other natural molecules whose special chemical behavior is due to their characteristic structure. He also did work in stereochemistry and Cram's rule of asymmetric induction is named after him.

As a teacher

Not only was he a researcher, but he was also a popular teacher, having instructed some 8,000 undergraduates in his career and guided the academic output of 200 graduate students. He entertained his classes by strumming his guitar and singing folk songs. He showed a self-deprecating style, saying at one time:

"An investigator starts research in a new field with faith, a foggy idea, and a few wild experiments. Eventually the interplay of negative and positive results guides the work. By the time the research is completed, he or she knows how it should have been started and conducted." [1]

Books

1. Cram, Donald J. (1990). From Design to Discovery. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. pp. 146pp. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
2. Cram, Jane M. (1978). The Essence of Organic Chemistry. Reading, Massachussetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. 456pp. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
3. Hendrickson, James B. (1970). Organic Chemistry. Reading, Massachussetts: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1279pp. 3rd ed. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
4. Richards, John (1967). Elements of organic chemistry. New York, McGraw-Hill. pp. 444pp. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
5. Cram, Donald J. (1965). Fundamentals of Carbanion Chemistry. New York: Academic Press. pp. 289pp. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
6. Cram, Donald J. (1964). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 846pp. 2nd ed. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
7. Cram, Donald J. (1959). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 712pp. 1st ed. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links

• Nobel Prize Donald Cram autobiography
• Donald Cram: A Life in Pictures, UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. (A tribute in pictures and collected speeches.)
• Harlan Lebo and Stuart Wolpert, UCLA News, "Donald Cram, Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist, Dies at 82,'" undated.
• University of California in memoriam
• Donald Cram quotations from the BrainyQuote Web site.