Year of Commemoration 2018 (Austria)

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In the commemorative and commemorative year 2018 , the anniversaries of several events relevant to the Republic of Austria came together . In addition to the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of Austria, other “8s years” significant for Austria's history were commemorated (1848, 1918, 1938, 1948, 1968).

Years of commemoration are - similar to commemorative days - one of the manifestations of the culture of remembrance , of collective memory that describes how a society deals with its past. On the one hand, the state assumes the role of financier and, on the other hand, benefits in terms of legitimation from claims to power and the strengthening of national identities .

In order to coordinate the activities, the Federal Government (Federal Chancellor Werner Faymann , Vice Chancellor Reinhold Mitterlehner ) set up an honorary "Advisory Board for the Commemoration and Remembrance Year 2018" chaired by former Federal President Heinz Fischer and under the operational management of Stephan Neuhäuser. The advisory board assessed a large number of project ideas and recommended the Federal Chancellery to support numerous exhibition, research and art projects. The Oesterreich100.at website acted as the official website of the Republic of Austria. In addition, a large number of other, different actors dedicated themselves to the historical events of the 8s.

1848

Ferdinand I lifted press censorship on March 15, 1848

The revolution in Austria of 1848/49 was a reaction to the French February revolution of 1848 , which spread like wildfire in many parts of Europe and represented bourgeois-democratic motives. In Austria it led, if only for a short time, to freedom of expression , freedom of the press , freedom of speech , and freedom of teaching and learning . The revolutionary events were interpreted as a weak leadership Emperor Ferdinand I , who then resigned from the government. As a result, his nephew Joseph was crowned Emperor as Franz Joseph I. After the young emperor was able to assert himself throughout the empire, the revolution in Austria was over and the phase of neo-absolutism began . 2018 marked the 170th anniversary of this event.

The year 1848 is anchored in the Austrian consciousness primarily through the general of the counter-revolution Johann Joseph Wenzel Graf Radetzky. There is no real memory of the protagonists of the 1848 revolution in Austria: not the shot Robert Blum or Hans Kudlich, who was sentenced to death in absentia, not the executed revolutionaries Wenzel Messenhauser and Hermann Jellinek . The winners, the very young Emperor Franz Joseph and his generals Prince Windischgraetz , Joseph Graf Jellacic and Radetzky , are remembered .

media

The Austrian media took up this anniversary in the commemorative year 2018 , although it received only marginal attention. The revolution of 1848 is often referred to as "the forgotten revolution", but is nonetheless the foundation for many freedoms and for the democratic republic of Austria . Especially Der Standard and Die Presse reported on the revolution of 1848. The former invoked the revolution as a warning to the people to get involved politically and to represent their own opinion. According to an appeal by the historian Brigitte Mazohl , it is primarily students who should remember this revolution and reflect that participation is important, but violence is to be avoided. The daily newspaper Die Presse concentrated ostensibly on the revolution as a cornerstone for the development of democracy in Austria and freedom of the press and emphasized the importance of the revolutionary year 1848 for the establishment of the medium.

Institutions

Parliament Republic of Austria

Temporary Parliament Vienna

The current location of the parliament (as of December 2018), which is temporarily located next to the Hofburg due to the renovation of the parliament building on the Ring , creates a spatial proximity to important scenes of the Austrian March Revolution in 1848 . At that time, Austria's first parliament met - only a few meters away from the current location - in the Hofburg Winter Riding School .

In the Parliament of the Republic of Austria of was under the commemorative year 2018 the book "Ideas can not be killed. Revolution and Democracy in Austria 1789–1848-1918 ”presented by Wolfgang Häusler , which deals with important stations in Austria on the path to democracy . When presenting the book, Doris Bures said that the year of the revolution, 1848, was often overshadowed by other commemorative years and days, and in this context also pointed out the relevance of Häusler's work. The book gives an insight into the struggles of citizens, workers and peasants for more rights and to improve their situation. In addition, the first struggle of Austrian women for their right to political participation is discussed. The events of 1848 paved the way for a number of political transformation processes and can therefore be seen as an important part of the Austrian history of democracy.

House of History

The year of the revolution, 1848 , was shown in the exhibition “1848. The forgotten revolution ”restored to a museum. This exhibition was curated by Wolfgang Maderthaner and Michaela Maier and scientifically accompanied by the House of History - Museum Niederösterreich . Another cooperation partner was the Association for the History of the Workers' Movement . The show opened - according to the year 1848 - on September 3, 2018 at 6:48 pm and was on view until October 31, 2018 in Haus Niederösterreich , one of the places from which the revolution in Vienna started. Between November 14, 2018 and January 31, 2019 (as of December 2018), the exhibition can be seen in the Alte Schieberkammer in Vienna. In addition, the Association for the History of the Workers' Movement created an online map that makes the places of the revolution and the barricades erected in 1848 in the city comprehensible in today's cityscape of Vienna.

science

University of Vienna

The University of Vienna has dealt with the topic in connection with the participation of university members in the revolutionary events in Austria in the form of a dossier on the commemorative year 2018 on its homepage. Important events in 1848 and their effects on the University of Vienna are presented here. Many students, but also some professors and doctorates from the University of Vienna acted as important actors in the Viennese revolution of 1848, which was kicked off by the Parisian February revolution in 1848 . On March 12, 1848, Emperor Ferdinand was presented with a petition with demands from the student body. Freedom of the press, reforms relating to university teaching, equal rights for members of all denominations, the creation of a representative body as well as the public and the orality of court proceedings were essential points in the list of demands.

