History of the city of Eckernförde
This article deals with the history of the city of Eckernförde from prehistory to the present.
Early history
Archaeological finds in what is now Eckernförde's urban area show settlement in two epochs: in the Neolithic (around 5000–2000 BC) and in the Iron Age (from around 500 BC). During the excavation work for the site of the Torpedoversuchsanstalt (TVA) Nord ( Louisenberg ), the remains of a Neolithic settlement were found in 1936/37 , including various tools from those days (including a decorated rose ax) and a human thigh bone.
The most important evidence of a settlement in the first century AD is the discovery of the two bog bodies of Windeby in the Domslandmoor. One of the two bodies has long been considered a "girl", but is actually male. The investigation of the peat profile taken there in 1958 showed, among other things, that peat had been cut at this point since the Iron Age. In addition, other archaeological finds were made around the Windebyer Noor , which suggest settlements in the Iron Age around the lake. For example, when the Eckernförde bypass was built in 1951, clamshell heaps and kitchen waste were found in several places that could be attributed to the Iron Age using pollen analysis . Remains of an iron smelting site date from the time around the birth of Christ.
It is assumed that there were other sites of those two epochs in the Baltic Sea and in Windebyer Noor, as the water level in those times was a few meters below today's. This assumption was reinforced in 1995 by the location of two "fossil islands" in Windebyer Noor using a sediment echo sounder (see: Echolot , section Echolote für dieforschung ).
Shards of urns found speak for a settlement during the Migration Period (5th / 6th century AD).
The Osterwall (also: Ostwall ) of the Danewerk led up to the Windebyer Noor.
The town of Eckernförde and Borby are established
The origin of the city name Eckernförde is not precisely proven and is in dispute. The first part of the name Eckern possibly refers to beechnuts , as red beeches used to form a closed forest area in today's urban area . Hence the squirrel (Danish egern , old Danish ikorni ) in the coat of arms, according to another name interpretation it is the squirrel itself that led to the first part of the name. The second part of the name - förde denotes a narrow bay; this part of the name can be interpreted etymologically as a ford (- the original second part of the name was -vorde - cf. Voerde and Bremervörde , Dutch: Voorde). A ford existed between the Baltic Sea and the Windebyer Noor, which is still connected to it . The Eckernförde historian Jann Markus Witt names two possibilities for the name interpretation: either “Förde near the Eckernburg” or “Eichhörnchenfurt”. At times, the second part of the name was replaced by -burg, such as "Ykælænborg" or "Ykernæburgh" = about "squirrel castle". Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen pointed out in 1841 that the city did not have a specific name after its first seal, but that the inhabitants were only referred to as citizens in front of the Eckern Castle (Si.Sivi: vor: de: ekerne: borgh), from which Then the later name first developed (1288) via Eckerneuorde . Thus, the component would have incurred omitting castle a word reversal occurred in the -förde from before de (r) was created.
The place names Eckernfördes began in the past mainly with the initial letter E, and also with the initial letters, H, N and Y (see above).
The exact founding date of the Eckernförde settlement is unknown; when the Danish king Erich v. Pomerania allegedly burned the city down in 1416 in the war against the Counts of Holstein , allegedly all documents were lost. However, whether this city fire even took place is debatable; According to Eckernförde historian Henning Unverhau , for example, this event “only sprang from the imagination of a tendentious historian” . One of the many technical disputes about the beginnings of the city of Eckernförde is the question of whether Eckernförde was founded directly as a city (according to Horst Slevogt ) or whether a settlement was already established before the city was founded - a fishing village at the same location or a farming village further north (according to Unverhau ) for example - consisted. The name Ekerenvorde was first mentioned in 1197 in connection with the two Eckernförde knights Godescalcus de Ekerenvorde and Nikolaus de Ekerenvorde. At this point in time the Borby Church was already on the opposite side in Borby, probably from 1190 at the latest. At the end of the 12th century, the Danes built a castle at the end of Eckernförde Bay , which was mentioned in 1231 in King Waldemar II's earth book as Ykernæburgh (squirrel castle ) has been. This is indicated by the Borby district (Danish Borreby von borg , castle), the establishment of which is now dated “around 1150”. About the exact location of the castle - below Borby Church versus Burgwall / Gasstraße - the different opinions of historical considerations start again; the historian Jann Markus Witt refrains from making a final decision as to whether the castle was even on one of these two squares (“probably on the northern bank of the fjord”), while the historian Henning Unverhau, also from Eckernförde, relies entirely on the castle wall variant. Already in the town view book by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg at the end of the 16th / beginning of the 17th century there were reports of two castles that no longer exist (the terms lock and castle were used synonymously at the time), of which the Borby church 'Ekernborch', “What a mess in the Danish wars” and from a second: “Not far from this bridge”, meaning the long bridge over the harbor, “you can see a high mountain with a moat and wall on it to the west Locked ". There is "not as much of this as of the previous one." A Henneke Molteke has been handed down as commander of the castle in 1349.