However, the consequences of the rebellion were that on May 24, 1848, the study was stopped and in October the military occupied the university building and the Academic Legion dissolved. Since the government feared a renewed student uprising, studies were only resumed in March 1849 in widely scattered buildings. This should prevent a repeated meeting of many students and the consequent renewed revolutionary uprisings.

politics

In Austria the memory of the revolution of 1848 is not very strong. The background is the fact that the power of the authorities, the instruments of control and repression were particularly strong in 1848 and the conditions for independent and resistant attitudes were lacking.

Even in 1948, on the 100th anniversary of the revolution, the commemoration of 1848 was restrained. The German national content of the Viennese Revolution of 1848 was felt to be hardly worth remembering against the background of the end of the Greater German Reich . With regard to this fact, the political and legal scientist Manfred Welan speaks of a taboo that had settled on the subject of the revolution in Austria in 1848 and thus did not allow any public discussion to arise.

The year 1848 was only of minor importance in the commemorative year 2018 and was overshadowed by other topics such as 100 years of the republic or 80 years of annexation to Hitler's Germany. In his address on the “State Act 100 Years of Austria”, Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache placed his focus differently on the beginnings of the Austrian Republic than the previous speaker, Chancellor Kurz. Strache said that the starting point for the republic had already been laid with the revolution in 1848. During the state act, Federal President Van der Bellen dealt less with the historical course of events than with the current importance of democracy.

Former Federal President Heinz Fischer sees it positively that the era of absolutism , in which citizens were kept very brief, is coming to an end. He draws attention to the importance of the events of 1848, through which the pendulum swung a long way in a different direction and even a constitutional constitution was drawn up to share power between the emperor and the state. Regarding the impact of the revolution, he said that although the revolution was suppressed, the spirit of constitutionalism was out of the "bottle" and could never be captured again.

1918

The year 1918 stands out in the course of the commemorative year 2018 . On the one hand this is a centenary, on the other hand the significance of the events of this year in the history of Austria is outstanding. Due to the defeat of the Danube Monarchy in World War I, the Habsburg dynasty had to forego any share in state affairs, which subsequently led to the establishment of the First Republic on November 12, 1918. In the course of the first elections in February 1919, women's suffrage , decided in autumn 1918, was applied for the first time.

media

The end of the First World War in 1918 was very much taken up by the Austrian media in the commemorative year 2018 . The drawing of parallels or analogies between historical events on the one hand and current events on the other was often used for media instrumentalization. This was shown, for example, in an interview with the former Austrian Federal President Heinz Fischer with Der Standard . In it, Heinz Fischer referred several times to the year 1918, on the one hand as the year the war ended, and on the other hand as the year when a democratic Austria was founded. He drew parallels between the nationalism of that time and its present-day forms in order to explicitly warn against such ideologies . He also emphasized the importance of democracy for Austria.

Palais Lower Austria

The year 1918, however, was not only instrumentalized in the media to counter certain political developments, but also to support the self-legitimation of certain institutions. Thus, the celebrated Austrian provinces in the commemorative 2018 publicity the founding of the Republic and stressed their contribution to this process. The legitimation of federalism should be celebrated in the media. The location chosen for the festivities was also part of this media presentation, because the ceremony took place in the Palais Niederösterreich , i.e. in the building where the Provisional National Assembly was constituted in 1918 .

Another instrumentalization of the First World War and its end in the commemorative year 2018 took place in such a way that a large number of newspaper articles, for example in the daily newspapers Der Standard or in the Wiener Zeitung , wanted to promote a certain culture of remembrance . One admonished to commemorate the First World War and the interwar period in order to counteract a repetition of events. The media offered its readers, among other things, various eyewitness reports, literature and opportunities for mutual information exchange.

Hugo Portisch

The Austrian media landscape often described 1918 as the fateful year in which the - albeit not uninterrupted - path to today's republic was paved. The media have always highlighted democracy and its importance for the country. But the weaknesses or the fragility of these were also the content of many media portals (including portals of the institutions of the tertiary education sector as well as the public service broadcaster ORF ), whereby democracy and the associated universal suffrage were presented as something worth protecting and thus something not self-evident .

The great importance of 1918 for Austria was made clear by the diversity of the ORF television programs in this regard. Numerous documentary films such as “100 Years of the Republic - how strong is our democracy?” Or the “Universum History” series called “Our Austria” were supposed to report on what happened. The new ORF production “In the footsteps of the Republic” with the former President Fischer was a highlight. Another effort by the ORF was the creation of short spots. In these, written testimonies from diaries, newspapers and letters from the period between October 16 and November 12, 1918 were read out. This was intended to convey the mood of the time to the ORF viewers.

The media not only played an ideologically and politically important role in the 2018 commemorative year , but also represented an instrument that promoted the Austrian sense of togetherness.

Institutions

The House of History as part of the Lower Austrian State Museum.

In the run-up to the commemorative year 2018 , it was decided to set up an institution dealing with the recent history of Austria. A museum on the contemporary history of the republic had been discussed for decades . Due to financial and organizational problems as well as different political attitudes, the project was delayed again and again. The House of Austrian History was finally opened on November 10, 2018, to mark the 100th anniversary of the Republic of Austria. The director of the museum, Monika Sommer , said that the realization of the project in 2018 was thanks to the “magic of the round number”.