Around 1210, construction began on the merchant's church, which was initially single-nave and named after St. Nicolaus; the structure of this first church building still partly exists as an integrated part of today's Sankt-Nicolai-Kirche .
In 1302 Eckernförde was mentioned as a city for the first time without a doubt: In that year there was a correspondence between Lübeck and Eckernförde about a found ship; In the letter of May 6, 1302 with the Eckernförde city seal, the mayor and the municipality of Eckernförde (consules et universitas civitatis Ekorenforde) confirmed their citizen Eskil Lille (in German: Eskil der Kleine) the ownership of this ship. The context makes it clear that Eckernförde already existed as a city in 1302 and did not only receive city rights in 1302. Various entries and formulations in documents since 1197 (for example the explicit additional mention of Ykærnæburgh in the Fræzlæt area in the tax book of 1231) were and are in some cases taken as evidence that Eckernförde already existed as a city at this point in time. Karl Friedrich Schinkel sees reason to date the granting of city privileges to the year 1215. Above all, a communication from the Danish king's widow Mechthild von Holstein to the Eckernförde town population (oppidani) from 1288 about changes of ownership in the area between Eider and Schlei is interpreted by several historians as meaning that Eckernförde already existed as a town in 1288, although the word cives compared to oppidani would be clearer. The town charter was again (?) Fixed in writing in 1543 and was based on that of the powerful neighboring town of Schleswig .
Eckernförde was the most southeastern town in the Duchy of Schleswig , which had been under its own dukes from a branch line of the Danish royal family since 1231 (descendants of Duke or King Abel ). From a purely legal point of view, Eckernförde had a special position under Jutian law (Danish: Jyske Lov ) because it was created directly on the coastal strip: It belonged directly to the private property of the Danish king and not to the Danish state - a matter that did not arise until 1721 Eckernförde should have an impact. In contrast to the other Schleswig-Holstein cities, the surrounding area came almost completely into the hands of aristocratic landowners in the late Middle Ages . The port city was particularly important as a transshipment point for agricultural products.
15th century
At the end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century, Eckernförde was a feared pirate nest . The pirates benefited from the disputes at that time about the influence on the Schleswig region between the Danish ruler Margarethe I and her successors on the one hand and the Holstein dukes on the other hand, and were also supported directly by the Holstein dukes. Mainly events from the years 1386, 1409, 1416 and 1421 have been handed down. Pirates among the Eckernförde residents were Peter Gold , Klaus Schütte and Klaus Mertens in 1421 .
On 10 October 1481 received Rendsburg by Dorothea von Brandenburg , by marriage to the Danish king I. Christian (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) dubbed as the Queen of Denmark, which shortly after the death of her husband privilege conferred in Eckernförde and Kiel buy to be allowed.
16th Century
During the large division of the country in 1544, Eckernförde came to Adolf I , Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf , and was thus very isolated. The aristocratic districts remained under the joint rule of the three, from 1581 two sovereigns. Shortly before the breakthrough of the Reformation , the last Catholic bishop of Schleswig , Gottschalk von Ahlefeldt , founded a hospital in Eckernförde, which, however, was not intended to accept the poor of the city, but the needy from the surrounding aristocratic estates. This Goschenhof was not under the supervision of the magistrate. Part of the foundation's income came from the members of the Marian Chapel in Hadersleben, also donated by an Ahlefeldt and united with the Goschenhof in 1541 . The patron was the respective landlord on Gelting .
In the course of the Reformation Eckernförde, like the rest of Schleswig, became Lutheran in the 16th century . In 1574 a radical Reformation Anabaptist congregation had also formed in the city , which appeared publicly against the Lutheran clergy . The community was ultimately driven out of the city by force and was later able to settle in Prussia .
17th century
Around the beginning of the 17th century, the time began when the Eckernförde wood carving school achieved fame in northern Germany and Scandinavia. Hans Gudewerdt the Younger (also: Hans Gudewerdt II) is considered the most important representative of the Eckernförde carving art . He is one of the main representatives of the cartilage style . In addition, there were (among others) Hans Gudewerdt the Elder (also: Hans Gudewerdt I, Master with the flute-blowing rabbit ), Hans Gudewerdt the Youngest (also: Hans Gudewerdt III), Ewerdt Friis , Lorentz Jørgensen, Ciriacus Dirkes, Hans Dreyer, Jürgen Koberch and Peter Neelsen.