The House of the History of Lower Austria (HGNÖ) is holding a special exhibition on “The Contested Republic”, in which it illuminates the conflict-ridden years between the First World War and the “ November Pogrom ” of 1918. In the course of the commemorative year 2018 , the museum also dealt with the topic of 100 years of women's suffrage and set up a special exhibition.

The Austrian Mediathek offered and still offers an overview of the end of the war and its consequences in an online exhibition for the commemorative year 2018 and provides a series of audio documents and videos. In addition, the Austrian Mediathek cooperated with the archive of the Czechoslovak Radio in the project “Praha / Vienna - The audio-visual echoes of 1918 in Vienna and Prague”.

Cardinal Christoph Schönborn and Bishop Michael Bünker

In the commemorative year 2018 , the Austrian parliament published the minutes of secret meetings that dealt with decisions on the course of war in 1918. For the President of the National Council, Wolfgang Sobotka, the publication of the minutes was related to the republic's task "[...] to draw the right conclusions from the experiences of that time so that we can continue to live on a continent of peace and security".

In 2018, the Catholic and Protestant Churches also agreed that only a culture of remembrance that is kept alive at all times can put a stop to the threats to democracy from strife , enemy images and, ultimately, violence . This was the assessment made by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn and the Lutheran Bishop Michael Bünker during a conversation during the “Long Night of the Churches” 2018.

science

For the commemorative year 2018 , various scientific institutions and people expressed themselves in public and increasingly dealt with the turning point in Austria's history a hundred years ago. Universities and research institutions hosted numerous events that highlighted the political changes, the achievements of the democratic republic and the associated handling of history. In addition, several research and communication projects took place at Austrian universities and scientific institutions. Scientific publications such as the historian Manfried Rauchsteiner's “Under observation” or Hubert Nowak's “An Austrian Century” appeared in 2017 just before the commemorative year and provide an overview of the past hundred years.

The end of the First World War is often seen as the “great catastrophe” of the 20th century . In many debates, analogies are drawn between the causes of the First World War and the current global political situation, which increases concerns about a renewed world war with the main actors USA and Russia , but also the People's Republic of China . However, the political scientist Wolfram Ridder expressly warns against such parallelism, which occurs frequently in both academia and the media, among other things because there is no unanimous opinion regarding the causes leading to the First World War. According to Ridder, it would make more sense to learn from the events of the "primordial catastrophe".

The March 2018 issue of the University of Vienna's Alumni Magazine explored the question of what constitutes a democracy . Among other things, there is a collection of thoughts, stories and facts on the concept of democracy from scientists and alumni of the university. For Oliver Rathkolb from the Institute for Contemporary History at the University of Vienna, for example, democracy is a transparent system with clear structures for negotiating the present and future of society. He located the importance of the commemorative year 2018 in the fact that authoritarian tendencies are increasingly observable at the European and international level. Empirical opinion polls show that people with a profound historical basis recognize anti-democratic developments more easily and consciously and are better armed against an authoritarian attitude. That is why it is important to deal with the history of democracy in Austria and in Europe.

Thematically, the focus of the commemorative year 2018 was mainly on the establishment of the first democratic system in Austria . While the emergence of democratic nation states was welcomed in the past, today's view of events is partly different. For example, the British historian Steven Beller described the collapse of the Danube Monarchy after the First World War as a “catastrophic error”. A "power vacuum" was created, which the German Reich and the Soviet Union then filled. The collapse of the Habsburg Empire had therefore made a decisive contribution to the rise of National Socialism and fascism . From this he deduced for today that complex structures like the European Union should not be carelessly jeopardized because of a few blemishes.

In times of threatened democracies, it is particularly important to remember the foundations of the republic, said the historian Heidemarie Uhl . Thomas Hellmuth , professor of history didactics at the University of Vienna, sees the year 1918 as the basis for today's society, including all the problems associated with it. That is why an examination of 1918 is always one of the present. Historical knowledge is about applying it to the present and actively dealing with it.

Stefan Schmid-Heher , vocational school teacher and employee at the Center for Political Education at the University of Education in Vienna , considers 1918 to be a good example for demonstrating to schoolchildren the relevance of conflicts in a democracy. He points out that controversies are the basis of democracy and politics and that it is necessary to point out these processes. He sees school lessons as an obligation to give young people answers to the question of what democracy has to do with their lives and to take away the feeling of powerlessness that they are unable to influence political decisions. Above all, it is important to make references to the present so that young people can “do something with history”.

Karl Franzens University Graz

In addition to creating the first democratic system, special attention was also paid to the Treaty of St. Germain . From November 27th to 29th, 2018, the conference “The Treaty of St. Germain in the Context of the European Post-War Order” took place at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW).

As part of the commemorative year 2018 , the introduction of women's suffrage in Austria in 1918 was discussed, for example in the project “Participation - Representation - Politics: Challenges for a Gender Equitable Society”, which was carried out by contemporary historian Johanna Gehmacher and legal philosopher Elisabeth Holzleitner . The Institute for Legal Basics at the University of Graz also focused on women's suffrage ("100 years of women's suffrage. 100 years of association and assembly rights for women").

politics

Emperor Karl I of Austria

Although the disintegration of the monarchy into its ethnic groups became apparent during the First World War , the German-speaking members of the Reichsrat reacted too late. A people manifesto by Emperor Karl I to save the Habsburg monarchy came too late, the Danube monarchy disintegrated into individual nations. On October 30th, the provisional National Assembly, which had been constituted on October 21st, decided to found the state of German-Austria , although its borders were not yet fixed. On October 31, Austria also received its state colors red-white-red. The Republic of German-Austria was finally officially proclaimed on November 12, 1918 after the armistice of Villa Giusti was signed on November 3, 1918 . The annexation of Austria to Germany was forbidden in the Treaty of Saint-Germain , whereupon the Republic of Austria was proclaimed in 1919 .