During the Thirty Years' War Christian IV moved into Eckernförde in the spring of 1628. As the supreme general of the Lower Saxon Empire of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , to which he belonged as Duke of Holstein , he tried to position himself at the head of the Protestant party. In 1629, however, the troops of the Catholic League under Tilly marched into the Duchy of Schleswig , which was not part of the German state association.
On April 5, 1647, there was a slaughter in Eckernförde: Danish ships had appeared in the harbor and the imperial horsemen in the city fled while the foot soldiers holed up in the church. When the attackers tried to break down the church doors, many of them were blown up by scattered gunpowder . After a bitter struggle, the Danes finally triumphed and cut down the remaining imperial garrison.
In 1629 the plague broke out in Eckernförde and killed 500 people; according to information, only 39 citizens remained. The so-called "Sündflutbild" in St. Nicolai's Church, made in 1632, is a reminder of the plague .
18th century
After the Vogelsang was reunified from Borby to Eckernförde in 1708 (the Vogelsang area remained with Borby in terms of school and church technology), in 1771 areas that had previously been farmed and administered with the city of Eckernförde ("field community") were measured and divided: Borby received 8.5 hooves , Eckernförde eight; half a hoof was awarded to Gut Hemmelmark .
In the 18th century the town experienced its first economic boom as a fishing port and industrial location (for example the Eckernförde faience factory ). Above all, the merchant and factory owner Friedrich Wilhelm Otte was successful and well known.
In a lexicon from 1747 there is the following entry about Eckernförde: Eckelenföhrde / a town in Schleßwig, 3 miles from Gottorp, on a Meer-Busen, called Eckelenföhrder-Nor or Wyck, located on the Ostsee, and the Duke from Gottorp. It has an excellent harbor, different beautiful houses, and a sweet beer, which is called cacabelle, which a cardinal gave him on his way through because of the purging strength. In winter, the inhabitants get their best food from the so-called mussels, which are caught here and seduced far in Germany.
19th century
On December 7th, 1813 Ludwig Graf von Wallmoden-Gimborn defeated the Danes near Eckernförde, who together with Saxony, as Napoleon Bonaparte's last ally, were among the losers of the Napoleonic wars .
With the founding of the seaside resort in 1831 in the fishing village of Borby , which was later incorporated , the tourist tradition of Eckernförde began, with fishing remaining an important economic factor long into the 20th century thanks to the well-located harbor . Smokers in particular made the city widely known, although the sprats are still mainly associated with the neighboring city of Kiel to the south .
In 1848 civil war broke out in the Duchy of Schleswig . Eckernförde quickly came under the rule of Schleswig-Holstein. On April 5, 1849, Eckernförde was the target of a Danish landing attempt in the Schleswig-Holstein War , the battle near Eckernförde , which also initiated the second phase of the three-year war. The Danish ship of the line Christian VIII and the frigate Gefion were shot at by the German beach batteries , the former exploded, the latter surrendered and taken over by the Schleswig-Holsteiners. The German public was primarily known to Ernst II as the highest-ranking commander, Eduard Julius Jungmann and Ludwig Theodor Preusser because of their military achievements. After the final defeat of the Schleswig-Holstein rebels in 1850, the entire state was restored under the Danish crown.
With the establishment of the teachers' college in 1858, Eckernförde became a university location for the first time.
With the separation from the Danish monarchy and the integration into Prussia (1867) Eckernförde lost most of its trade. It fell increasingly into the shadow of the rapidly developing naval location Kiel.
In the great storm flood of November 13, 1872 , Eckernförde suffered the most severe damage of all coastal towns in the Baltic Sea due to its location on the bay, which is open far to the northeast. For days, the entire urban area was flooded meters high, 78 houses destroyed, 138 houses damaged and 112 families left homeless.
Borby has developed into a seaside resort since 1831 and since 1833 was officially allowed to use the name “Seebad”.