At the commemoration of the World War on November 11, 2018 in Paris, Austria's current Federal President, Alexander Van der Bellen , expressed his understanding for Austria's tendencies to join the German Reich after the First World War. He pointed out the widespread concern that Austria would not have been able to stand on its own two feet economically in 1918 - after the fall of the Habsburg Empire. In addition, there would have been a lack of patriotism for the newly created state and government support. Van der Bellen also said in an interview with the Tiroler Tageszeitung that trust in the Austrian Republic only rose like a phoenix from the ashes after 1945.

The year 1918 was omnipresent in the Austrian political and media world during the commemorative year . Thematic priorities in the public broadcasting company ORF were highlighted with contributions from political figures such as Heinz Fischer , former Federal President . D. , or current politicians like Federal Chancellor Sebastian Kurz and Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache . For example, former Federal President Heinz Fischer commented on the historical-political development in several TV and radio recordings.

State ceremony 100 years of the Republic of Austria

On November 12, 2018, a state ceremony took place in the Vienna State Opera on the occasion of the centenary of the founding of the republic. It was opened with the national anthem , followed by a speech by Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen, which he made as a plea for liberal democracy and for democratic engagement. This was followed by speeches by Federal Sebastian Kurz, Vice Chancellor HC Strache, National Council President Wolfgang Sobotka and the Chairman of the Governor's Conference Hans Niessl . The Vienna Philharmonic created the musical framework . The keynote address was given by the writer Maja Haderlap , in which she warned against the economization of society and pointed out that it is not the economic person but the ethical individual that is the core and focal point of democracy. The state act, which lasted several hours, was broadcast live on Austrian radio.

1938

1938 was the year in which Austria disappeared from the map and was annexed to the German Reich . The administrative takeover of power was carried out on March 13, 1938, after troops of the German Wehrmacht had marched across the border on the night of March 11, 1938 . In the further course of the year there were also the so-called November pogroms in Austria . This term refers to the night of November 9-10, 1938, which marked the transition from discrimination against the Jewish population to systematic persecution. In the commemorative year of 2018 , these two events therefore received special attention in Austria.

media

The so-called connection received a lot of attention in the Austrian media . The public service broadcaster ORF set up its own archive in its TV bar, which it titled as the "fateful year 1938". In this archive you can find both older documentation and eyewitness reports from the last few years. In addition, there was also a program focus on the connection on ORF. This was also published in the TV counter. Among other things, eyewitness reports as well as other documentaries, documentaries and feature films were shown here. The ORF science portal also created a website to commemorate 1938, on which relevant articles were collected. The ORF radio stations also made some contributions to commemorate 1938. The Ö1 radio program in particular reported on the events of 1938 in many smaller and larger programs.

The Austrian daily newspapers reported regularly on the commemorative year 2018 , but the focus here was mostly on the year 1918 and the celebration of the 100th anniversary of Austria. Only the newspaper Der Standard opened its own media portal for the commemorative year, which was called "Ö100". In many other daily newspapers, such as the Salzburger Nachrichten , the Kurier or the Kronen Zeitung , only references to exhibitions or events intended to commemorate the year 1938 were printed.

Weekly or monthly journals and magazines also showed some interest in the topic. In March , the NEWS magazine published an article about the coverage of the Anschluss in 1938 in the contemporary print media. The weekly newspaper Falter referred to the year 1938 in several reports and also created its own category for events, in which one could explicitly search for events related to the commemorative year 2018 .

In addition, the Catholic Press Agency Austria dedicated a separate keyword on its website to the commemorative year 2018 . However, the creation of a separate page for the article collection was omitted.

Institutions

Numerous institutions used the commemorative year as an opportunity to deal with important historical events of 1938 in special exhibitions and projects. At this point it must be mentioned that the following list is only an exemplary selection.

Vienna library in the town hall

The Vienna Library in the City Hall took the 2018 commemorative year as an opportunity to dedicate itself to the Vienna city administration after the Anschluss in March 1938 . In a special exhibition she threw the light on the hitherto little researched involvement of the Viennese civil servants in the events of 1938 and addressed questions about the extent of the willingness to do business and the possibilities of using individual leeway.

The Jewish Museum Vienna (in cooperation with the University of Applied Arts)

The Jewish Museum Vienna carried out the “Project OT” together with the University of Applied Arts . These are permanent light installations at twenty-five locations in Vienna, intended to commemorate the pogrom night on November 9, 1938, in which almost one hundred synagogues and prayer rooms in Vienna were completely destroyed. The installations in the form of curved stars of David are intended to set an example against oblivion.

The Graz Museum

City Museum Graz

The Graz Museum dedicated itself to the year 1938 in the form of a special exhibition entitled “In the House of Cards of the Republic”. This was the first comprehensive museum exhibition of the federal state of Styria about this time and traced the changing power relations in the state and in its capital Graz . The focus was on the question of the permanent struggle of irreconcilable forces. In the context of the exhibition, the republic of the interwar period was interpreted as an unstable house of cards. Loans were made available by church and state institutions, such as the Graz University of Technology archive or the Graz-Seckau diocesan archive .

Kurt Schuschnigg

The Austrian media library

In 2018, the Austrian Media Library opened an online exhibition on the National Socialist takeover of Austria in 1938. It contains numerous audio recordings that can be listened to on the website. The focus is on original recordings of speeches from 1938 (by Kurt Schuschnigg ) and from the present from 1938 (by Heinz Fischer ). In addition, photographs, posters and interviews with contemporary witnesses are offered on the subject, but not commented on in detail. The deconstruction and historical embedding of the image and sound media is left to the website visitor.

The Democracy Center Vienna

The Democracy Center Vienna emphasized the importance of the commemorative year or days of remembrance in 1938 against the background of its political education mandate. A material case for teachers is offered on the website (as of December 2018), which provides original documents from various media types, contextualizing information texts and didactic assistance for dealing with memorial days in general. With regard to the year 1938 there are materials on the connection of Austria to the German Reich and the November pogroms .

The adult education centers in Vienna

The Vienna Adult Education Centers also took the 2018 commemorative year as an opportunity to hold events on the socio-political discussion of the events of 1938. The main goal was to bring the meaning of the years of upheaval in 2018 closer to as many Viennese as possible, regardless of their level of education, age and background. Among other things, an interview with eyewitnesses was held on March 14, 2018. The historian Barbara Dmytrasz spoke to the contemporary witness Karl Pfeifer in Vienna's Urania about his flight in 1938, which, at the age of ten, led him from Baden near Vienna via Hungary and France in 1943 to a kibbutz in the British mandate of Palestine without his family .

science

Scientific studies

State institutions used the 2018 commemorative year to scientifically analyze their own history. Examples of this are the Federal Geological Institute (GBA) and the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG). In 2018, these two state research institutions could look back on 170 years of history. In the exhibition "BergWetter 1938 - Dictatorship, Authorities, Science: GBA and ZAMG in the Shadow of National Socialism", besides the question of the instrumentalization of science for war and dictatorship (for example in the war-oriented increased exploitation of natural resources), the political processes illuminated within the research institutions. The basis of the exhibition was a study carried out on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research under the direction of Oliver Rathkolb , Johannes Thaler and Gunnar Mertz .

In time for the commemorative year 2018 - 80 years after the National Socialists came to power in Austria - a study was available for the first time that documents the Anschluss in 1938 in all districts of Tyrol. The editor Horst Schreiber noted in the book “1938. The connection in the districts of Tyrol ”put together twelve articles that shed light on the rise of the NSDAP , the NS terror, the German-national traditions of a border town, persecution, revenge, conformity and propaganda in the region from different perspectives.

Remembrance platform of the BMBWF

The Institute of historical and political education about the Holocaust and Nazism of the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Research ( BMBWF ) is the association erinnern.at .

This platform promotes the transfer of historical and methodological-didactic knowledge on the subject of "Holocaust Education" as well as the reflection of the significance of the Holocaust for the present. For the commemorative year 2018 , _erinnern.at_ offers an extensive collection of links relating to the year 1938 (as of December 2018). Series of events and courses were organized at Austrian universities, educational colleges, schools and other institutions, such as book presentations and lectures, school workshops, web projects, advanced training for educators, exhibitions and memorial projects, research projects, and multimedia documentation. Documentation of contemporary witnesses is also made available digitally on the homepage (as of December 2018).

Synagogue in the old AKH, Vienna

University of Vienna

For the victims of National Socialism at the University of Vienna, the project “Memorial Book for the Victims of National Socialism at the University of Vienna 1938” was launched. This is an open research project and consists of the handwritten memorial book that is kept in the "DENK-MAL" Marpe Lanefesch (the former Jewish prayer pavilion of the Old General Hospital ) on the campus of the University of Vienna , as well as the online database of the same name. In 2018, the memorial book contained 1,770 names of displaced students, 234 names of those affected by the revocation of academic degrees and around 200 names of displaced professors and lecturers.

In addition, the University of Vienna gave a historical overview of 1938 on its website and also addressed the year as part of a lecture series on the commemorative year 2018 . At the University of Innsbruck there was also a lecture series with a panel discussion, the focus was on the topic of “100 Years of the Republic of Austria”.

Documentation archive of the Austrian resistance (DÖW)

The Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance (DÖW) dedicated itself in the commemorative year 2018 with extensive texts and pictures to the year 1938, which among other things illuminated the November pogroms in the nine Austrian federal states.

politics

The commemoration of official Austria was mainly shaped by the Federal Government Kurz I , sworn in at the end of 2017, with the participation of the FPÖ . In contrast to the first Black and Blue government (Schwarzblau I ), international protests and boycotts against the participation of the FPÖ in government were largely absent, but domestic political criticism of the FPÖ was particularly sharp, particularly during the commemorative celebrations. For example, the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (IKG) made an official decision not to appear in public with FPÖ politicians, which is why they did not want to participate in any commemorative ceremonies, for which representatives of the FPÖ were also announced. The Mauthausen Committee held it similarly, with reference to the many brown spots in the party, excluding the invitation of FPÖ functionaries to the annual liberation ceremony.

Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen

State act on the 80th anniversary of the "Anschluss"

On March 12, 2018, Federal President Van der Bellen invited to a state ceremony in the Hofburg to commemorate the so-called Anschluss in 1938. In his address, Van der Bellen contradicted the “ victim thesis ” and emphasized Austria's joint responsibility for the atrocities of National Socialism. He underlined the danger that discrimination harbors for further negative developments up to complete dehumanization and spoke of the fact that " racism and anti-Semitism [...] continue to exist today, both on a small and large scale". In his speech, Federal Chancellor Sebastian Kurz called for a stand “against all kinds of intolerance and extremism” and condemned all anti-Semitism, “regardless of whether it already exists or has just been imported”.

Remembrance day against violence and racism

Since 1997, the “ Day of Remembrance Against Violence and Racism in Memory of the Victims of National Socialism ” has been celebrated in the Austrian Parliament on May 5th . The occasion is the anniversary of the liberation of Mauthausen concentration camp on May 5, 1945.

Michael Köhlmeier

The speech by the Austrian writer Michael Köhlmeier received a lot of attention at this commemoration . He sharply criticized the FPÖ, among other things for portraying itself as a supporter of the Jews, while "their members play down National Socialism or make anti-Semitic reports". Köhlmeier directed direct criticism of the present club chairman of the FPÖ, Johann Gudenus , and his previous formulation of the “ sound rumors ”, which would prove that the Hungarian-born billionaire George Soros specifically supported “migrant flows to Europe”. According to Köhlmeier, the FPÖ is not credible if, on the one hand, it presents itself as a defender of the Jews, but on the other hand, supports right-wing extremist publications that repeatedly refer to liberated concentration camp prisoners as a plague. In addition, Köhlmeier also criticized Federal Chancellor Kurz and his attitude towards migration by pointing out how refugees were dealt with during the Second World War (see, for example, the odyssey of St. Louis ). For its part, the FPÖ accused Köhlmeier of having “disavowed” the memorial event and “arrogantly misused” the attention given to him.

In a speech, President of the National Council, Wolfgang Sobotka, demanded that the anti-Semitic sediment in Austria must be combated and announced that the National Council would commission the federal government with a comprehensive investigation into the historical and current situation of anti-Semitism in Austria. The 2018 Anti-Semitism Study was presented in March 2019.

Contrary to what was previously announced, the President of the IKG, Oskar Deutsch , attended the memorial ceremony in the Hofburg. Originally, the IKG wanted to boycott all events in the commemorative year 2018 to which FPÖ politicians were invited. The IKG emphasized that this was not a refusal to enter into dialogue, but rather “a limit of what is reasonable for the descendants of those who were murdered and survivors of the Shoah”, as the former IKG chairman Ariel Muzicant explained.

November pogroms

Provisional parliament room
Provisional parliament room

At the beginning of November 2018, the November pogrom of 1938 was commemorated. In this context, IKG President Deutsch received Holocaust survivors from Israel of Austrian origin who had been invited to Austria by Chancellor Kurz and Education Minister Heinz Faßmann during a visit to Israel . Due to the boycott of the FPÖ by Israel that has existed since the last black-blue government, no FPÖ government members were invited to the visit.

Memorial for the Austrian Jewish victims of the Shoah

On the evening of November 8, the IKG held a memorial march, at the end of which both IKG President Deutsch and National Council President Sobotka gave a speech at the memorial for the victims of the Shoah on Judenplatz . The latter was booed by participants in the rally, which caused quite a stir in the media. According to media reports, Deutsch tried to intervene in the face of the disruptions, but these only stopped when Sobotka left the stage.

On November 9, 2018, the 80th anniversary of the pogroms, Federal President Van der Bellen laid a wreath in the morning at the memorial for the Austrian Jewish victims of the Shoah in downtown Vienna. The National Council then received Austrian Shoah survivors from Israel in the Great Redoutensaal of the Hofburg . During this event, Sobotka, President of the National Council, asked the survivors who were present for their forgiveness and at the same time underlined that Austria had changed. He also emphasized the importance of a new citizenship law, which should ensure that the descendants of Holocaust victims and displaced persons could become Austrian citizens. In the parliamentary correspondence of November 9, 2018, participants - in addition to the Federal President and the President of the National Council - the "Federal Council President Inge Posch-Gruska as well as the second and third National Council President and Anneliese Kitzmüller , furthermore Federal Chancellor Sebastian Kurz and Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache, as representatives of the Religious communities Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, Bishop Michael Bünker, the President of the Islamic religious community Ibrahim Olgun and Metropolitan Arsenios and the General Secretary of the National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism , Hannah Lessing ”. The IKG itself did not take part in this memorial event, but took part in the broadly supported civil society initiative “Never forget! Never again fascism! Commemoration and vigil ”, which traditionally held a memorial rally for the victims of National Socialism at the former Aspang train station .

1948

Eleanor Roosevelt with a printout of the UDHR in Spanish (Declaración Universal de los Derechos del Hombre , November 1949)

On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . This charter is a non-binding recommendation on the general principles of human rights .

media

In the various Austrian print media as well as in the digital media , little was reported about the year 1948 , which was exactly 70 years ago, as part of the commemorative year 2018 . The website www.oesterreich100.at, which was specially set up for 2018, was dedicated to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

In high-circulation print media such as Wiener Zeitung , Die Presse or Kleine Zeitung , a lot was reported about the hundred-year history of the Republic of Austria and the current culture of remembrance of the Second World War. In an article dated December 30, 2017, the Kleine Zeitung published a graphic for the anniversary and commemorative year 2018 , in which the date December 10, 1948 with the title “UN adopt declaration of human rights” was cited. The press wrote in an article dated June 25, 2018 entitled "The protection of human rights remains unfinished" that the foundations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - formulated against the background of the horrors of World War II and the Shoah - by the Vienna Declaration and the action program was specified. In an article dated March 12, 2018, the Wiener Zeitung also took up another topic from 1948, namely the implementation of the first sports games for people with disabilities in London, which are still considered the forerunners of the Paralympic Games to this day .