20th century
| year | Residents of Eckernfördes |
|---|---|
| 1769 | 2,091 |
| 1803 | 2,921 |
| 1826 | 3,492 |
| 1835 | 3,908 |
| 1840 | 4,058 |
| 1855 | 3,931 |
| 1860 | 4,325 |
| 1871 | 4,629 |
| 1880 | 5,321 |
| 1885 | 5,604 |
| 1890 | 5,896 |
| 1895 | 6,378 |
| 1900 | 6,719 |
| 1905 | 7.115 |
| 1910 | 6,797 |
| 1919 | 6,680 |
| 1925 | 7,322 |
| 1933 | 7,761 |
| 1934 , March 31 | 7,916 |
| 1934 , April 1st | 10.150 Incorporation of Borby |
| 1935 | 10,424 |
| 1939 | 12,478 according to other sources: 13,580 |
| Early 1945 | 16,200 |
| May 1945 | up to 60,000 |
| Late 1945 | 26,187 |
| 1946 , October 29th | 23,977 |
| 1950 , September 13th | 23,356 |
| 1955 | 20.205 |
| 1956 | 20,027 |
| 1960 | 20,368 |
| 1961 | 19,540 |
| 1962 | 20,900 |
| 1970 | 21,299 |
| 1975 | 22,938 |
| 1976 | 22,969 |
| 1980 | 23,081 |
| 1990 | 22,426 |
| 2000 | 23,304 |
| 2003 | 23,384 |
| 2004 | 23,249 |
| 2005 | 23,144 |
| 2008 , December 31st | 22,793 |
| 2010 , December 31 | 22,614 |
| 2012 , December 31 | 21,791 |
| 2016 , December 31 | 21,942 |
| 2017 , December 31 | 21,979 |
| 2018 , December 31 | 21,902 |
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The enthusiasm for war at the outbreak of the First World War was not particularly great in Eckernförde. Only a total of 72 men registered as volunteers, all between the ages of 17 and 22, including 55 students from the Royal School Teachers' College and a student from the Eckernförde Building School . Of the remaining people, ten were from the middle class and six from the lower class.
Eckernförde has been a garrison town and naval base since 1912, as well as the seat of a torpedo testing facility (TVA Eckernförde) with two areas in Eckernförde (TVA North and TVA South) and several branches outside of Eckernförde. At the end of the Second World War , the TVA Eckernförde had several thousand employees (according to individual data up to 10,000, according to the employment office about 7,300) and - in the area of the TVA Nord - over 1200 forced laborers (this number alone in the Louisenberg camp ). Together with the branch offices of TVA Eckernförde, there were more than 24,000 employees. Among other things, the smallest submarines Neger and Marder were built here. After two name changes in 1974 (test center 71) and 1987, the headquarters of the Wehrtechnischen Dienststelle (WTD) 71 with several branch offices is today on the site of the former TVA South .
The Kapp Putsch in March 1920 led to bloody street battles in Eckernförde between the invading putschists and a "workers' army" made up of around 1,600 Eckernförde and Borbyern. Only after shots fired at the crowd during the escape of the putschists (among them the then Eckernförde mayor and the then district administrator) were two fatalities to be mourned.
In the time of National Socialism , the later Prime Minister of Schleswig-Holstein Helmut Lemke became mayor of Eckernförde as a NSDAP member ( Klaus Staeck poster). In this function he said in early February 1933 in SA uniform: "We all, each in his stead, are called to carry out the hammer blows of the Third Reich ". The words were soon to be followed by deeds: on his order, numerous social democrats , communists and active “free” TVA trade unionists were arrested in Eckernförde on April 5, 1933 and taken into “ protective custody ” for several months . In a second wave of arrests in 1936 resisters from the room Kiel, Rendsburg and were - in Eckernförde - especially prisons or concentration camps spent. Two of them, Hermann Ivers ( KPD local chairman and head of an active resistance group that enabled hundreds of persecuted people from all over the empire to flee to Scandinavia with fishing cutters) and Heinrich Otto, were later killed there by the National Socialists. The brown terrorism began even before the "seizure of power" by the Nazis , as on July 10, 1932. a SA and SS two trade unionists were murdered -Überfall to the union hall in Borby. A third wave of arrests after July 20, 1944 led to the tragic death of Borbyer SPD mayor and union secretary Richard Vosgerau, who was re-elected in March 1933: deported to Neuengamme concentration camp and transferred by the Nazis to the ships Cap in front of the approaching Allied troops Arcona and Thielbek , Vosgerau and about 7,000 prisoners fell victim to erroneous attacks by the British on May 3, 1945. What is definitely known about the fate of the very few Jews living in Eckernförde is that Emmy Massmann, a Jewish woman who survived the Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps and that Klara Götting (née Kaufmann), who lived in Eckernförde from 1929 to 1937, together with her husband Arthur moved back to their mother in Göttingen and escaped deportation to a concentration camp because of their “Aryan” spouse; he was a high school teacher at the Jungmannschule in Eckernförde , designed the Gefion fountain and the cover of the city of Eckernförde's Golden Book, and had refused to part with his Jewish wife.
The seaside resort Borby was incorporated into the town of Eckernförde on April 1, 1934 at Lemke's instigation . With the incorporation, the city's population rose from just under 8,000 to over 10,000.
The exact number of forced laborers employed in Eckernförde cannot be determined, especially not for the time when the war ended. For the former Eckernförde district in 1944, the district administration reported 4,800 “displaced persons” (meaning: forced laborers), 6,000 “foreign workers”, 4,000 of them from the East, although it remains unclear to what extent this wording could mean forced laborers . However, it is known that 1,200 forced laborers were housed in the camp in Louisenberg , there were also other accommodations, that several thousand forced laborers were possibly employed in the TVA Eckernförde and that there were such at least in the former district hospital and the Eckernförde district railways (according to Dec. . 1943: 279) gave.
Eckernförde, although a garrison and armaments industry location, was largely spared from bombs during the Second World War: two bombs fell on the house at Norderstrasse 46 (May 1, 1941, 3 dead), one on the house at Norderstrasse 42 (also May 1, 1941, 2 dead ), one on the Petersberg (no date, dud hit the Siegfried shipyard, no dead), one on the house at Feldweg 15 (June 30, 1941, no dead). On the same night, several incendiary bombs hit the house at 7 Ottestraße and duds hit the buildings at Feldweg 5 and Langebrückstraße 8 (no dead people). Other bombs dropped on Eckernförde fell literally (on the surrounding paddocks) or literally (Windebyer Noor and the Baltic Sea) "into the water".
After the end of the Second World War in 1945, Eckernförde belonged to the British zone of occupation ; According to the Morgenthau plan , the Schleswig region would have been reintegrated into Denmark up to about the Husum-Eckernförde line (including these cities) and Eckernförde would have been the border town to the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal International Zone (which should encompass most of the rest of Schleswig-Holstein) become.
The British military administration set up a DP camp to accommodate so-called Displaced Persons (DP). The camp with the administrative number 1206 consisted of partial camps and was looked after by a team from UNRRA . In 1947 there were over 2500 DPs in the Eckernförde camp. The camps were disbanded in December 1949. The sub-camps were called Craigie , Estonia , Louisenberg , Noor and Rendsburger Strasse within Eckernfördes . At that time, outside the city limits of Eckernförde in Windeby, was Camp Windeby (as part of the Windebyer camp ; today in the Eckernförde area Broosbyer Koppel ). A part of the Eckernförde DP camp 1206 existed in Klein Wittensee . According to information, only three of the sub-camps last existed.
The influx of over 10,000 refugees from what was then the eastern regions of Germany in the months before and after the end of the Second World War gave the city, which was almost spared by bombs, a major housing shortage that continued into the 1970s: those during wartime (1943) for 6,000 The barrack camps of the TVA that were laid out in squares were used for the refugees, some of them were expanded and additional camps were set up. For example, the Rendsburg camp (which was only dissolved in 1969), the Sandkruglager , and the Domstaglager , all three of which existed before 1945 as residential camps for TVA employees. At least the Rendsburg camp and the Noor camp became refugee and DP camps alike. The Louisenberg camp, which also already existed, was also converted from a forced labor camp to a refugee and DP camp, while the Ykernburg camp was converted from the brackish building of the Marine Flak Brigade I - Untergruppenkommando 211 Eckernförde to a refugee camp. The Klein Moscow camp , which was built from 1946 in the area of Rosseer Weg in the Carlshöhe district, held a special position : the buildings, which differed from other camp barracks in terms of their appearance, were small homes of 30 m² living space on leased land in the city of Eckernförde with a time limit - the first 20 of these homes could be purchased for 1000 RM, the rent was 5 Rpf / m². In total, there were around 70 barracks camps (refugee and / or DP camps) in Eckernförde after the war with quite different capacities, plus individual barracks.
Overall, the population tripled between 1935 and 1947 due to the influx of TVA employees, refugees, displaced people, forced laborers, bombed out, etc., almost from just over 10,000 to less than 28,000; Within the calendar year 1945 alone (when refugees had already arrived) the population grew from over 16,000 to over 26,000. This number tends to downplay the flow of refugees that poured over Eckernförde and does not include those refugees who have only registered or stayed unannounced in Eckernförde for a short time: 212 of the around 1000 refugee ships from East Prussia headed for Eckernförde, from which it is assumed that several 100,000 refugees managed to escape via Eckernförde. Many of the ships came in the winter months of 1943/44. The larger ships brought several hundred refugees to Eckernförde; 1500, for example, the Germany on May 22, 1945. Others came, among other things, on foot, with horse-drawn vehicles or with transport trains, which were expected at the station by buses provided. On one of the days in May 1945, the number of refugees in Eckernförde is estimated at 45,000 and Eckernförde's population at 58,000. Around 2,500 to 3,000 of the refugees slept on camp beds or on straw in the city's schools. Nevertheless, in the first post-war years, the city became a "war winner" in some areas; Examples include the relocation and settlement of businesses (including the JP Sauer & Sohn weapons factory ), the establishment of the first symphony orchestra for Schleswig-Holstein after the Second World War based in Eckernförde ("Schleswig-Holsteinisches Konzertorchester GmbH"), the establishment of the Riot police in 1951 (moved to Eutin in 1956), the temporary accommodation of the Schleswig-Holstein fire brigade school 1948–1954, the sporting successes of Eckernförder SV (with football players such as Kurt Baluses , Fritz Langner , Kurt Krause and Herbert Panse ).