Institutions

Various institutions also took up the year 1948 and the resolution of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as part of the 2018 commemorative year . However, the Austrian museums did not dedicate themselves exclusively to the year 1948 in any exhibition, but included it as part of large exhibitions for the commemorative year . For example, the House of Austrian History will be offering the opening exhibition “Departure into the Unknown - Austria since 1918” until May 2020 (January 2019), whereby the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not mentioned, but topics such as living conditions in the post-war period and flight be addressed by criminals of National Socialism.

The Democracy Center Vienna also reminded of the year 1948 and made it clear that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights had been formulated especially on the basis of the events and aftermath of the Shoah and the Second World War . Human rights should not only be guaranteed by the individual nation states , but internationally. In addition, the day of human rights should be an annual reminder of the observance and implementation of human rights, as there is still a need for action in many countries.

On the website of the Federal Chancellery for the commemorative year 2018 (as of January 2019) events and events can be filtered according to the corresponding years. There are only four entries for 1948 (including a reference to a book publication and the introduction of an online platform).

At a single event on December 10, 2018, information boards were set up at the Linz Human Rights Fountain on Friedensplatz (Linz) to remind people of the final version of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In cooperation with the city of Linz, various organizations, such as SOS Menschenrechte and the children's cultural center “Kuddelmuddel”, offered workshops and a puppet theater piece on the topic of human rights.

Another organization dedicated to this year is KulturKontakt Austria. As part of their project “Negotiating history together. Young people survey 100 years of the Republic of Austria ", which comprised a total of 30 projects throughout Austria, the question was asked, among other things:" What can cultural education contribute to conveying history? " The results of this work were presented from December 12 to 14, 2018 in the House of History Austria.

science

The year 1948 and the topic of human rights influenced many scientific events that took place in the anniversary year 2018. The “5. Annual conference of migration and integration research in Austria “on the subjects of human rights and the UN migration pact . The conference took place in cooperation with the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences . The German Institute for Human Rights also offered panel discussions and lectures on this topic in cooperation with other organizations. Actions by the UN itself were also advertised.

The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights (BIM) focused on the topic of “Vienna, the city of human rights”. A study was carried out by Manfred Novak in cooperation with BIM scientists. In addition, various projects on the subject of children's rights have been initiated in cooperation with the City of Vienna . "Roundtables" were held on the subjects of "Homeless families with underage children" and "Child trafficking".

Most of the events in the academic field took place under the leadership of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights and the Human Rights Office of the City of Vienna. These were mainly panel discussions and conferences such as “The Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations” (coNGO) on December 10, 2018, which was primarily aimed at civil society and volunteers in order to offer NGOs a networking platform .

In addition, the “Vienna + 25” conference took place on May 22 and 23, 2018, and was opened by Foreign Minister Karin Kneissl and the then UN High Commissioner Seid Ra'ad Al Hussein . The City of Vienna and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights played a key role in this. During the conference, recommendations on the subjects of “human rights and security policy” and “promoting equality” were worked out and then presented to the representatives of the UN and Amnesty International . At the same time as this event, the 25th anniversary of the World Human Rights Conference held in Vienna in June 1993 was held . 10,000 people from 171 countries took part in the latter and worked out the “Vienna Declaration and Program of Action” (VDPA).

politics

In Austria, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was primarily commemorated by politicians on social media. The Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) addressed Human Rights Day on December 10th in its Facebook presence . The party used the hashtag #world human rights day in the post: “Whether young, old, poor or rich. No matter what skin color, what sexual orientation or what belief. All people have the same rights. "

The Greens posteten on 10 December 2018 Photograph of article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as it is attached to the Austrian Parliament Building, and added: "Today is the day of human rights. Maybe one or the other member of the federal government could take a look at the facade of parliament. You could learn something. "

The party NOW - List Pilz posted on December 10, 2018: “Austria is walling itself in! - Media campaign on the UN migration pact. Today is human rights day. Today is also the day when Austria did not sign the migration pact… ”You can also see a video showing party leader Maria Stern during an actionist information campaign about Austria not signing the UN migration pact at Human Rights Square in Vienna.

The parties ÖVP and FPÖ, whose parliamentary groups formed a government coalition in the commemorative year 2018, did not publish any postings on this topic.

1968

Residents in front of a burning Soviet tank during the Prague Spring

The year 1968 represented a social and political as well as cultural upheaval, which began with numerous international student protests . This was expressed in street battles and demonstrations by the students, who questioned the authoritarian structures of the post-war period. Protests were made against an outdated education system and the Vietnam War , and fought above all for a more modern society. The Prague Spring and the invasion of the Warsaw Pact troops also shaped the year 1968.

media

The public broadcaster ORF dedicated its TVthek to the year under the title "1968 - The Change". The events were dealt with in issues of “dokFilm”, “ZiB 2 History”, “Menschen & Mächte” and “KulturMontag” as well as in feature films.