The housing shortage led - although the number of inhabitants had meanwhile dropped again to a good 20,000 (1960) - since the end of the 1950s to brisk construction activity; new residential areas emerged such as Broosbyer Koppel and Wilhelmsthal . The guiding principle of creating new settlement areas for different social classes on the side disappeared in the 1970s. In addition, infrastructural construction work began in the 1950s (Gudewerdt School, new construction of the construction school and the district hospital, for example), which began in the 1970s with the construction of the town hall, the saltwater indoor pool and the south school center and in the 1980s with the construction of a new town hall should find its continuation. A focus area of construction activity in the 1970s to 1980s was the renovation of the old town and a sub-area of the Borby district, which was funded as a model project with federal funds; a total of DM 22.5 million was spent on this. The Federal Ministry of Construction regretted that issues of monument protection “had to be given up” in part for the renovation of the old town in Eckernförde (Gaehtjestrasse and Frau-Clara-Strasse). A first redesign of Kieler Strasse (main shopping street) in the 1960s fell victim to the historic row of houses between Kirchplatz and Kieler Strasse and the town clerk's house last used as a fish shop in the area of the former town gate in front of the so-called knight's castle . Despite the enormous construction activity, the per capita debt (1980: below 600 DM) remained below that of all other medium-sized and large cities in Schleswig-Holstein in the 1970s and 1980s.
The biggest local political controversy (at least) after the Second World War were the multi-faceted disputes from 1980 to 1982 about an investment project that was planned as the “Borbyhof” sports and leisure center, which had been promoted by the administration since 1979 and the parliamentary groups of the SPD and CDU since 1980 Expansion volume of around DM 100 million. Adjusted for purchasing power, this would be around 120 million euros today. According to the initial planning status, the construction of an ice rink with seating for 2000 spectators, a 130-bed hotel, a tennis hall, a sports school, a shopping center and other facilities were planned. The planning accents were changed several times in the following period. The construction project was to be financed by the Chase Manhattan Bank . Horst Slevogt , professor of banking studies at the University of Kiel , Eckernförder SPD member and previously head of the supervisory board at the Chase Manhattan Bank subsidiary Familienbank , was one of the opponents of the project within his party and submitted his own counter-calculations. The realization of the project failed because of the growing resistance of the population (in 1982, 63 percent were against the realization according to a survey by the SPD, and 68 percent according to a survey by the newspapers " Flensborg Avis " and " Kieler Rundschau ") and, above all, because the concerns the opponents (FDP, Greens, SSW, part of the SPD, "Citizens' Initiative Against Borbyhof"), among other things, on the seriousness of the alleged builder from Bamberg (in fact he was only a broker and " straw man " for a Düsseldorf entrepreneur) and individual operating companies as well the financing and profitability of the project ultimately proved correct. An ice rink run in Worms by the same company that was also supposed to operate the ice rink in Borbyhof was facing bankruptcy in June 1982, another planned operating company did not even have a mailbox at the address given. The Chase Manhattan Bank had not been presented with a macroeconomic analysis for the financing decision until June 1982, the time of the failure.
State affiliation
Until 1864 Eckernförde belonged to the Duchy of Schleswig . Schleswig was still part of the Kingdom of Denmark in the Middle Ages. As early as the 12th century, Schleswig emerged as an independent Jarltum and finally broke away from the kingdom in the 14th century, with which it was then only connected as a fiefdom in personal union. Until 1864, Schleswig was thus connected to the Kingdom of Denmark in a personal union, but legally independent entity ( secondary education ).
In addition to the Kingdom of Denmark, the Danish state also included the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, both of which were in turn divided into ducal ( ruled from Gottorf ) and royal ( ruled from Copenhagen ) shares. For a short time from 1836 until the end of the entire Danish state in 1864, the Duchy of Schleswig had its own assembly of estates, as did Holstein , Nørrejylland and the Danish islands. With the introduction, the king complied with a request from the German Confederation, after the liberal movements had gained strength after the July Revolution, to introduce advisory assemblies of estates for his member states (in the case of Holstein) and to avert an impending separation into a Danish kingdom and German duchies. The first Schleswig estates met in 1836. Already in the Middle Ages there was a Schleswig or South Jutian Landsting near Urnehoved.
Eckernförde itself was in 1721 following a regulation of Jutian law (Danish: Jyske Lov , Niederd .: Jütsche Low ) (3rd book, chapter 61, § 2) that was around 500 years old , according to which the coastal strip was royal private property (“Wente all Vorstrande syn des Königes ”), administered by the king directly in his function as King of Denmark and not in his function as Duke of Schleswig.
The southern Schleswig between Schlei and Eider was independent from Denmark for a while in the High Middle Ages and belonged to the Duchy of Saxony ( Mark Schleswig ) from about 935 to 1024 and thus as a border march to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation since 962 .
For a short period of time, Schleswig and thus Eckernförde was jointly administered by Prussia and Austria from 1864 to 1866 and became part of the province of Schleswig-Holstein in 1867 . From 1867 it belonged to the North German Confederation and from 1871 to the German Empire .
From 1945 to 1949 Eckernförde was in the British zone of occupation and has been a city of the Federal Republic of Germany since 1949 .
See also
literature
- Jann Markus Witt (ed. And co-author): Eckernförde - history of a port and naval city , Convent-Verlag GmbH Hamburg, 2006, ISBN 3-934613-96-9
- Ilse Rathjen-Couscherung: Eckernförde under British occupation . Self-published by Heimatgemeinschaft Eckernförde e. V., 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-025744-5 , ISSN 1616-1971 .
- Karl Friedrich Schinkel: Eckernförde - a walk through the city's history . Publisher: Rolf Stuhr, 42781 Haan, 3rd edition 2009, only available in Eckernförde bookstores ( reading samples ( memento from April 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ))
- Arnold Wicke: The fate of the expellees in the Eckernförde district , Verlag CJ Schwensen (Ed: Heimatgemeinschaft Eckernförde), Eckernförde 1979
Web links
- History from Eckernförde by Stefan Deiters
- History to watch. Archived from the original on September 24, 2002 ; accessed on October 21, 2015 .
References and comments
- ↑ Abbreviation Si.Sivi for: Sigillum civium = seal of the citizens
- ^ Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen, attempt at church statistics of the Duchy of Schleswig, 3rd delivery, page 1206; AS Kastrup Verlag, Flensburg, 1841
- ↑ Æckernførde , Æckelnførde with Nicolay Jonge: Kongeriget Danmarks chrorografiske Beskrivelse , Copenhagen 1777, p. 927
- ↑ Hekelsuorrde , map of Schleswig-Holstein by Giovanni Francesco Camocio, 1588
- ↑ Nysted in Angeldänisch and Angelner Platt
- ↑ The information about the start of construction vary, e.g. B. Construction began between 1150 and 1180 according to the Borby parish online , the Borby church was built from 1185 to 1190 according to Karl Friedrich Schinkel - in KF Schinkel: Eckernförde - a walk through the town's history. Manfred Goos, Horn-Bad Meinberg 2002, 2nd edition, page 154
- ^ Georg Braun / Frans Hogenberg: Civitates Orbis Terrarvm Liber , Antwerp, 1572 to 1618
- ↑ quoted from Stefan Deiters, Die Stadt an der Eichhörnchenfurt here
- ^ Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen, attempt at church statistics of the Duchy of Schleswig , 3rd delivery, page 1217; AS Kastrup Verlag, Flensburg, 1841
- ↑ Henning Unverhau: Beginning and early development of the city of Eckernförde , In: Heimatgemeinschaft Eckernförde, yearbook of the Heimatgemeinschaft Eckernförde eV 1995, p. 151 ff., 171 f.
- ^ Friedrich Schröder: Rendsburg as a fortress , Karl Wachholtz Verlag , Neumünster 1939, page 21
- ↑ Peter Friedrich Andersen: The newest Anabaptist movements in Denmark . In: Dr. Christian Wilhelm Niedner (ed.): Journal for historical theology . TO Weigel, Leipzig 1845, p. 147 .