The summer project “Time Shift ” of the Medien Kultur Haus (mkh °) in Wels (Upper Austria) dealt with the past and the future of the city of Wels . In the course of this project, young people should implement their ideas with the help of media professionals in film, text, photography and audio books. The results can be found on the museum's website (mkh °).

In the print media, the daily newspaper Kurier devoted some articles to the year 1968. These mainly dealt with the Prague Spring, its end and the associated flight to Austria, which took place both voluntarily and involuntarily because there were many CSSR citizens were on vacation in Austria at the time and were initially unable to return to their home country.

Institutions

After the conservative post-war years, the year 1968 was marked by the desire for change. This desire for change was addressed by various institutions in the commemorative year 2018 . In addition to recordings of student protests, the online exhibition of the Austrian Media Library also contains a lot of information on relevant events in 1968. As part of this online exhibition, visitors have the opportunity to listen to sound recordings from various international events. In addition, materials on the Prague Spring and reports from contemporary witnesses are made available.

former Federal President Heinz Fischer

Information on upheavals and outbreaks in Linz could be obtained from September 28, 2018 to January 31, 2019 in the exhibition “Was war 1968?” In the Lentos Art Museum Linz .

science

In the commemorative year of 2018, the 1968 movement caused as little excitement as the so-called May fan in Austria 50 years ago. The number of scientific publications on the 1968 movement reflects the low historical significance of this event in the country.

The number of publications and events held by the Institute for Contemporary History at the University of Vienna is an example of the lack of interest in the 1968 movement in science. In 2018, there was only one event related to the 68 movement. Essays on the events of 1968 such as the Prague Spring or the student movement are embedded in thematically broader publications.

The status of scientific literature 2018, published on the website of the journal Zeithistorische Forschungen , also shows that the interest of the scientific community was much greater in 2008 than in 2018. More significant events for the 20th century, especially the end of the First World War in 1918 , have displaced the scientific as well as social interest in the 1968 movement. Only general projects and publications on the commemorative year 2018 created space for theming the 68 movement in Austria.

politics

Politicians also showed little interest in the events of 1968 in the commemorative year 2018. Individual events of the year, such as the so-called Austrian May fan or the crackdown on the Prague Spring , were not the focus, but were discussed by politicians, for example at ceremonial speeches or Opening ceremonies, picked up.

In his opening speech at the 42nd Innsbruck Festival of Early Music, Federal President Van der Bellen referred to the year 1968 and told of his personal experiences with and in the student movement of that time. He admonished not to let restlessness and chaos and the fear associated with it deter you from making important decisions.

As in previous years, the year of the revolution 1968 provided material for controversy between the different sides of the political spectrum in the political discourse of 2018. The deputy governor of Upper Austria, Manfred Haimbuchner (FPÖ), complained in this connection about the “utopians of 1968” who were responsible for the grievances in today's Europe and Interior Minister Herbert Kickl (FPÖ) described the existing ÖVP-FPÖ coalition as “offensive” Counter-draft to the generation of 68 ”, who tried“ to have a destructive effect in the name of progress ”. In an interview, Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen replied to the question of whether he also felt himself to be “68”: “For me, 1968 is linked to two historical dates that otherwise have nothing to do with each other: The crackdown on Prague Spring through the Soviet Union. And with the movement that has spread from the US University of Berkeley to Paris and a little to Austria as well. I've never denied that I feel like an old 68er in some ways. "

literature

  • Hannes Androsch, Heinz Fischer, Bernhard Ecker: 1848 - 1918–2018: 8 turning points in world history . Brandstätter Verlag, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-7106-0142-2 .
  • Aleida Assmann : The long shadow of the past. Culture of remembrance and politics of history. CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-54962-5 .
  • Aleida Assmann: Functional Memory and Memory Memory - Two Modes of Memory. In: Generation and Memory. Memories and collective identities. Leske et al. Budrich, Opladen 1995, ISBN 978-3-8100-1233-3 .
  • Andrea Brait: Questions about the whereabouts of expertise. To narrow the discussions about a House of Austrian History. In: Winkelbauer, Thomas (Ed.): House? History? Austria? Results of an inquiry about the new historical museum in Vienna . Vienna 2016, pp. 269–297.
  • Astrid Erll: Collective memory and remembrance culture . An introduction. 3rd edition, Stuttgart 2017, ISBN 978-3-476-02645-3 .
  • Maurice Halbwachs: The collective memory. Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-27359-5 .
  • Stephan Neuhäuser and Theresa Brzekoupil (eds.): 9 countries - 9 stories: Events in the commemorative year 2018: 100 years of the Republic of Austria. 1st edition Federal Chancellery Austria, Staff Unit Commemorative and Remembrance Year 2018, Vienna 2018.
  • Pierre Nora (ed.): Between history and memory. Fischer, Frankfurt / Main 2001, ISBN 978-3-596-12295-0 .
  • Hubert Nowak: An Austrian Century. 1918-2018. Molden Verlag, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-222-15010-4 .
  • Manfried Rauchsteiner: Under observation. Austria since 1918. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-205-20500-5 .
  • Heidemarie Uhl, Ljiljana Radonic (Ed.): Memory in the 21st Century. To renegotiate a key concept in cultural studies. transcript, Bielefeld 2016, ISBN 978-3-8376-3236-1 .

Web links

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