- ^ Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen, attempt at church statistics of the Duchy of Schleswig, 3rd delivery; AS Kastrup Verlag, Flensburg, 1841, page 1207; NV-Pedia Hafenplan Stadt Eckernförde with attached history of the city
- ^ Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen, attempt at church statistics of the Duchy of Schleswig, 3rd delivery, page 1217; AS Kastrup Verlag, Flensburg, 1841
- ↑ Jacob Christof Inselin: Newly increased historical and geographical general Lexicon , Volume 2, 1747
- ^ Source: Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen, attempt at church statistics of the Duchy of Schleswig, 3rd delivery, page 1208; AS Kastrup-Verlag, Flensburg, 1841 - including 1450 residents over 12 years of age, source: Karl Friedrich Schinkel, 2nd edition, page 467
- ↑ Source for 1803, 1826, 1835 and 1840 also Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen, page 1208
- ↑ Source for 1880, 1885, 1890, 1895: Address book and business manual for the city and district of Eckernförde, page I; Published by C. Heldt's Buchhandlung, 1897
- ↑ to Heimatgemeinschaft Eckernförde e. V. and the department for regional history of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, ECKernförde-Lexikon , Husum-Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG., Husum 2014, ISBN 978-3-89876-735-4 , p. 91 were 5,631
- ↑ Information for 1890, 1925, 1934 and 1939 according to Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. eckernfoerde.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006). - for 1890 also address book Eckernförde 1897 (see above)
- ↑ according to ECKernförde-Lexikon : 6.409
- ↑ according to ECKernförde lexicon ; according to [1] : 6.377; Source also for 1962
- ↑ according to ECKernförde-Lexikon as well as sole information for 1919, 1933, 1957, 1975
- ↑ according to ECKernförde-Lexikon : 6.802
- ↑ according to ECKernförde-Lexikon : 7.361
- ^ After incorporation of Borbys on April 1, 1934; The year "1933" in http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/eckernfoerde.html is incorrect
- ↑ different information for 1939 and information for 1950 (also), 1955 and 1961 according to Uwe Bonsen : Population . In: home book of the district Eckernförde. Volume I, Verlag CJ Schwensen, Eckernförde 1967. Page 141; for 1939 also in the ECKernförde Lexicon
- ↑ An estimate of around 45,000 refugees is available for one of the days
- ↑ Information for 1946 and 1950 according to: Statistisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein: The refugee situation in Schleswig-Holstein as a result of World War II in the mirror of official statistics , Kiel 1974 ( online here ), page 31 - In the information for October 29, 1946 the local population was recorded, displaced persons , German prisoners of war and service group members in camps are not included in this number (see page 27); on September 13, 1950, the resident population was recorded; According to the ECKernförde Lexicon , the population was 24,394 in 1946 (exact date not given)
- ↑ according to ECKernförde-Lexikon : 19.573
- ↑ Knud Andresen: Was there enthusiasm for the war in Eckernförde in 1914? here (PDF)
- ↑ Uta Schäfer-Richter, Jörg Klein: The Jewish citizens in the Göttingen district - a memorial book , Wallstein Verlag Göttingen, 1992, page 124
- ^ Report of the Rendsburg-Eckernförde district, page 7
- ^ Report of the Rendsburg-Eckernförde district, page 27
- ^ Arnold Wicke, page 7
- ^ DP camps in the British zone
- ^ DP camps in Germany E.
- ↑ In 1943, among the camps owned by the German Reich and managed by the TVA, the Rendsburg camp had a capacity of around 1,400 places, the Domstag camp of around 500, the Noor camp and the north residential camp of around 400 places each; of the camps owned by the TVA, the Louisenberg camp had a capacity of around 1200 places - Oliver Krauss: Armament and armament testing in German naval history with special consideration of the Torpedo Research Institute (TVA), dissertation, Kiel 2006
- ↑ Krauss records the first refugees interned in these camps as early as 1943, including 60 people in a barracks on the Noor
- ^ Heimatgemeinschaft Eckernförde eV and department for regional history of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, ECKernförde-Lexikon , Husum-Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG., Husum 2014, ISBN 978-3-89876-735-4 , page 178 f . with reference to Gisela Rath, Klein Moskau in Eckernförde Yearbook 2007, pages 35 ff. of the home community
- ↑ the information in the ECKernförde lexicon , keyword barrack camps with 50 to 1200 residents in the individual camps, should be exceeded, as the Rendsburg camp was designed for 1,356 people and was even overcrowded at times
- ↑ for example in the street Hoheluft next to the six Finnish houses
- ^ Arnold Wicke, The fate of expellees in the Eckernförde district , Heimatgemeinschaft Eckernförde eV, Eckernförde 1979, page 23
- ↑ www.freepages.genealogy ( Memento from October 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Wicke, page 23
- ↑ the construction costs, excluding the costs for the special operating facilities, were estimated by the mayor at the time, Kurt Schulz, at 35 to 40 million - council meeting on May 22, 1980; Ref .: Eckernförder Zeitung from May 24, 1980 and Kieler Nachrichten , regional edition “Eckernförder Nachrichten” from May 24, 1980; the total expansion volume was u. a. in the Kieler Nachrichten, regional edition "Eckernförder Nachrichten" of December 31, 1980 stated with 100 million DM
- ↑ Der Spiegel from July 14, 1975 here
- ↑ Kieler Rundschau of January 7, 1982
- ↑ Kieler Rundschau of February 18, 1982
- ^ Society for Schleswig-Holstein History: Time Travel: III. Stage of the journey through time - 1800 to 1917: The path to modernity. Retrieved October 21, 2015 .